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Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Martínez-Sobrido L. Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines with modified NS1 proteins for veterinary use. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:954811. [PMID: 35937688 PMCID: PMC9354547 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) spread rapidly and can infect a broad range of avian or mammalian species, having a tremendous impact in human and animal health and the global economy. IAV have evolved to develop efficient mechanisms to counteract innate immune responses, the first host mechanism that restricts IAV infection and replication. One key player in this fight against host-induced innate immune responses is the IAV non-structural 1 (NS1) protein that modulates antiviral responses and virus pathogenicity during infection. In the last decades, the implementation of reverse genetics approaches has allowed to modify the viral genome to design recombinant IAV, providing researchers a powerful platform to develop effective vaccine strategies. Among them, different levels of truncation or deletion of the NS1 protein of multiple IAV strains has resulted in attenuated viruses able to induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses, and high levels of protection against wild-type (WT) forms of IAV in multiple animal species and humans. Moreover, this strategy allows the development of novel assays to distinguish between vaccinated and/or infected animals, also known as Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) strategy. In this review, we briefly discuss the potential of NS1 deficient or truncated IAV as safe, immunogenic and protective live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) to prevent disease caused by this important animal and human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Aitor Nogales, ; Luis Martínez-Sobrido,
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevetion, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Aitor Nogales, ; Luis Martínez-Sobrido,
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Simulated Flock-Level Shedding Characteristics of Turkeys in Ten Thousand Bird Houses Infected with H7 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Strains. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122509. [PMID: 34960777 PMCID: PMC8706675 DOI: 10.3390/v13122509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the amount of virus shed at the flock level by birds infected with low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) over time can help inform the type and timing of activities performed in response to a confirmed LPAIV-positive premises. To this end, we developed a mathematical model which allows us to estimate viral shedding by 10,000 turkey toms raised in commercial turkey production in the United States, and infected by H7 LPAIV strains. We simulated the amount of virus shed orally and from the cloaca over time, as well as the amount of virus in manure. In addition, we simulated the threshold cycle value (Ct) of pooled oropharyngeal swabs from birds in the infected flock tested by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The simulation model predicted that little to no shedding would occur once the highest threshold of seroconversion was reached. Substantial amounts of virus in manure (median 1.5×108 and 5.8×109; 50% egg infectious dose) were predicted at the peak. Lastly, the model results suggested that higher Ct values, indicating less viral shedding, are more likely to be observed later in the infection process as the flock approaches recovery.
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3
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Tomar P, Joshi VG, Mahajan NK, Jindal N. Multiple antigenic peptide-based flow through dot-blot assay for simultaneous antibody detection of infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus. Biologicals 2021; 73:24-30. [PMID: 34389244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the development of a novel affordable and rapid visual dot-blot assay using synthetic multiple antigenic peptides (MAP) for simultaneous detection of antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Antibody detection efficiencies of MAP peptides namely, NP1 MAP (Nucleoprotein IBV) and HN MAP (Haemagglutinin-neuraminidase NDV) were studied in solid-phase indirect peptide ELISA. In comparison with the commercial kit, the NP1 MAP showed 89.20% diagnostic sensitivity (DSn) and 85.90% diagnostic specificity (DSp) at 19.45% ROC cut-off. Similarly, HN MAP was evaluated and showed 89.70% DSn and 92.90% DSp at 19.90 % ROC cut-off. The peptides after evaluating their ELISA performance were further used to device a flow-through dot-blot assay (FT-DBA) for simultaneous detection of IBV and NDV antibodies. The kappa value for IBV by FT-DBA in comparison to commercial ELISA was 0.64 whereas for NDV, FT-DBA gave a kappa value of 0.68 in comparison to commercial ELISA indicating substantial agreement between the assays. In essence, the divergent MAP based diagnostic design could provide an alternative for antibody detection of IBV and NDV. Further, the FT-DBA approach could be used for low cost, rapid and pen-side detection of IBV and NDV antibodies simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Tomar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - N K Mahajan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
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4
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Estimating epidemiological parameters using diagnostic testing data from low pathogenicity avian influenza infected turkey houses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1602. [PMID: 33452377 PMCID: PMC7810853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Limiting spread of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) during an outbreak is critical to reduce the negative impact on poultry producers and local economies. Mathematical models of disease transmission can support outbreak control efforts by estimating relevant epidemiological parameters. In this article, diagnostic testing data from each house on a premises infected during a LPAI H5N2 outbreak in the state of Minnesota in the United States in 2018 was used to estimate the time of virus introduction and adequate contact rate, which determines the rate of disease spread. A well-defined most likely time of virus introduction, and upper and lower 95% credibility intervals were estimated for each house. The length of the 95% credibility intervals ranged from 11 to 22 with a mean of 17 days. In some houses the contact rate estimates were also well-defined; however, the estimated upper 95% credibility interval bound for the contact rate was occasionally dependent on the upper bound of the prior distribution. The estimated modes ranged from 0.5 to 6.0 with a mean of 2.8 contacts per day. These estimates can be improved with early detection, increased testing of monitored premises, and combining the results of multiple barns that possess similar production systems.
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5
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Blaurock C, Scheibner D, Landmann M, Vallbracht M, Ulrich R, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. Non-basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site of a European H9N2 avian influenza virus modulate virulence in turkeys. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21226. [PMID: 33277593 PMCID: PMC7718272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is the most widespread low pathogenic (LP) AIV in poultry and poses a serious zoonotic risk. Vaccination is used extensively to mitigate the economic impact of the virus. However, mutations were acquired after long-term circulation of H9N2 virus in poultry, particularly in the hemagglutinin (HA) proteolytic cleavage site (CS), a main virulence determinant of AIV. Compared to chickens, little is known about the genetic determinants for adaptation of H9N2 AIV to turkeys. Here, we describe 36 different CS motifs in Eurasian H9N2 viruses identified from 1966 to 2019. The European H9N2 viruses specify unique HACS with particular polymorphism by insertion of non-basic amino acids at position 319. Recombinant viruses carrying single HACS mutations resembling field viruses were constructed (designated G319, A319, N319, S319, D319 and K319). Several viruses replicated to significantly higher titers in turkey cells than in chicken cells. Serine proteases were more efficient than trypsin to support multicycle replication in mammalian cells. Mutations affected cell-to-cell spread and pH-dependent HA fusion activity. In contrast to chickens, mutations in the HACS modulated clinical signs in inoculated and co-housed turkeys. G319 exhibited the lowest virulence, however, it replicated to significantly higher titers in contact-turkeys and in vitro. Interestingly, H9N2 viruses, particularly G319, replicated in brain cells of turkeys and to a lesser extent in mammalian brain cells independent of trypsin. Therefore, the silent circulation of potentially zoonotic H9N2 viruses in poultry should be monitored carefully. These results are important for understanding the adaptation of H9N2 in poultry and replication in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blaurock
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Robertson AH, Mahic M, Savic M, Tunheim G, Hungnes O, Trogstad L, Lipkin WI, Mjaaland S. Detection of anti-NS1 antibodies after pandemic influenza exposure: Evaluation of a serological method for distinguishing H1N1pdm09 infected from vaccinated cases. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:294-301. [PMID: 31955522 PMCID: PMC7182603 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable exposure information is crucial for assessing health outcomes of influenza infection and vaccination. Current serological methods are unable to distinguish between anti‐hemagglutinin (HA) antibodies induced by infection or vaccination. Objectives We aimed to explore an alternative method for differentiating influenza infection and vaccination. Methods Sera from animals inoculated with influenza viruses or purified H1N1pdm09 HA were obtained. Human samples were selected from a pregnancy cohort established during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Unvaccinated, laboratory‐confirmed cases (N = 18), vaccinated cases without influenza‐like‐illness (N = 18) and uninfected, unvaccinated controls (N = 18) were identified based on exposure data from questionnaires, national registries and maternal hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres at delivery. Animal and human samples were tested for antibodies against the non‐structural protein 1 (NS1) and HA from H1N1pdm09, using a Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS). Results Anti‐NS1 H1N1pdm09 antibodies were detected in sera from experimentally infected, but not from vaccinated, animals. Anti‐HA H1N1pdm09 antibodies were detectable after either of these exposures. In human samples, 28% of individuals with laboratory‐confirmed influenza were seropositive for H1N1pdm09 NS1, whereas vaccinated cases and controls were seronegative. There was a trend for H1N1pdm09 NS1 seropositive cases reporting more severe and longer duration of symptomatic illness than seronegative cases. Anti‐HA H1N1pdm09 antibodies were detected in all cases and in 61% of controls. Conclusions The LIPS method could differentiate between sera from experimentally infected and vaccinated animals. However, in human samples obtained more than 6 months after the pandemic, LIPS was specific, but not sufficiently sensitive for ascertaining cases by exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hayman Robertson
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Milada Mahic
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miloje Savic
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Tunheim
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Hungnes
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,WHO National Influenza Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lill Trogstad
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Walter Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siri Mjaaland
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,KG Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo, Norway
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Bergervoet SA, Pritz-Verschuren SBE, Gonzales JL, Bossers A, Poen MJ, Dutta J, Khan Z, Kriti D, van Bakel H, Bouwstra R, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N. Circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands, 2006-2016. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13681. [PMID: 31548582 PMCID: PMC6757041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands. Surveillance data collected between 2006 and 2016 was used to evaluate subtype diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic relationships between wild bird and poultry viruses. We observed close species-dependent associations among hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes. Not all subtypes detected in wild birds were found in poultry, suggesting transmission to poultry is selective and likely depends on viral factors that determine host range restriction. Subtypes commonly detected in poultry were in wild birds most frequently detected in mallards and geese. Different temporal patterns in virus prevalence were observed between wild bird species. Virus detections in domestic ducks coincided with the prevalence peak in wild ducks, whereas virus detections in other poultry types were made throughout the year. Genetic analysis of the surface genes demonstrated that most poultry viruses were related to locally circulating wild bird viruses, but no direct spatiotemporal link was observed. Results indicate prolonged undetected virus circulation and frequent reassortment events with local and newly introduced viruses within the wild bird population. Increased knowledge on LPAI virus circulation can be used to improve surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Bergervoet
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jose L Gonzales
- Department of Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jayeeta Dutta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Zenab Khan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Divya Kriti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Hasan NH, Ignjatovic J, Peaston A, Hemmatzadeh F. Avian Influenza Virus and DIVA Strategies. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:198-211. [PMID: 26900835 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is becoming a more acceptable option in the effort to eradicate avian influenza viruses (AIV) from commercial poultry, especially in countries where AIV is endemic. The main concern surrounding this option has been the inability of the conventional serological tests to differentiate antibodies produced due to vaccination from antibodies produced in response to virus infection. In attempts to address this issue, at least six strategies have been formulated, aiming to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), namely (i) sentinel birds, (ii) subunit vaccine, (iii) heterologous neuraminidase (NA), (iv) nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein, (v) matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) protein, and (vi) haemagglutinin subunit 2 (HA2) glycoprotein. This short review briefly discusses the strengths and limitations of these DIVA strategies, together with the feasibility and practicality of the options as a part of the surveillance program directed toward the eventual eradication of AIV from poultry in countries where highly pathogenic avian influenza is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Haliza Hasan
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .,2 Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah , Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jagoda Ignjatovic
- 3 School of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Peaston
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
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Abstract
Vaccination for both low pathogenicity avian influenza and highly pathogenic avian influenza is commonly used by countries that have become endemic for avian influenza virus, but stamping-out policies are still common for countries with recently introduced disease. Stamping-out policies of euthanatizing infected and at-risk flocks has been an effective control tool, but it comes at a high social and economic cost. Efforts to identify alternative ways to respond to outbreaks without widespread stamping out has become a goal for organizations like the World Organisation for Animal Health. A major issue with vaccination for avian influenza is trade considerations because countries that vaccinate are often considered to be endemic for the disease and they typically lose their export markets. Primarily as a tool to promote trade, the concept of DIVA (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) has been considered for avian influenza, but the goal for trade is to differentiate vaccinated and not-infected from vaccinated and infected animals because trading partners are unwilling to accept infected birds. Several different strategies have been investigated for a DIVA strategy, but each has advantages and disadvantages. A review of current knowledge on the research and implementation of the DIVA strategy will be discussed with possible ways to implement this strategy in the field. The increased desire for a workable DIVA strategy may lead to one of these ideas moving from the experimental to the practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Comin A, Klinkenberg D, Marangon S, Toffan A, Stegeman A. Transmission dynamics of low pathogenicity avian influenza infections in Turkey flocks. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26935. [PMID: 22046417 PMCID: PMC3202598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes have the potential to mutate into highly pathogenic strains (HPAI), which can threaten human health and cause huge economic losses. The current knowledge on the mechanisms of mutation from LPAI to HPAI is insufficient for predicting which H5 or H7 strains will mutate into an HPAI strain, and since the molecular changes necessary for the change in virulence seemingly occur at random, the probability of mutation depends on the number of virus replicates, which is associated with the number of birds that acquire infection. We estimated the transmission dynamics of LPAI viruses in turkeys using serosurveillance data from past epidemics in Italy. We fitted the proportions of birds infected in 36 flocks into a hierarchical model to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0) and possible variations in R0 among flocks caused by differences among farms. We also estimated the distributions of the latent and infectious periods, using experimental infection data with outbreak strains. These were then combined with the R0 to simulate LPAI outbreaks and characterise the resulting dynamics. The estimated mean within-flock R0 in the population of infected flocks was 5.5, indicating that an infectious bird would infect an average of more than five susceptible birds. The results also indicate that the presence of seropositive birds does not necessarily mean that the virus has already been cleared and the flock is no longer infective, so that seropositive flocks may still constitute a risk of infection for other flocks. In light of these results, the enforcement of appropriate restrictions, the culling of seropositive flocks, or pre-emptive slaughtering may be useful. The model and parameter estimates presented in this paper provide the first complete picture of LPAI dynamics in turkey flocks and could be used for designing a suitable surveillance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Comin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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11
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Wang L, Qin Z, Pantin-Jackwood M, Faulkner O, Suarez DL, Garcia M, Lupiani B, Reddy SM, Saif YM, Lee CW. Development of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines utilizing heterologous NA and NS1 protein strategies for the control of triple reassortant H3N2 influenza in turkeys. Vaccine 2011; 29:7966-7974. [PMID: 21907751 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2003, triple reassortant (TR) swine H3N2 influenza viruses containing gene segments from human, avian, and swine origins have been detected in the U.S. turkey populations. The initial outbreak that occurred involved birds that were vaccinated with the currently available H3 swine- and avian-origin influenza vaccines. Antigenically, all turkey swine-lineage TR H3N2 isolates are closely related to each other but show little or no antigenic cross-reactivity with the avian origin or swine origin influenza vaccine strains that are currently being used in turkey operations. These results call for re-evaluation of currently available influenza vaccines being used in turkey flocks and development of more effective DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines. In this study, we selected one TR H3N2 strain, A/turkey/OH/313053/04 (H3N2) that showed broad cross reactivity with other recent TR turkey H3N2 isolates, and created NA- and NS-based DIVA vaccines using traditional reassortment as well as reverse genetics methods. Protective efficacy of those vaccines was determined in 2-week-old and 80-week-old breeder turkeys. The reassortant DIVA vaccines significantly reduced the presence of challenge virus in the oviduct of breeder turkeys as well as trachea and cloaca shedding of both young and old breeder turkeys, suggesting that proper vaccination could effectively prevent egg production drop and potential viral contamination of eggs in infected turkeys. Our results demonstrate that the heterologous NA and NS1 DIVA vaccines together with their corresponding serological tests could be useful for the control of TR H3N2 influenza in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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12
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Velumani S, Ho HT, He F, Musthaq S, Prabakaran M, Kwang J. A novel peptide ELISA for universal detection of antibodies to human H5N1 influenza viruses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20737. [PMID: 21695200 PMCID: PMC3112154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Active serologic surveillance of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in humans and poultry is critical to control this disease. However, the need for a robust, sensitive and specific serologic test for the rapid detection of antibodies to H5N1 viruses has not been met. Methodology/Principal Findings Previously, we reported a universal epitope (CNTKCQTP) in H5 hemagglutinin (HA) that is 100% conserved in H5N1 human isolates and 96.9% in avian isolates. Here, we describe a peptide ELISA to detect antibodies to H5N1 virus by using synthetic peptide that comprises the amino acid sequence of this highly conserved and antigenic epitope as the capture antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of the peptide ELISA were evaluated using experimental chicken antisera to H5N1 viruses from divergent clades and other subtype influenza viruses, as well as human serum samples from patients infected with H5N1 or seasonal influenza viruses. The peptide ELISA results were compared with hemagglutinin inhibition (HI), and immunofluorescence assay and immunodot blot that utilize recombinant HA1 as the capture antigen. The peptide ELISA detected antibodies to H5N1 in immunized animals or convalescent human sera whereas some degree of cross-reactivity was observed in HI, immunofluorescence assay and immunodot blot. Antibodies to other influenza subtypes tested negative in the peptide-ELISA. Conclusion/Significance The peptide-ELISA based on the highly conserved and antigenic H5 epitope (CNTKCQTP) provides sensitive and highly specific detection of antibodies to H5N1 influenza viruses. This study highlighted the use of synthetic peptide as a capture antigen in rapid detection of antibodies to H5N1 in human and animal sera that is robust, simple and cost effective and is particularly beneficial for developing countries and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathy Velumani
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui-Ting Ho
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fang He
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Syed Musthaq
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Takeyama N, Minari K, Kajihara M, Isoda N, Sakamoto R, Sasaki T, Kokumai N, Takikawa N, Shiraishi R, Mase M, Hagiwara J, Kodama T, Imamura T, Sakaguchi M, Ohgitani T, Sawata A, Okamatsu M, Muramatsu M, Tsukamoto K, Lin Z, Tuchiya K, Sakoda Y, Kida H. Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in vaccinated chicken flocks by monitoring antibodies against non-structural protein 1 (NS1). Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Field application of the H9M2e enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for differentiation of H9N2 avian influenza virus-infected chickens from vaccinated chickens. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1977-84. [PMID: 20980479 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00191-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination for control of H9N2 low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) in chickens began in 2007 in South Korea where the H9N2 virus is prevalent. Recently, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e ELISA) was developed as another strategy to differentiate between vaccinated and infected chickens. Here, an ELISA using the extracellular domain of the M2 protein of H9N2 LPAI virus (H9M2e ELISA) was applied to differentiate infected from vaccinated chickens using the H9N2 LPAI virus M2 peptide. The specificity and sensitivity of the optimized H9M2e ELISA were 96.1% and 83.8% (the absorbance of the sample to the absorbance for the positive control [S/P ratio] ≥ 0.6), respectively, with the cutoff value (S/P ratio = 0.6), and the criterion of avian influenza (AI) infection in a chicken house was established as >20% reactivity of anti-M2e antibody per house with this cutoff value. After infection in naïve chickens and once-vaccinated chickens with a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay titer of 9.25 ± 0.75 log(2) units, the sera from infected chickens were confirmed as AI infected when the chickens were 1 week old in both groups, and AI infection lasted for 24 weeks and 9 weeks in naïve and once-vaccinated chickens, respectively, although in twice-vaccinated chickens with a higher HI titer of 11.17 ± 0.37 log(2) units, anti-M2e antibody in infected sera did not reach a level indicating AI infection. In field application, anti-M2e antibody produced in infected chickens after vaccination or in reinfected chickens could be identified as AI infection, although HI test could not distinguish infected from vaccinated sera. These results indicate the utility of H9M2e ELISA as a surveillance tool in control of H9N2 LPAI infections.
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Variability of NS1 proteins among H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in Israel during 2000-2009. Virus Genes 2010; 41:396-405. [PMID: 20721688 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The main aims of the present study were to characterize NS1 protein from H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) isolated in Israel and to investigate the possibility to use NS1-based indirect ELISA. To achieve these purposes, the non-structural gene (NS1) of 79 AIVs of the H9N2 subtype isolated in Israel in 2000-2009 was sequenced and genetically analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that four distinct introductions of H9N2 occurred in Israel during this period. Analysis of the inferred amino acid sequences of the NS1 proteins showed high, about 10%, differences between viruses of the 3rd and 4th introductions. Antibodies against NS1 protein in immune sera were tested by means of indirect ELISA using recombinant NS1 as antigen. Immune sera were obtained from experimentally H9N2-infected chicken after infection on 4, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days. All sera from chickens experimentally infected with 3rd- or 4th-introduction AIV contained anti-NS1 antibodies that were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (NS1-ELISA) even though the recombinant NS1 used as antigen for NS1-ELISA differed significantly in its amino acid sequences from the NS1 protein of AIV that caused infection in experimental birds. These findings indicate that the sites of the NS1 protein by which viruses belonging to 3rd and 4th introduction are out of antigenic epitope positions were responsible for the results of NS1-based iELISA.
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Takakuwa H, Yamashiro T, Le MQ, Phuong LS, Ozaki H, Tsunekuni R, Usui T, Ito H, Yamaguchi T, Ito T, Murase T, Ono E, Otsuki K. Possible circulation of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in healthy ducks on farms in northern Vietnam. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:58-62. [PMID: 20055944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the prevalence of influenza A subtype H5N1 viruses among domestic ducks in the period between October and November 2006 when H5N1 outbreaks had been absent, 1106 healthy ducks raised in northern Vietnam were collected. Inoculation of all throat and cloacae samples into embryonated eggs resulted in the isolation of subtype H3N8 in 13 ducks, but not H5N1 viruses. Serological analyses demonstrated that five ducks (0.45%) solely developed H5N1 subtype-specific hemagglutinin-inhibiting and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies together with anti-non-structural protein 1 antibodies. The results suggested that the ducks were naturally infected with H5N1 viruses when obvious H5N1 outbreaks were absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takakuwa
- Avian Influenza Research Centre, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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Marché S, Lambrecht B, van den Berg T. Evaluation of Different Serologic Markers for the Early Detection of Avian Influenza Infection in Chickens. Avian Dis 2010; 54:690-8. [DOI: 10.1637/8907-043009-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Avellaneda G, Mundt E, Lee CW, Jadhao S, Suarez DL. Differentiation of Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) Using the NS1 Protein of Avian Influenza Virus. Avian Dis 2010; 54:278-86. [DOI: 10.1637/8644-020409-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Uttenthal A, Parida S, Rasmussen TB, Paton DJ, Haas B, Dundon WG. Strategies for differentiating infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA) for foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:73-87. [PMID: 20021307 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prophylactic use of vaccines against exotic viral infections in production animals is undertaken exclusively in regions where the disease concerned is endemic. In such areas, the infection pressure is very high and so, to assure optimal protection, the most efficient vaccines are used. However, in areas considered to be free from these diseases and in which there is the possibility of only limited outbreaks, the use of Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) or marker vaccines allows for vaccination while still retaining the possibility of serological surveillance for the presence of infection. This literature review describes the current knowledge on the use of DIVA diagnostic strategies for three important transboundary animal diseases: foot-and-mouth disease in cloven-hoofed animals, classical swine fever in pigs and avian influenza in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ase Uttenthal
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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van der Goot JA, Engel B, van de Water SGP, Buist W, de Jong MCM, Koch G, van Boven M, Stegeman A. Validation of diagnostic tests for detection of avian influenza in vaccinated chickens using Bayesian analysis. Vaccine 2009; 28:1771-7. [PMID: 20025919 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is an attractive tool for the prevention of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in domestic birds. It is known, however, that under certain circumstances vaccination may fail to prevent infection, and that the detection of infection in vaccinated birds can be problematic. Here, we investigate the characteristics of three serological tests (immunofluorescent antibody test (iIFAT), neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assay, and NS1 ELISA) that are able to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. To this end, data of H7N7 infection experiments are analyzed using Bayesian methods of inference. These Bayesian methods enable validation of the tests in the absence of a gold standard, and allow one to take into account that infected birds do not always develop antibodies after infection. The results show that the N7 iIFAT and the NI assay have sensitivities for detecting antibodies of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.89-0.98) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.78-0.99), but substantially lower sensitivities for detecting infection: 0.64 (95% CI: 0.52-0.75) and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.49-0.75). The NS1 ELISA has a low sensitivity for both detecting antibodies 0.55 (95% CI: 0.34-0.74) and infection 0.42 (95% CI: 0.28-0.56). The estimated specificities of the N7 iIFAT and the NI assay are 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87-0.95) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.85-0.95), and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74-0.87) for the NS1 ELISA. Additionally, our analyses suggest a strong association between the duration of virus excretion of infected birds and the probability to develop antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanet A van der Goot
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University & Research Center, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Dundon WG, Capua I. A Closer Look at the NS1 of Influenza Virus. Viruses 2009; 1:1057-72. [PMID: 21994582 PMCID: PMC3185538 DOI: 10.3390/v1031057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Non-Structural 1 (NS1) protein is a multifactorial protein of type A influenza viruses that plays an important role in the virulence of the virus. A large amount of what we know about this protein has been obtained from studies using human influenza isolates and, consequently, the human NS1 protein. The current global interest in avian influenza, however, has highlighted a number of sequence and functional differences between the human and avian NS1. This review discusses these differences in addition to describing potential uses of NS1 in the management and control of avian influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dundon
- OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Avian influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell' Università, 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy; E-Mail:
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Novel use of a N2-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA)-based identification of avian influenza. Vaccine 2009; 27:3189-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Golender N, Panshin A, Banet-Noach C, Nagar S, Pokamunski S, Pirak M, Tendler Y, Davidson I, García M, Perk S. Genetic characterization of avian influenza viruses isolated in Israel during 2000-2006. Virus Genes 2008; 37:289-97. [PMID: 18712589 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to establish the phylogenetic and genetic relationships among avian influenza viruses (AIV) recently isolated from poultry in Israel. During this study we analyzed complete nucleotide sequences of two envelope (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) and six internal genes (polymerase B1, polymerase B2, polymerase A, nucleoprotein, nonstructural, and matrix) of 29 selected H9N2 and six internal genes of five H5N1 viruses isolated in Israel during 2000-2006. Comparative genetic and phylogenetic analyses of these sequences revealed that the local H5N1 viruses are closely related to H5N1 viruses isolated in European, Asian, and Middle Eastern countries in 2005-2006. The H9N2 Israeli isolates, together with viruses isolated in Jordan and Saudi Arabia formed a single group. Our data support the claim that during recent years a new endemic focus of H9N2 has been formed in the Middle East. The introduction of H5N1 and co-circulation of these two subtypes of AIV in this region may augment the risk of potentially pandemic strains emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O.B. 12, Beit Dagan, 50250, Israel
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Animal health and welfare aspects of avian influenza and the risk of its introduction into the EU poultry holdings - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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25
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) related with the vaccination against avian influenza of H5 and H7 subtypes in domestic poultry and captive birds. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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