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Canine Distemper Virus in Endangered Species: Species Jump, Clinical Variations, and Vaccination. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010057. [PMID: 36678405 PMCID: PMC9862170 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine morbillivirus (Canine distemper virus, CDV) is the cause of distemper in a large number of different species, some of which are endangered. The clinical outcome associated with infection is variable and based on many factors, including the host species, the immune response of the individual animal to the infection, and variation in virus tropism and virulence. Unfortunately, the viral characteristics associated with virulence versus attenuation are not fully characterized, nor are the specific mutations that allow this virus to easily move and adapt from one species to another. Due to its wide host range, this virus is difficult to manage in ecosystems that are home to endangered species. Vaccination of the domestic dog, historically considered the reservoir species for this virus, at dog-wildlife interfaces has failed to control virus spread. CDV appears to be maintained by a metareservoir rather than a single species, requiring the need to vaccinate the wildlife species at risk. This is controversial, and there is a lack of a safe, effective vaccine for nondomestic species. This review focuses on topics that are paramount to protecting endangered species from a stochastic event, such as a CDV outbreak, that could lead to extinction.
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Effect of Canine Parvovirus and Canine Distemper Virus on the Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) Population in the USA. J Wildl Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.7589/2018-07-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stilwell JM, Anis E, Wilkes RP, Rissi DR. Dual infection with an emergent strain of canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in an Arctic wolf under managed care. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:594-597. [PMID: 31113289 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719851832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-wk-old managed male Arctic wolf with lethargy, drooling, dehydration, elevated temperature, and acute onset of seizures was submitted for autopsy. The wolf had been vaccinated with a multivalent vaccine exactly 2 wk prior to presentation. Grossly, long bones were brittle and easily fractured under pressure; the intestinal contents were mucoid and yellow. Histologically, there was widespread lymphoid and hematopoietic necrosis, failure of endochondral ossification within long bones, as well as intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions in various tissues and cell types. Canine distemper virus was detected in numerous tissues by IHC and confirmed by RT-rtPCR and sequencing as an American-4 strain, an emerging strain in domestic dogs and wildlife species in the southeastern United States. The clinical and pathologic findings associated with this emergent CDV strain have not been reported previously in wolves, to our knowledge. Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2b) was also detected in the spleen by IHC and confirmed by conventional PCR as a wild-type strain. The exact impact of CPV-2b on the clinical course is unknown. Early vaccination in this case may have predisposed this Artic wolf to developing clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA (Stilwell, Rissi).,Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tifton, GA (Anis, Wilkes)
| | - Eman Anis
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA (Stilwell, Rissi).,Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tifton, GA (Anis, Wilkes)
| | - Rebecca P Wilkes
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA (Stilwell, Rissi).,Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tifton, GA (Anis, Wilkes)
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA (Stilwell, Rissi).,Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tifton, GA (Anis, Wilkes)
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Brzeski KE, Harrison RB, Waddell WT, Wolf KN, Rabon DR, Taylor SS. Infectious disease and red wolf conservation: assessment of disease occurrence and associated risks. J Mammal 2015; 96:751-761. [PMID: 32287383 PMCID: PMC7107507 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose a significant threat to global biodiversity and may contribute to extinction. As such, establishing baseline disease prevalence in vulnerable species where disease could affect persistence is important to conservation. We assessed potential disease threats to endangered red wolves (Canis rufus) by evaluating regional (southeastern United States) disease occurrences in mammals and parasite prevalence in red wolves and sympatric coyotes (Canis latrans) in North Carolina. Common viral pathogens in the southeast region, such as canine distemper and canine parvovirus, and numerous widespread endoparasites could pose a threat to the red wolf population. The most prevalent parasites in red wolves and sympatric coyotes were heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis), hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum), and Ehrlichia spp.; several red wolves and coyotes were also positive for bacteria causing Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi). Coyotes had a more species-rich parasite community than red wolves, suggesting they could harbor more parasites and act as a disease reservoir. Species identity and sex did not significantly affect parasite loads, but young canids were less likely to have heartworm and more likely to have high levels of endoparasites. Continued disease monitoring is important for red wolf recovery because low levels of genetic variability may compromise the wolves' abilities to combat novel pathogens from closely related species, such as domestic dogs and coyotes.
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