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Liu R, Lin Q, Cai Q, Liang Y, Xu X, Chen Q, Xu C, Liu H, Liao M, Zhang J. A novel high sensitive, specificity duplex enzyme-activated differentiating probes PCR method for the SNP detection and differentiation of MS-H vaccine strains from wild-type Mycoplasma synoviae strains. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103874. [PMID: 38833744 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a contagious pathogen that poses a significant threat to the poultry industry. Detection plays an important role in the prevention and control of MS, particularly in differentiating between wild-type MS and live attenuated vaccine strains for vaccination selection and culling of animals with wild-type only. The live attenuated ts+ vaccine strain MS-H is recognized as the most effective and widely used vaccine. In this study, we have developed a method called double enzyme-activated differentiation probes PCR (DEA-probes PCR) for the differentiation of MS-H vaccine strain from wild-type strain by targeting the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the 367th nucleotide in the Obg gene sequence. We developed 2 modified probes with the ribonucleotide insert. When the probe perfectly complements with the target, the ribonuclease H2 (RNase H2) will cleave the ribonucleotide, resulting in the generation of fluorescent signal. With a detection limit of 5.8 copies/µL, the DEA-probes PCR method demonstrates 100% specificity in distinguishing wild-type MS from MS-H strains in 1 h. The method demonstrated great performance in real application of 100 superior palate cleft swab samples from chickens in poultry farms. Twenty-eight samples were detected as MS positive, consistent with the results of the Chinese industry standard method. Additionally, our method was able to distinguish 19 wild-type MS strains from 9 MS-H vaccine strains. The DEA-probes PCR method is rapid, specific and sensitive for SNP detection, overcoming the misidentification in MS detection and differentiation. It can be also applied to the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) for other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Liu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qijie Lin
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianyi Cai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yucen Liang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaozhen Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, Tropical agriculture and Forestry College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Resources and Environmental, Zhongkai College of Agricultural Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510550, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Limpavithayakul K, Charoenvisal N, Pakpinyo S. Molecular assay for detecting MS-H vaccine strain and immune response mechanisms in chickens receiving one or two doses of live MS-H vaccine. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:33-43. [PMID: 37791564 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2267022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The MS-H vaccine, containing a live strain of Mycoplasma synoviae, is a feasible option for controlling M. synoviae infection in poultry flocks. A comprehensive understanding of vaccinated chickens, including strain differentiation and immune response mechanisms, is required to optimize vaccination strategy. This study aimed to verify the PCR-RFLP molecular assay as a convenient technique for detecting the MS-H vaccine strain and to characterize the immune response mechanisms in experimental layer-type chickens receiving one of three different vaccination programmes; a single dose at either 9 or 12 weeks of age or two doses at both 9 and 12 weeks of age. The PCR-RFLP assay, using restriction enzyme TasI to digest vlhA gene-targeted PCR amplicons, was performed to evaluate vaccine administration by detecting the MS-H vaccine strain in vaccinated chickens and differentiating it from non-vaccine strains such as WVU1853 reference strain and Thai M. synoviae field strains. Results demonstrated that vaccination in layer-type chickens, whether as one or two doses, stimulated immune response mechanisms with no significant advantages of two administrations over a single administration. Serological responses in vaccinated chickens, examined by RPA test and ELISA, were initially detected at 2 weeks post-vaccination, continuously increased, and then remained at the baseline levels from 6 to 9 weeks post-vaccination. Cellular immune responses against both homologous and heterologous antigens, examined by the MTS tetrazolium assay, were similar in the early period post-vaccination, whereas cellular immune response against the homologous MS-H antigen was improved in the late period post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriengwich Limpavithayakul
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nataya Charoenvisal
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsak Pakpinyo
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Burgos R, Garcia-Ramallo E, Shaw D, Lluch-Senar M, Serrano L. Development of a Serum-Free Medium To Aid Large-Scale Production of Mycoplasma-Based Therapies. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0485922. [PMID: 37097155 PMCID: PMC10269708 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04859-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To assist in the advancement of the large-scale production of safe Mycoplasma vaccines and other Mycoplasma-based therapies, we developed a culture medium free of animal serum and other animal components for Mycoplasma pneumoniae growth. By establishing a workflow method to systematically test different compounds and concentrations, we provide optimized formulations capable of supporting serial passaging and robust growth reaching 60 to 70% of the biomass obtained in rich medium. Global transcriptomic and proteomic analysis showed minor physiological changes upon cell culture in the animal component-free medium, supporting its suitability for the production of M. pneumoniae-based therapies. The major contributors to growth performance were found to be glucose as a carbon source, glycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipids as a source of fatty acids. Bovine serum albumin or cyclodextrin (in the animal component-free medium) were required as lipid carriers to prevent lipid toxicity. Connaught Medical Research Laboratories medium (CMRL) used to simplify medium preparation as a source of amino acids, nucleotide precursors, vitamins, and other cofactors could be substituted by cysteine. In fact, the presence of protein hydrolysates such as yeastolate or peptones was found to be essential and preferred over free amino acids, except for the cysteine. Supplementation of nucleotide precursors and vitamins is not strictly necessary in the presence of yeastolate, suggesting that this animal origin-free hydrolysate serves as an efficient source for these compounds. Finally, we adapted the serum-free medium formulation to support growth of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, a swine pathogen for which inactivated whole-cell vaccines are available. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma infections have a significant negative impact on both livestock production and human health. Vaccination is often the first option to control disease and alleviate the economic impact that some Mycoplasma infections cause on milk production, weight gain, and animal health. The fastidious nutrient requirements of these bacteria, however, challenges the industrial production of attenuated or inactivated whole-cell vaccines, which depends on the use of animal serum and other animal raw materials. Apart from their clinical relevance, some Mycoplasma species have become cellular models for systems and synthetic biology, owing to the small size of their genomes and the absence of a cell wall, which offers unique opportunities for the secretion and delivery of biotherapeutics. This study proposes medium formulations free of serum and animal components with the potential of supporting large-scale production upon industrial optimization, thus contributing to the development of safe vaccines and other Mycoplasma-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Burgos
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Garcia-Ramallo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Shaw
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lluch-Senar
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Pulmobiotics Ltd., Barcelona, Spain
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Luis Serrano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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Yadav JP, Tomar P, Singh Y, Khurana SK. Insights on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry: a systematic review. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1711-1720. [PMID: 33840372 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1908316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Avian mycoplasmosis mainly caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae is an economically important disease of poultry industry. It causes huge economic losses in terms of decrease in weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, egg production, hatchability; increase in embryo mortality, carcass condemnation, prophylaxis and treatment cost in broiler, layer and breeder flocks. The disease is caused by four major pathogenic mycoplasmas viz., M. gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagradis (MM) and M. iowae (MI). The MG and MS are World Organization for Animal Health listed respiratory pathogens. MG causes chronic respiratory disease in chicken and infectious sinusitis in turkey; however, MS causes synovitis and airsacculitis in birds. The infection is transmitted both horizontally and vertically. Prevention and control measures of avian mycoplasmosis mainly comprises of biosecurity, treatment and vaccination. For vaccination of birds, inactivated bacterins, live attenuated and/or recombinant live poxvirus vaccines are commercially available against MG and MS infection. The present systematic review summarizes the different epidemiological studies carried out on MG and MS infection in poultry in different geographical locations of India and abroad over the last decade (2010-2020), economic impact, diagnosis and prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Piyush Tomar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Yarvendra Singh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
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Omotainse OS, Wawegama NK, Kulappu Arachchige SN, C Coppo MJ, Vaz PK, Woodward AP, Kordafshari S, Bogeski M, Stevenson M, Noormohammadi AH, Stent AW. Tracheal cellular immune response in chickens inoculated with Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine, MS-H or its parent strain 86079/7NS. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 251:110472. [PMID: 35940079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae causes respiratory tract disease in chickens characterised by mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the tracheal mucosa. MS-H (Vaxsafe1 MS, Bioproperties Pty Ltd.) is an effective live attenuated vaccine for M. synoviae, but the immunological basis for its mechanism of protection has not been investigated, and the phenotypes of lymphocytes and associated cytokines involved in the local adaptive immune response have not been described previously. In this study, specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated intra-ocularly at 3 weeks of age with either M. synoviae vaccine strain MS-H or vaccine parent strain 86079/7NS (7NS), or remained uninoculated. At 2-, 7- and 21 days post-inoculation (dpi), tracheal mucosal pathology, infiltrating lymphocytes subsets and transcription levels of mRNA encoding 8 cytokines were assessed using light microscopy, indirect immunofluorescent staining and RT-qPCR, respectively. After inoculation, tracheal mucosal thickness, tracheal mucosal lesions, and numbers of infiltrating CD4+CD25- cells, B-cells, and macrophages were greater in MS-H- and 7NS-inoculated chickens compared with non-inoculated. Inoculation with 7NS induced up-regulation of IFN-γ, while vaccination with MS-H induced up-regulation of IL-17A, when compared with non-inoculated birds. Both inoculated groups had a moderate infiltrate of CD4+CD25+ T cells in the tracheal mucosa. These findings reveal that the tracheal local cellular response after MS-H inoculation is dominated by a Th-17 response, while that of 7NS-inoculated chickens is dominated by a Th-1 type response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadamilola S Omotainse
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Basic Veterinary SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri lanka
| | - Mauricio J C Coppo
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Concepción, Biobío, Chile
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew P Woodward
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Somayeh Kordafshari
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mirjana Bogeski
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stent
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Feberwee A, Dijkman R, Klinkenberg D, Landman WJM. Quantification of the horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma synoviae in non-vaccinated and MS-H-vaccinated layers. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:346-358. [PMID: 28116916 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1282602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of newly infected birds attributable to one infectious bird per day (= transmission rate β) was assessed in non-vaccinated and MS-H-vaccinated experimental specified pathogen-free White Leghorns after Mycoplasma synoviae challenge. Furthermore, the effect of vaccination on the shedding of the challenge strain was determined. The following groups were made: a negative control group (n = 5), a vaccinated (MS-H vaccine by eye drop (>105.7 colour changing units/bird)) non-challenged group (n = 5), two non-vaccinated challenged groups (n = 18 each) and two vaccinated challenged groups (n = 18 each). In the challenged groups, six seeder birds were intratracheally inoculated with 105.4 colony forming units (CFUs)/bird. Trachea swabs were taken at day (D)2, D3, D4, D5, D7, D9, D11, D14, D17, D21, D25, D28, D32, D35, D42 and D46 after contact with seeders and analyzed with a quantitative PCR able to detect the vaccine and field strain separately. The transmission rate and shedding were estimated using the susceptible exposed infectious transmission model and a linear mixed model, respectively. The mean shedding of the challenge strain was 106.4 CFU equivalents M. synoviae/g trachea mucus in vaccinates shedding MS-H, while in the birds not shedding the vaccine (non-vaccinates and vaccinates not shedding MS-H) it was 106.9 CFU equivalents M. synoviae/g trachea mucus. In vaccinates shedding MS-H, β was 0.0012 (95% C.I.: 0.00048 - 0.0024), while in birds not shedding vaccine (non-vaccinates and vaccinates not shedding MS-H) a significantly higher β of 0.022 (95% C.I.: 0.015 - 0.031) was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feberwee
- a GD - Animal Health , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - R Dijkman
- a GD - Animal Health , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - D Klinkenberg
- b National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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