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Gustafson LL, Arzul I, Burge CA, Carnegie RB, Caceres-Martinez J, Creekmore L, Dewey W, Elston R, Friedman CS, Hick P, Hudson K, Lupo C, Rheault R, Spiegel K, Vásquez-Yeomans R. Optimizing surveillance for early disease detection: Expert guidance for Ostreid herpesvirus surveillance design and system sensitivity calculation. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105419. [PMID: 34274864 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To keep pace with rising opportunities for disease emergence and spread, surveillance in aquaculture must enable the early detection of both known and new pathogens. Conventional surveillance systems (designed to provide proof of disease freedom) may not support detection outside of periodic sampling windows, leaving substantial blind spots to pathogens that emerge in other times and places. To address this problem, we organized an expert panel to envision optimal systems for early disease detection, focusing on Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), a pathogen of panzootic consequence to oyster industries. The panel followed an integrative group process to identify and weight surveillance system traits perceived as critical to the early detection of OsHV-1. Results offer a road map with fourteen factors to consider when building surveillance systems geared to early detection; factor weights can be used by planners and analysts to compare the relative value of different designs or enhancements. The results were also used to build a simple, but replicable, model estimating the system sensitivity (SSe) of observational surveillance and, in turn, the confidence in disease freedom that negative reporting can provide. Findings suggest that optimally designed observational systems can contribute substantially to both early detection and disease freedom confidence. In contrast, active surveillance as a singular system is likely insufficient for early detection. The strongest systems combined active with observational surveillance and engaged joint industry and government involvement: results suggest that effective partnerships can generate highly sensitive systems, whereas ineffective partnerships may seriously erode early detection capability. Given the costs of routine testing, and the value (via averted losses) of early detection, we conclude that observational surveillance is an important and potentially very effective tool for health management and disease prevention on oyster farms, but one that demands careful planning and participation. This evaluation centered on OsHV-1 detection in farmed oyster populations. However, many of the features likely generalize to other pathogens and settings, with the important caveat that the pathogens need to manifest via morbidity or mortality events in the species, life stages and environments under observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L Gustafson
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA.
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- Laboratoire de Genetique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390, France
| | - Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Ryan B Carnegie
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Jorge Caceres-Martinez
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
| | - Lynn Creekmore
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - William Dewey
- Taylor Shellfish Farms, 130 SE Lynch Rd., Shelton, WA, 98584, USA
| | - Ralph Elston
- AquaTechnics Inc. PO Box 687, Carlsborg, WA, 98324, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Paul Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - Karen Hudson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Coralie Lupo
- Laboratoire de Genetique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390, France
| | - Robert Rheault
- East Coast Shellfish Growers Association, 1121 Mooresfield Rd., Wakefield, RI, 02879, USA
| | - Kevin Spiegel
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Rebeca Vásquez-Yeomans
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
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Cheng Q, Sun Z, Zhao G, Xie L. Nomogram for the Individualized Prediction of Survival Among Patients with H7N9 Infection. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:255-269. [PMID: 32256136 PMCID: PMC7094003 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s242168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Until recently, almost all of these studies have identified multiple risk factors but did not offer practical instruments for routine use in predicting individualized survival in human H7N9 infection cases. The objective of this study is to create a practical instrument for use in predicting an individualized survival probability of H7N9 patients. Methods A matched case–control study (1:2 ratios) was performed in Zhejiang Province between 2013 and 2019. We reviewed specific factors and outcomes regarding patients with H7N9 virus infection (VI) to determine relationships and developed a nomogram to calculate individualized survival probability. This tool was used to predict each individual patient’s probability of survival based on results obtained from the multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Results We examined 227 patients with H7N9 VI enrolled in our study. Stepwise selection was applied to the data, which resulted in a final model with 8 independent predictors [including initial PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤300 mmHg, age ≥60 years, chronic diseases, poor hand hygiene, time from illness onset to the first medical visit, incubation period ≤5 days, peak C-reactive protein ≥120 mg/L], and initial bilateral lung infection. The concordance index of this nomogram was 0.802 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.694–0.901] and 0.793 (95% CI: 0.611–0.952) for the training and validation sets, respectively, which indicates adequate discriminatory power. The calibration curves for the survival showed optimal agreement between nomogram prediction and actual observation in the training and validation sets, respectively. Conclusion We established and validated a novel nomogram that can accurately predict the survival probability of patients with H7N9 VI. This nomogram can serve an important role in counseling patients with H7N9 VI and guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
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