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Yamamoto Y, Ishihara M, Kurokawa A, Mase M. Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Eurasian Tree Sparrows Experimentally Inoculated with Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus. Avian Dis 2023; 67:57-64. [PMID: 37140112 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Wild-caught Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) were experimentally inoculated with genotype VII velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) APMV1/chicken/Japan/Fukuoka-1/2004 to investigate the susceptibility and pathogenesis of infected sparrows. Intranasal inoculation of two groups with high or low doses of the virus resulted in the mortality of some birds in both groups on days 7-15 postinoculation. Neurologic signs, ruffled feathers, labored breathing, emaciation, diarrhea, depression, and ataxia were observed in a few birds that eventually succumbed to death. The inoculation of the higher viral load resulted in higher mortality and hemagglutination inhibition antibody detection rates. Tree sparrows that survived the 18-day observation period after inoculation exhibited no apparent clinical signs. Histologic lesions in dead birds were observed in the nasal mucosa, orbital ganglion, and central nervous system, accompanied by NDV antigens detected by immunohistochemistry. Viral inclusion bodies were rarely observed in the cytoplasm of neurons. NDV was isolated from the oral swab and brain of dead birds but not from other organs, including the lung, heart, muscle, colon, and liver. In another experimental group, tree sparrows were intranasally inoculated with the virus and then examined 1-3 days later to examine the early pathogenesis of the disease. Inoculated birds exhibited inflammation of the nasal mucosa with viral antigens, and virus was isolated from some oral swab samples on days 2 and 3 postinoculation. The results of the present study suggest that tree sparrows are susceptible to velogenic NDV, and the infection could be fatal, although some birds can exhibit asymptomatic or mild infection. The unique pathogenesis regarding the neurologic signs and viral neurotropism of velogenic NDV was characteristic in infected tree sparrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Miki Ishihara
- Toyama East Livestock Hygiene Center, 46 Mizuhashikanaoshin, Toyama, 939-3536, Japan
| | - Aoi Kurokawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masaji Mase
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Japan
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Ayala AJ, Haas LK, Williams BM, Fink SS, Yabsley MJ, Hernandez SM. Risky business in Georgia's wild birds: contact rates between wild birds and backyard chickens is influenced by supplemental feed. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e102. [PMID: 35508913 PMCID: PMC9128352 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Backyard chickens are increasingly popular, and their husbandry varies widely. How backyard chickens are housed may influence the accessibility of chicken feed and water to wild birds, and thus, the contact rates between both groups. Increased contacts have implications for pathogen transmission; for instance, Newcastle disease virus or avian influenza virus may be transmitted to and from backyard chickens from contaminated water or feed. Given this potentially increased pathogen risk to wild birds and backyard chickens, we examined which wild bird species are likely to encounter backyard chickens and their resources. We performed a supplemental feeding experiment followed by observations at three sites associated with backyard chickens in North Georgia, USA. At each site, we identified the species of wild birds that: (a) shared habitat with the chickens, (b) had a higher frequency of detection relative to other species and (c) encountered the coops. We identified 14 wild bird species that entered the coops to consume supplemental feed and were considered high-risk for pathogen transmission. Our results provide evidence that contact between wild birds and backyard chickens is frequent and more common than previously believed, which has crucial epidemiological implications for wildlife managers and backyard chicken owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Ayala
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - L. K. Haas
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - B. M. Williams
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S. S. Fink
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M. J. Yabsley
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - S. M. Hernandez
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Hirschinger J, Vergne T, Corre T, Hingrat Y, Guerin JL, Le Loc'h G. Exposure assessment for avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses from peridomestic wild birds in a conservation breeding site in the United Arab Emirates. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2361-2372. [PMID: 34333870 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, wild birds are frequently suspected to be involved in the occurrence of outbreaks of different diseases in captive-bred birds although proofs are lacking and most of the dedicated studies are insufficiently conclusive to confirm or characterize the roles of wild birds in such outbreaks. The aim of this study was to assess and compare, for the most abundant peridomestic wild birds, the different exposure routes for avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in conservation breeding sites of Houbara bustards in the United Arab Emirates. To do so, we considered all of the potential pathways by which captive bustards could be exposed to avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses by wild birds, and ran a comparative study of the likelihood of exposure via each of the pathways considered. We merged data from an ecological study dedicated to local wild bird communities with an analysis of the contacts between wild birds and captive bustards and with a prevalence survey of avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in wild bird populations. We also extracted data from an extensive review of the scientific literature and by the elicitation of expert opinion. Overall, this analysis highlighted those captive bustards had a high risk of being exposed to pathogens by wild birds. This risk was higher for Newcastle disease virus than avian influenza virus, and House sparrows represented the riskiest species for the transmission of both viruses through direct exposure from direct contact with an infectious bird that got inside the aviary and indirect exposure from consumption of water contaminated from the faeces of an infected bird that got inside the aviary for Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus, respectively. These results also reaffirm the need to implement biosecurity measures to limit contacts between wild and captive birds and highlight priority targets for a thoughtful and efficient sanitary management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Hirschinger
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France.,Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothée Vergne
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
| | - Tifenn Corre
- INRAE, US-ODR 0685, Observatoire du Développement Rural, Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Hingrat
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean Luc Guerin
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
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Kariithi HM, Ferreira HL, Welch CN, Ateya LO, Apopo AA, Zoller R, Volkening JD, Williams-Coplin D, Parris DJ, Olivier TL, Goldenberg D, Binepal YS, Hernandez SM, Afonso CL, Suarez DL. Surveillance and Genetic Characterization of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Subgenotype V.3 in Indigenous Chickens from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010103. [PMID: 33451125 PMCID: PMC7828601 DOI: 10.3390/v13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kenyan poultry consists of ~80% free-range indigenous chickens kept in small flocks (~30 birds) on backyard poultry farms (BPFs) and they are traded via live bird markets (LBMs). Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was detected in samples collected from chickens, wild farm birds, and other domestic poultry species during a 2017–2018 survey conducted at 66 BPFs and 21 LBMs in nine Kenyan counties. NDV nucleic acids were detected by rRT-PCR L-test in 39.5% (641/1621) of 1621 analyzed samples, of which 9.67% (62/641) were NDV-positive by both the L-test and a fusion-test designed to identify the virulent virus, with a majority being at LBMs (64.5%; 40/62) compared to BPFs (25.5%; 22/62). Virus isolation and next-generation sequencing (NGS) on a subset of samples resulted in 32 complete NDV genome sequences with 95.8–100% nucleotide identities amongst themselves and 95.7-98.2% identity with other east African isolates from 2010-2016. These isolates were classified as a new sub-genotype, V.3, and shared 86.5–88.9% and 88.5–91.8% nucleotide identities with subgenotypes V.1 and V.2 viruses, respectively. The putative fusion protein cleavage site (113R-Q-K-R↓F 117) in all 32 isolates, and a 1.86 ICPI score of an isolate from a BPF chicken that had clinical signs consistent with Newcastle disease, confirmed the high virulence of the NDVs. Compared to genotypes V and VI viruses, the attachment (HN) protein of 18 of the 32 vNDVs had amino acid substitutions in the antigenic sites. A time-scaled phylogeographic analysis suggests a west-to-east dispersal of the NDVs via the live chicken trade, but the virus origins remain unconfirmed due to scarcity of continuous and systematic surveillance data. This study reveals the widespread prevalence of vNDVs in Kenyan backyard poultry, the central role of LBMs in the dispersal and possibly generation of new virus variants, and the need for robust molecular epidemiological surveillance in poultry and non-poultry avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kariithi
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya; (L.O.A.); (Y.S.B.)
| | - Helena L. Ferreira
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA-USP, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635900, Brazil
| | - Catharine N. Welch
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Recreation and Parks 33104 NW 192nd Ave, Okeechobee, FL 34972, USA;
| | - Leonard O. Ateya
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya; (L.O.A.); (Y.S.B.)
| | - Auleria A. Apopo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department for Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives, Nairobi P.O. Box 34188-00100, Kenya;
| | - Richard Zoller
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | | | - Dawn Williams-Coplin
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | - Darren J. Parris
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | - Tim L. Olivier
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | - Dana Goldenberg
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | - Yatinder S. Binepal
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya; (L.O.A.); (Y.S.B.)
| | - Sonia M. Hernandez
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and The Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Claudio L. Afonso
- BASE2BIO, Oshkosh, WI 54904, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.L.A.); (D.L.S.); Tel.: +1-770-500-8071 (C.L.A.); +1-706-546-3433 (D.L.S.)
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.A.); (D.L.S.); Tel.: +1-770-500-8071 (C.L.A.); +1-706-546-3433 (D.L.S.)
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