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Farhat M, Khayi S, Berrada J, Mouahid M, Ameur N, El-Adawy H, Fellahi S. Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 38247582 PMCID: PMC10812584 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (SG) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Farhat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, Rabat Principale, BP 415, Rabat 10090, Morocco;
| | - Jaouad Berrada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | | | - Najia Ameur
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Institute of Hygiene. Av. Ibn Batouta, 27, BP 769, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 35516, Egypt
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
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Genome-Wide Searching Single Nucleotide-Polymorphisms (SNPs) and SNPs-Targeting a Multiplex Primer for Identification of Common Salmonella Serotypes. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101075. [PMID: 36297133 PMCID: PMC9611365 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-based method was developed to improve detection and reduce salmonellosis burden. In this study, whole-genome sequence (WGS) was used to investigate SNPs, the most common genetic marker for identifying bacteria. SNP-sites encompassing 15 sets of primers (666–863 bp) were selected and used to amplify the target Salmonella serovar strains, and the amplified products were sequenced. The prevalent Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars, including Typhimurium; Enteritidis, Agona, enterica, Typhi, and Abony, were amplified and sequenced. The amplified sequences of six Salmonella serovars with 15 sets of SNP-sites encompassing primers were aligned, explored SNPs, and SNPs-carrying primers (23 sets) were designed to develop a multiplex PCR marker (m-PCR). Each primer exists in at least two SNPs bases at the 3′ end of each primer, such as one was wild, and another was a mismatched base by transition or transversion mutation. Thus, twenty-three sets of SNP primers (242–670 bp), including 13 genes (SBG, dedA, yacG, mrcB, mesJ, metN, rihA/B, modA, hutG, yehX, ybiY, moeB, and sopA), were developed for PCR confirmation of target Salmonella serovar strains. Finally, the SNPs in four genes, including fliA gene (S. Enteritidis), modA (S. Agona and S. enterica), sopA (S. Abony), and mrcB (S. Typhimurium and S. Typhi), were used for detection markers of six target Salmonella serotypes. We developed an m-PCR primer set in which Salmonella serovars were detected in a single reaction. Nevertheless, m-PCR was validated with 21 Salmonella isolates (at least one isolate was taken from one positive animal fecal, and n = 6 reference Salmonella strains) and non-Salmonella bacteria isolates. The SNP-based m-PCR method would identify prevalent Salmonella serotypes, minimize the infection, and control outbreaks.
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Tracy LM, Hicks JA, Grogan KB, Nicholds JA, Morningstar-Shaw BR, Shariat NW. Molecular Detection of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae by Quantitative PCR. Avian Dis 2021; 64:305-309. [PMID: 33205175 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae (subspecies IIIa) is most frequently associated with reptiles but is also a bacterial pathogen of poultry, primarily of young turkeys where it induces septicemia, neurologic signs, and increased mortality. Arizonosis clinical cases in broiler chickens have recently been documented in the United States, driving the development of a rapid, molecular-based diagnostic for this subspecies. S. enterica subsp. arizonae is a genetically distinct subgroup of S. enterica, primarily diagnosed through culture followed by serotyping or biochemical identification, which are costly in both time and laboratory resources. Real-time/quantitative PCR offers rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella sp. in laboratory and diagnostic samples; however, no such methodology exists to differentiate S. enterica subsp. arizonae from other Salmonella sp. In this study, we designed a quantitative PCR assay for S. enterica subsp. arizonae. The assay is able to differentiate S. enterica subsp. arizonae from other S. enterica subspecies, including S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (IIIb), and other non-Salmonella bacteria. Validation, including 56 different S. enterica subsp. arizonae serovars, demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. This assay provides a rapid diagnostic option for suspected cases of arizonosis in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea M Tracy
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jessica A Hicks
- USDA-APHIS National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA 50010
| | - Karen B Grogan
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jenny A Nicholds
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Nikki W Shariat
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
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Competitive activation cross amplification combined with smartphone-based quantification for point-of-care detection of single nucleotide polymorphism. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113200. [PMID: 33819904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we firstly propose a novel smartphone-assisted visualization SNP genotyping method termed competitive activation cross amplification (CACA). The mutation detection strategy depends on the ingenious design of both a start primer and a verification probe with ribonucleotide insertion through competitive combination and perfect matching with the target DNA, Meanwhile, the RNase H2 enzyme was utilized to specifically cleave ribonucleotide insertion and achieve extremely specific dual verification. Simultaneously, the results allow both colorimetric and fluorescence product dual-mode visualization by using self-designed 3D-printed dual function cassette. We validated this novel CACA by analyzing the Salmonella Pullorum rfbS gene at the 237th site, successfully solve the current bottleneck of specific identification and visual detection of this pathogen. The concentration detection limits of the plasmid and genomic DNA were 1500 copies/μL and 3.98 pg/μL, respectively, and as low as the presence of 0.1% mutant-type can be distinguished from 99.9% wild-type. Combined with a powerful hand-warmer, which can provide heating more than 60 °C for 20 h to realize power-free, dual function cassette and smartphone quantitation, our novel CACA platform firstly realizes user-friendly, cost-effective, portable, rapid, and accurate POC detection of SNP.
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SAMAD ABDUL, ABBAS FERHAT, TANVEER ZUNERA, AHMAD ZAFAR, AHMAD IRSHAD, PATCHING SIMONG, NAWAZ NIGHAT, ASMAT MUHAMMADTAUSEEF, RAZIQ ABDUL, LAH ASADUL, SHEIKH IRFANSHAHZAD, NAEEM MUHAMMAD, POKRYSHKO OLENA, MUSTAFA MOHAMMADZAHID. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in chicken meat from Quetta retail outlets and typing through multiplex PCR. ROMANIAN BIOTECHNOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019. [DOI: 10.25083/rbl/24.2/271.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Saravanan S, Purushothaman V, Murthy TRGK, Sukumar K, Srinivasan P, Gowthaman V, Balusamy M, Atterbury R, Kuchipudi SV. Molecular Epidemiology of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Poultry and Poultry Products in India: Implications for Human Health. Indian J Microbiol 2015; 55:319-26. [PMID: 26063942 PMCID: PMC4456504 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-015-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars are increasingly becoming a threat to human health globally. While all motile Salmonellae have zoonotic potential, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are most commonly associated with human disease, for which poultry are a major source. Despite the increasing number of human NTS infections, the epidemiology of NTS in poultry in India has not been fully understood. Hence, as a first step, we carried out epidemiological analysis to establish the incidence of NTS in poultry to evaluate the risk to human health. A total of 1215 samples (including poultry meat, tissues, egg and environmental samples) were collected from 154 commercial layer farms from southern India and screened for NTS. Following identification by cultural and biochemical methods, Salmonella isolates were further characterized by multiplex PCR, allele-specific PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In the present study, 21/1215 (1.73 %) samples tested positive for NTS. We found 12/392 (3.06 %) of tissue samples, 7/460 (1.52 %) of poultry products, and 2/363 (0.55 %) of environmental samples tested positive for NTS. All the Salmonella isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline, which is routinely used as poultry feed additive. The multiplex PCR results allowed 16/21 isolates to be classified as S. Typhimurium, and five isolates as S. Enteritidis. Of the five S. Enteritidis isolates, four were identified as group D Salmonella by allele-specific PCR. All of the isolates produced different banding patterns in ERIC PCR. Of the thirteen macro restriction profiles (MRPs) obtained by PFGE, MRP 6 was predominant which included 6 (21 %) isolates. In conclusion, the findings of the study revealed higher incidence of contamination of NTS Salmonella in poultry tissue and animal protein sources used for poultry. The results of the study warrants further investigation on different type of animal feed sources, food market chains, processing plants, live bird markets etc., to evaluate the risk factors, transmission and effective control measures of human Salmonella infection from poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sellappan Saravanan
- />Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, 637 002 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Venketaraman Purushothaman
- />Centre for Animal Health Studies, Madhavarum Milk Colony, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 0051 India
| | | | - Kuppannan Sukumar
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, 637 002 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Palani Srinivasan
- />Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, 637 002 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vasudevan Gowthaman
- />Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, 637 002 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mohan Balusamy
- />Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, 637 002 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Robert Atterbury
- />School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- />School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, College Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
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Batista DFA, de Freitas Neto OC, Lopes PD, de Almeida AM, Barrow PA, Berchieri A. Polymerase chain reaction assay based on ratA gene allows differentiation between Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:259-62. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713479361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum are classified as biovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum. These salmonellae are the causative agents of Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and are widely distributed throughout the world. Although many developed countries have eradicated these diseases from commercial poultry, they are still the cause of significant economic loss in developing countries. When serovar Gallinarum is isolated, it is difficult to immediately differentiate between biovars because they are antigenically identical by serotyping. However, they cause distinct diseases with different epidemiology, and therefore it is important to differentiate them. This may be done biochemically but takes 2 to 3 days. In the present study, S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum whole genomes were compared, and 1 genomic region of difference, which is part of the ratA gene, was chosen as a molecular marker for a polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate rapidly between these organisms. In all, 26 strains of S. Gallinarum and 17 S. Pullorum strains were tested and successfully differentiated by the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Felipe Alves Batista
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Priscila Diniz Lopes
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Paul Andrew Barrow
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
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Akiba M, Kusumoto M, Iwata T. Rapid identification of Salmonella enterica serovars, Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Infantis, Hadar, Enteritidis, Dublin and Gallinarum, by multiplex PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 85:9-15. [PMID: 21329737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica poses a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2500 serovars having been reported to date. Salmonella serovars are identified by slide and tube agglutination tests using O and H antigen-specific anti-sera, although this procedure is both labor intensive and time consuming. Establishment of a method for rapid screening of the major Salmonella serovars is therefore required. We have established multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) assays for identification of seven serovars of Salmonella, i.e., Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Infantis, Hadar, Enteritidis, Dublin and Gallinarum. Three serovar-specific genomic regions (SSGRs) of each serovar were selected using an approach in comparative genomics. The Salmonella-specific invA gene was used to confirm the genetic background of the organisms. The isolates tested were identified as a target serovar when the three selected SSGRs and invA were all positive for amplification. The specificity of each m-PCR assay was investigated using 118 serovars of Salmonella and 12 species of non-Salmonella strains. Although a small number of false-positive results were observed in the m-PCR assays used to identify Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Enteritidis and Dublin for closely related serovars, false-negative results were not observed in any assays. These assays had sufficient specificity to identify the seven Salmonella serovars, and therefore, have the potential for use as rapid screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Akiba
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan.
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An improved method to knock out the asd gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:646380. [PMID: 19672470 PMCID: PMC2723734 DOI: 10.1155/2009/646380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An asd-deleted (Deltaasd) mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (SP) was constructed using an improved method of gene knockout by combining the pi-suicide plasmid system with the Red Disruption system. The asd gene was efficiently knocked out by the recombinant suicide vector, which replaced the asd gene with the CmR gene. Based on the balanced lethal host-vector system, the phenotype of the Deltaasd mutant was further defined. The improved method was simpler and more effective than previously reported conventional methods.
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Kardos G, Farkas T, Antal M, Nógrády N, Kiss I. Novel PCR assay for identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45:421-5. [PMID: 17897386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We developed, optimized and tested two novel PCR assays specific for Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Infantis. METHODS AND RESULTS The fljB gene was chosen as the target sequence. Primers were designed on a consensus sequence built by sequencing the fljB gene of five genetically unrelated Hungarian S. Infantis strains and using sequence data from the GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nih.gov). Two alternative assays were designed, which share the reverse primer. Both proved to be highly specific to S. Infantis, neither reacted with 42 other nontyphoidal serovariants tested. The detection limit of the assays was determined to be 10(5) CFU ml(-1) from pure culture, and 10(6) CFU g(-1) from artificially spiked chicken faeces samples. CONCLUSIONS Although the detection limit is rather high to allow for using them for direct detection, the assays may be useful in identification of S. Infantis both for diagnostic and for research purposes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The described PCR assays allow for the correct identification of S. Infantis even when traditional serotyping methods fail because lack of expression of flagellar antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kardos
- Department of Microbiology, Central Agricultural Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Debrecen, Hungary.
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