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Rogers KH, Girard YA, Woods LW, Johnson CK. Avian trichomonosis mortality events in band-tailed pigeons ( Patagioenas fasciata) in California during winter 2014-2015. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2018; 7:261-267. [PMID: 30073142 PMCID: PMC6068076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Avian trichomonosis is an upper digestive tract disease of birds typically caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae. In California (U.S.A), trichomonosis is known to cause periodic epidemics in the Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon (Patagioenas fasciata monolis), a migratory upland game bird. We summarize the mortality events that occurred during winter 2014-2015 including the duration, estimated mortality, pathology, and genetic identity of infecting parasites. Increased mortality was reported from locations in 25 counties between November 2014 and June 2015. Based on reports, carcasses received, wildlife rehabilitation center admissions, site visits, and regular monitoring by local personnel, total mortality was estimated at 18,440. At necropsy, birds had multiple coalescing lesions in the oral cavity involving the upper palate and/or around the tongue and glottis, esophagus, crop, and/or proventriculus. Birds collected from Contra Costa (63.9%; 30/47); Marin (75.0%; 6/8), San Mateo (46.7%; 14/30), and Santa Clara (35.0%; 37/106) counties were more likely to have lesions extending into their head involving muscle, sinuses, ear canals, eye sockets, and bone (χ2 = 62.9; df = 11; P < 0.001). Histopathologic findings included pharyngitis, esophagitis, myositis, and air sacculitis of the pneumatic bone of the skull. Mixed bacterial colonies were found multifocally at the fronts of the necrosis in six of the eleven birds examined histologically. Infecting trichomonads included T. gallinae subtype A2 (n = 5), un-typed T. gallinae (n = 4), mixed infection with T. gallinae subtype A2 and T. stableri (n = 1), and mixed infection with un-typed T. gallinae and T. stableri (n = 1). The winter 2014-2015 epidemic was the largest on record in terms of duration, locations, and birds affected. Infection dynamics may have been exacerbated by the drought in California. Increased monitoring of band-tailed pigeons is needed to understand the long-term impacts of large-scale mortality events on their population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta H. Rogers
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Road, Suite D, Rancho Cordova, CA, 95670, United States
| | - Yvette A. Girard
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Leslie W. Woods
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
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Stoute S, Chin R, Crossley B, Gabriel Sentíes-Cué C, Bickford A, Pantin-Jackwood M, Breitmeyer R, Jones A, Carnaccini S, Shivaprasad HL. Highly Pathogenic Eurasian H5N8 Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Two Commercial Poultry Flocks in California. Avian Dis 2017; 60:688-93. [PMID: 27610732 DOI: 10.1637/11314-110615-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In January 2015, a highly pathogenic Eurasian lineage H5N8 avian influenza (AI) virus (AIV) was detected in a commercial meat turkey flock in Stanislaus County, CA. Approximately 3 wk later, a similar case was diagnosed in commercial brown layers from a different company located in Kings County, CA. Five 14-wk-old turkey hens were submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), Turlock, and eleven 12-wk-old chickens were submitted to CAHFS, Tulare laboratory due to an acute increase in flock mortality. Gross lesions included enlarged and mottled pale spleens and pancreas in turkeys and chickens. Histologically, the major lesions observed in turkeys and chickens were splenitis, pancreatitis, encephalitis, and pneumonia. In both cases, diagnosis was based on real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RRT-PCR), sequencing, and virus isolation from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Confirmatory diagnosis and AIV characterization was done at the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA. The sequence of the AIV from both cases was 99% identical to an H5N8 AI virus (A/gyrfalcon/Washington/41088-6/2014) isolated from a captive gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) from Washington State in December 2014. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on various tissues from both cases indicated a widespread AIV tissue distribution. Except for minor variations, the tissue distribution of the AI antigen was similar in the chickens and turkeys. There was positive IHC staining in the brain, spleen, pancreas, larynx, trachea, and lungs in both chickens and turkeys. Hearts, ovaries, and air sacs from the turkeys were also positive for the AI antigen. The liver sections from the chickens had occasional AI-positive staining in mononuclear cells, but the IHC on liver sections from the turkeys were negative. The bursa of Fabricius, small intestine, kidney, and skeletal muscle sections were negative for the AI antigen in both chickens and turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Stoute
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Richard Chin
- B CAHFS, University of California, Davis, Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - Beate Crossley
- C CAHFS, University of California, Davis, Davis Branch, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C Gabriel Sentíes-Cué
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Arthur Bickford
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Mary Pantin-Jackwood
- D Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Richard Breitmeyer
- C CAHFS, University of California, Davis, Davis Branch, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Annette Jones
- E California Department of Food and Agriculture, Animal Health and Food Safety Services, 2800 Gateway Oaks, Sacramento, CA 95814
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- B CAHFS, University of California, Davis, Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
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Seddiek SA, El-Shorbagy MM, Khater HF, Ali AM. The antitrichomonal efficacy of garlic and metronidazole against Trichomonas gallinae infecting domestic pigeons. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1319-29. [PMID: 24488107 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas gallinae is the causative agent of canker in pigeon. This work was carried out to investigate in the vitro and in vivo efficacy of aqueous water extract of garlic (AGE) on the growth of T. gallinae infecting pigeons compared to those of metronidazole (MTZ). MTZ and AGE were added, at different concentrations, to glucose-serum broth medium containing 1 × 10(4) trophozoites/ml. In the in vivo experiment, 48 squabs were grouped into four groups. The first group (gr. I) was not infected and not treated. Each squab of the other group was infected with 1 × 10(4) trophozoites. The second group (gr. II) was infected and not treated. On day 0, the third group (gr. III) was treated with MTZ (50 mg/kg BW) and the fourth group (gr. IV) was treated with AGE (200 mg/kg BW) for seven successive days in drinking water. In vitro study revealed that the MLC, 24, 48, and 72 h post treatment were 50, 25, and 12.5 μg/ml, respectively, for MTZ and 75, 50, and 50 mg/ml, respectively, for AGE. Garlic (200 mg/kg BW) had the highest antitrichomonal effect and shortened course of treatment of pigeons from 7 days in gr. III to 5 days. Squabs in gr. II suffered from macrocytic hypochromic anemia, whereas squabs in grs. III and IV showed normal blood pictures. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin were increased, whereas AST, ALT, and the total cholesterol were decreased in grs. III and IV when compared to those of gr. II. Pigeons protected with AGE showed increased body weight and reduced mortality percentage than the other groups. Our results indicated that garlic may be a promising phytotherapeutic agent for protection against trichomoniasis in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh A Seddiek
- Avian Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute Benha Branch, Benha, 13111, Egypt
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Ecco R, Preis IS, Vilela DA, Luppi MM, Malta MC, Beckstead RB, Stimmelmayer R, Gerhold RW. Molecular confirmation of Trichomonas gallinae and other parabasalids from Brazil using the 5.8S and ITS-1 rRNA regions. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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