1
|
Buss P, Miller M, Fuller A, Haw A, Thulson E, Olea-Popelka F, Meyer L. Effects of Butorphanol on Respiration in White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) Immobilized with Etorphine-Azaperone. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:388-400. [PMID: 38268196 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This article reports on respiratory function in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) immobilized with etorphine-azaperone and the changes induced by butorphanol administration as part of a multifaceted crossover study that also investigated the effects of etorphine or etorphine-butorphanol treatments. Six male white rhinoceros underwent two immobilizations by using 1) etorphine-azaperone and 2) etorphine-azaperone-butorphanol. Starting 10 min after recumbency, arterial blood gases, limb muscle tremors, expired minute ventilation, and respiratory rate were evaluated at 5-min intervals for 25 min. Alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient, expected respiratory minute volume, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production were calculated. Etorphine-azaperone administration resulted in hypoxemia and hypercapnia, with increases in alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production, and a decrease in expired minute ventilation. Muscle tremors were also observed. Intravenous butorphanol administration in etorphine-azaperone-immobilized white rhinoceros resulted in less hypoxemia and hypercapnia; a decrease in oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and expired minute ventilation; and no change in the alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient and rate of breathing. We show that the immobilization of white rhinoceros with etorphine-azaperone results in hypoxemia and hypercapnia and that the subsequent intravenous administration of butorphanol improves both arterial blood oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 29 Princess of Wales Terrace, Private Bag 3, 2050, Parktown, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Wildlife Hub Building, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Michele Miller
- Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 29 Princess of Wales Terrace, Private Bag 3, 2050, Parktown, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Wildlife Hub Building, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Anna Haw
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 29 Princess of Wales Terrace, Private Bag 3, 2050, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Emily Thulson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Francisco Olea-Popelka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Dental Sciences Building Room 4044, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Leith Meyer
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 29 Princess of Wales Terrace, Private Bag 3, 2050, Parktown, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Wildlife Hub Building, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laubscher LL, Meyer LCR, Laurence M, Raath JP, Pfitzer S. A comparison of immobilisation quality and cardiorespiratory effects of etorphine-azaperone versus etorphine-midazolam combinations in blesbok. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2022. [DOI: 10.36303/jsava.2022.93.1.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- LL Laubscher
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd.,
South Africa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriscience, Stellenbosch University,
South Africa
| | - LCR Meyer
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies and Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - M Laurence
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science Health Engineering and Education, Murdoch University,
Western Australia
| | - JP Raath
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd.,
South Africa
| | - S Pfitzer
- Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology,
South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meuffels J, Bertschinger H, Tindall B, Pohlin F, Luther-Binoir I, Trivedi S, Boshoff CR, Lueders I. Arterial Blood Gases and Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Etorphine-Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilized Free-Ranging and Game-Farmed Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:862100. [PMID: 35573418 PMCID: PMC9094040 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.862100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid loss of individuals in the wild, semen cryopreservation has gained importance to safeguard the genetic diversity of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum). For semen collection via electro-ejaculation, immobilization of free-ranging individuals requires the potent opioid etorphine, which is routinely combined with azaperone, but causes hypoxemia, hypercarbia, acidemia, muscle rigidity, tachycardia, and systemic hypertension. In this study, the suitability of two alternative immobilization protocols including etorphine, medetomidine, and midazolam at different doses (high vs. low etorphine) was evaluated in adult white rhinoceros bulls in two different management systems (free-ranging vs. game-farmed) and undergoing electro-ejaculation. Fourteen free-ranging (Group 1) and 28 game-farmed rhinoceroses (Group 2) were immobilized with ≈2.5 μg/kg etorphine (high dose), ≈2.5 μg/kg medetomidine, ≈25 μg/kg midazolam and 1,500–1,700 IU hyaluronidase and received ≈2.5 μg/kg of butorphanol intravenously at first handling. Twenty game-farmed animals (Group 3) received ≈1 μg/kg etorphine (low dose), ≈5 μg/kg medetomidine, ≈25 μg/kg midazolam and 1,700 IU hyaluronidase. Respiratory rate, heart rate and peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured at 5-min intervals; non-invasive oscillometric blood pressures and arterial blood gases at first handling and before reversal of the immobilization; serum clinical chemistry analytes and hematocrit at first handling. Generalized mixed models (fixed factors: group, time, recumbency; random factor: individual rhinoceros) were applied to compare longitudinal changes between free-ranging and game-farmed rhinoceroses immobilized with the higher etorphine dose (Groups 1 and 2), and between the two protocols tested in the game-farmed rhinoceroses (Groups 2 and 3). All animals were successfully immobilized, presented with normal lactate concentrations (<5 mmol/L), experienced no muscle tremors and recovered uneventfully. Hypoxemia and hypertension persisted throughout the immobilization in all groups. Acidemia and hypercarbia were absent in Group 1, but present in the game-farmed animals. The lower etorphine dose in Group 3 resulted in significantly longer induction times, however, tachycardia was not observed. SpO2 was higher for sternal vs. lateral recumbency. Semen-rich fractions were recovered following electro-stimulation in 46 out of the 62 animals. Our findings suggest that etorphine-medetomidine-midazolam provides effective immobilization with fewer side effects compared to previous reports in white rhinoceroses and is suitable for successful electro-ejaculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Meuffels
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Hoedspruit, South Africa
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Janine Meuffels
| | - Henk Bertschinger
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Friederike Pohlin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Luther-Binoir
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Hoedspruit, South Africa
- GEOsperm, Wildlife Reproduction and Biotechnology Services, Brits, South Africa
| | - Shweta Trivedi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - Imke Lueders
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Hoedspruit, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chelopo ND, Buss PE, Miller MA, Zeiler GE. Cardiopulmonary responses of free-ranging African elephant (Loxodonta africana) bulls immobilized with a thiafentanil-azaperone combination. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:291-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE-MIDAZOLAM VERSUS MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE-BUTORPHANOL FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF RED KANGAROOS ( OSPHRANTER RUFUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1175-1184. [PMID: 34998287 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this clinical study were to compare the effectiveness and safety of medetomidine-ketamine-midazolam (MKM) versus medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol (MKB) for immobilization of captive red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus). Twenty red kangaroos were randomly immobilized for routine treatments using intramuscular injection of MKM (0.065 ± 0.004, 2.2 ± 0.3, and 0.12 ± 0.04 mg/kg, respectively) or MKB (0.070 ± 0.015, 2.3 ± 0.5, and 0.23 ± 0.05 mg/kg, respectively) (n = 10/group). Induction, immobilization, and recovery times were recorded; vital signs monitored; and quality of induction, immobilization, and recovery scored using a single-blinded design. Oxygen was not supplemented. For reversal, atipamezole at five times the medetomidine dosage was administered intramuscularly (both groups), and flumazenil (0.020 ± 0.003 mg/kg; MKM) or naltrexone (0.23 ± 0.05 mg/kg; MKB) were administered intravenously. Induction time was significantly shorter in the MKB group versus the MKM group (7:26 ± 04:22 and 11:54 ± 04:50 minutes, respectively). Induction quality in both groups was rated "excellent" and immobilization quality was "excellent" in MKM and "very good" in MKB. Heart rate was significantly lower and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) was significantly higher in the MKM versus the MKB group. However, SpO2 < 90% occurred with both protocols. Following antagonists administration, recovery time and quality were 17:40 ± 08:33 minutes and "very good" in the MKM group, and 14:28 ± 05:27 minutes and "excellent" in the MKB group, respectively. Both protocols provided smooth induction, good immobilization, and generally quick recovery. MKB is recommended for shorter induction time. Oxygen supplementation should be available with both protocols.
Collapse
|
6
|
Meuffels J, Lueders I, Bertschinger H, Luther-Binoir I, Pohlin F, Gerber L, Tindall B. Cardiopulmonary Parameters and Arterial Blood Gases During Etorphine-Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilization in Free-Ranging Black Rhinoceroses ( Diceros bicornis) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation-A Preliminary Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740614. [PMID: 34926635 PMCID: PMC8674947 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation management interventions for the critically endangered black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) require immobilization, which offer opportunities for semen collection and cryopreservation to establish genetic reservoirs. In free-ranging rhinoceroses, a combination of the potent opioid etorphine and the tranquilizer azaperone is routinely used for chemical immobilization but is associated with muscle rigidity and severe cardiopulmonary changes. Additionally, azaperone inhibits semen emission. Seven free-ranging, male, sexually mature black rhinoceroses were immobilized with an alternative protocol consisting of 4.5 mg etorphine, 5 mg medetomidine, 50 mg midazolam and 2,500 IU hyaluronidase delivered remotely by darting from a helicopter. During the immobilization, electro-ejaculation was performed with a portable electro-ejaculator, and a species-specific rectal probe. Animals were observed for muscle tremors. Longitudinal changes in respiratory rate, heart rate and peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation, measured at 5 min intervals, were assessed using a general mixed model. Non-invasive oscillometric blood pressure and arterial blood gas variables were measured at first handling and before reversal and compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. All animals were successfully immobilized, showed no muscle tremors, presented with normal heart rates and lactate concentration (<5 mmol/L), recovered uneventfully, but experienced acidemia, hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Induction time and total time in recumbency were 4.2 ± 0.41 and 38.4 ± 6.9 min, respectively. Electro-stimulation commenced after 11.7 ± 3.98 min and completed after 24.3 ± 6.65 min. Semen-rich fractions were successfully collected from six animals. Our observations indicate that etorphine-medetomidine-midazolam provides a promising immobilization protocol for free-ranging black rhinoceroses, that allows for successful electro-ejaculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Meuffels
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Tokai, South Africa.,Department of Production Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Imke Lueders
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Tokai, South Africa.,GEOlifes, Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henk Bertschinger
- Department of Production Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ilse Luther-Binoir
- GEOSperm, Wildlife Reproduction and Biotechnology Services, Brits, South Africa
| | - Friederike Pohlin
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandri Gerber
- Scientific Services Unit, Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency, East London, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effect of Azaperone on Induction Times in Etorphine-Immobilized White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:245-247. [PMID: 34695196 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe induction time in six white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) when they received etorphine intramuscularly (IM) or etorphine plus azaperone IM. The median induction time was reduced from 8.9 min for etorphine alone to 6.25 min with azaperone; however, there was no difference in immobilization quality between treatments.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gaudio E, Laubscher LL, Meyer LCR, Hoffman LC, Raath JP, Pfitzer S. Evaluation of two different etorphine doses combined with azaperone in blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) immobilisation. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2021; 92:e1-e8. [PMID: 34476958 PMCID: PMC8424704 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v92i0.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical immobilisation is essential for veterinarians to perform medical procedures in wild African ungulates. Potent opioids combined with neuroleptic drugs are most often used for this purpose. The present study aimed at comparing the quality of immobilisation and effects on physiological variables between a high (high etorphine-azaperone [HE]: 0.09 mg kg-1) and low etorphine dose (low etorphine-azaperone [LE]: 0.05 mg kg-1), both combined with azaperone (0.35 mg kg-1), in 12 adult female boma-acclimatised blesbok. It was hypothesised that a reduction in etorphine's dose in combination with azaperone would result in less cardiorespiratory impairment but likely worsen the quality of immobilisation. Both treatments resulted in rapid induction and recovery times. Overall inter-treatment differences occurred in pulse rate (HE and LE: 52 ± 15 and 44 ± 11 beats minute-1, p 0.0001), respiratory rate (HE and LE: 15 ± 4 and 17 ± 4 breaths minute-1, p 0.006), partial pressure of exhaled carbon dioxide (HE and LE: 62.0 ± 5.0 and 60.0 ± 5.6 millimetre of mercury [mmHg], p 0.028) and arterial carbon dioxide (HE and LE: 58.0 ± 4.5 and 55.0 ± 3.9 mmHg, p 0.002). Both HE and LE led to bradycardia, hypertension and marked hypoxia to a similar extent. Furthermore, quality of induction, immobilisation and recovery were similar in both treatments. The role of azaperone in the development of cardiorespiratory compromise and gas exchange impairment that occurred when these combinations were used is still unclear. Further studies are recommended to elucidate drug- and dose-specific physiological effects in immobilised antelope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health, School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; and, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agrisciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Steyrer C, Miller M, Hewlett J, Buss P, Hooijberg EH. Reference Intervals for Hematology and Clinical Chemistry for the African Elephant ( Loxodonta africana). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:599387. [PMID: 33732737 PMCID: PMC7959782 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.599387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is listed as vulnerable, with wild populations threatened by habitat loss and poaching. Clinical pathology is used to detect and monitor disease and injury, however existing reference interval (RI) studies for this species have been performed with outdated analytical methods, small sample sizes or using only managed animals. The aim of this study was to generate hematology and clinical chemistry RIs, using samples from the free-ranging elephant population in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Hematology RIs were derived from EDTA whole blood samples automatically analyzed (n = 23); manual PCV measured from 48 samples; and differential cell count results (n = 51) were included. Clinical chemistry RIs were generated from the results of automated analyzers on stored serum samples (n = 50). Reference intervals were generated according to American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines with a strict exclusion of outliers. Hematology RIs were: PCV 34–49%, RBC 2.80–3.96 × 1012/L, HGB 116–163 g/L, MCV 112–134 fL, MCH 35.5–45.2 pg, MCHC 314–364 g/L, PLT 182–386 × 109/L, WBC 7.5–15.2 × 109/L, segmented heterophils 1.5–4.0 × 109/L, band heterophils 0.0–0.2 × 109/L, total monocytes 3.6–7.6 × 109/L (means for “regular” were 35.2%, bilobed 8.6%, round 3.9% of total leukocytes), lymphocytes 1.1–5.5 × 109/L, eosinophils 0.0–0.9 × 109/L, basophils 0.0–0.1 × 109/L. Clinical chemistry RIs were: albumin 41–55 g/L, ALP 30–122 U/L, AST 9–34 U/L, calcium 2.56–3.02 mmol/L, CK 85–322 U/L, GGT 7–16 U/L, globulin 30–59 g/L, magnesium 1.15–1.70 mmol/L, phosphorus 1.28–2.31 mmol/L, total protein 77–109 g/L, urea 1.2–4.6 mmol/L. Reference intervals were narrower than those reported in other studies. These RI will be helpful in the future management of injured or diseased elephants in national parks and zoological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Steyrer
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michele Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennie Hewlett
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter Buss
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tod N, Stalder G, Rauch H, Boehmdorfer S, Haw A, Gerritsmann H, Painer J, Meyer L. Investigation of cardiorespiratory effects of the selective 5-HT4 agonist BIMU-8 in etorphine-immobilised goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in a randomized, blinded and controlled trial. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e76. [PMID: 33908044 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid-induced respiratory compromise remains a significant challenge in etorphine-immobilised wildlife. Serotonergic agonists offer a potential avenue for preventing or treating opioid-induced respiratory compromise. We therefore aimed to determine whether the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4) agonist, BIMU-8, reverses opioid-induced respiratory compromise in etorphine-immobilised goats. METHODS Seven healthy adult goats were immobilised with etorphine, then treated with BIMU-8 or sterile water 5 minutes later in a randomised, prospective cross-over study. Cardiorespiratory variables were measured at 1-minute intervals from 4 minutes before etorphine to 15 minutes after its administration. Arterial blood gas analyses were also performed before and after etorphine administration and the respective treatments. RESULTS Intravenous injection of BIMU-8 attenuated etorphine-induced respiratory compromise, as indicated by improvements, compared to baseline and between treatments, in respiratory rate (fR ), peripheral arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2 ) and the alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure gradient (P(A-a)O2 ). BIMU-8 caused an increase in heart rate and a temporary decrease in arterial blood pressure. Mild movements and slight muscle spasm occurred but BIMU-8 did not reverse immobilisation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that BIMU-8 may be a potential drug candidate for the treatment, or prevention, of etorphine-induced respiratory compromise in immobilised ungulates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Tod
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanna Rauch
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Boehmdorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Haw
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanno Gerritsmann
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Painer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leith Meyer
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies and Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miazga K, Joubert J, Sinclair M, Cywińska A. Releasing Three Orphaned White Rhinoceroses ( Ceratotherium simum) to the Game Reserve in South Africa. Rehabilitation, Translocation and Post-Release Observations. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122224. [PMID: 33260863 PMCID: PMC7759868 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is one of the most famous victims of poachers in Africa. One of the methods for dealing with decreasing rhino numbers is rehabilitating wounded and/or orphaned animals to successfully release them back into the wild. The status of rescued animal differs among individuals, but general procedures must be established and constantly improved. This study presents the history of successful release of three orphaned white rhino females; rehabilitated for 15 months in Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in a private game reserve in South Africa. Female A was three years old, female B was one year old and the youngest female was three months old on arrival. The animals were rehabilitated together despite the differences in their age and size, with particular attention paid to keeping them as wild as possible. After being weaned and becoming old enough to go back to the wild, they were released at a distance from the rehabilitation centre, which required immobilization and translocation. Since the rhinos were released, they have been successfully living in the wild. All procedures used in this study proved to be sufficient for preparing the animals for life in the wild and can be recommended for other centres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Miazga
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-508-138-578
| | - Johan Joubert
- Shamwari Private Game Reserve, SPGR, Eastern Cape, Paterson 6130, South Africa; (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Megan Sinclair
- Shamwari Private Game Reserve, SPGR, Eastern Cape, Paterson 6130, South Africa; (J.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Cywińska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mosing M, Waldmann AD, Sacks M, Buss P, Boesch JM, Zeiler GE, Hosgood G, Gleed RD, Miller M, Meyer LCR, Böhm SH. What hinders pulmonary gas exchange and changes distribution of ventilation in immobilized white rhinoceroses ( Ceratotherium simum) in lateral recumbency? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1140-1149. [PMID: 33054661 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00359.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used electrical impedance tomography (EIT) measurements of regional ventilation and perfusion to elucidate the reasons for severe gas exchange impairment reported in rhinoceroses during opioid-induced immobilization. EIT values were compared with standard monitoring parameters to establish a new monitoring tool for conservational immobilization and future treatment options. Six male white rhinoceroses were immobilized using etorphine, and EIT ventilation variables, venous admixture, and dead space were measured 30, 40, and 50 min after becoming recumbent in lateral position. Pulmonary perfusion mapping using impedance-enhanced EIT was performed at the end of the study period. The measured impedance (∆Z) by EIT was compared between pulmonary regions using mixed linear models. Measurements of regional ventilation and perfusion revealed a pronounced disproportional shift of ventilation and perfusion toward the nondependent lung. Overall, the dependent lung was minimally ventilated and perfused, but remained aerated with minimal detectable lung collapse. Perfusion was found primarily around the hilum of the nondependent lung and was minimal in the periphery of the nondependent and the entire dependent lung. These shifts can explain the high amount of venous admixture and physiological dead space found in this study. Breath holding redistributed ventilation toward dependent and ventral lung areas. The findings of this study reveal important pathophysiological insights into the changes in lung ventilation and perfusion during immobilization of white rhinoceroses. These novel insights might induce a search for better therapeutic options and is establishing EIT as a promising monitoring tool for large animals in the field.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Electrical impedance tomography measurements of regional ventilation and perfusion applied to etorphine-immobilized white rhinoceroses in lateral recumbency revealed a pronounced disproportional shift of the measured ventilation and perfusion toward the nondependent lung. The dependent lung was minimally ventilated and perfused, but still aerated. Perfusion was found primarily around the hilum of the nondependent lung. These shifts can explain the gas exchange impairments found in this study. Breath holding can redistribute ventilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mosing
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Andreas D Waldmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Muriel Sacks
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Jordyn M Boesch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Gareth E Zeiler
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies and Department of Paraclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Giselle Hosgood
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Robin D Gleed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michele Miller
- Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies and Department of Paraclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Stephan H Böhm
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pfitzer S, Meyer L, Laubscher L, Warren K, Vaughan-Higgins R, Raath JP, Laurence M. Comparison of cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine and thiafentanil administered as sole agents for immobilization of impala (Aepyceros melampus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:53-64. [PMID: 33309195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cardiopulmonary effects of the opioids etorphine and thiafentanil for immobilization of impala. STUDY DESIGN Two-way crossover, randomized study. ANIMALS A group of eight adult female impala. METHODS Impala were given two treatments: 0.09 mg kg-1 etorphine or 0.09 mg kg-1 thiafentanil via remote dart injection. Time to recumbency, quality of immobilization and recovery were assessed. Respiratory rate, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and arterial blood gases were measured. A linear mixed model was used to analyse the effects of treatments, treatments over time and interactions of treatment and time (p < 0.05). RESULTS Time to recumbency was significantly faster with thiafentanil (2.0 ± 0.8 minutes) than with etorphine (3.9 ± 1.6 minutes; p = 0.007). Both treatments produced bradypnoea, which was more severe at 5 minutes with thiafentanil (7 ± 4 breaths minute-1) than with etorphine (13 ± 12 breaths minute-1; p = 0.004). HR increased with both treatments but significantly decreased over time when etorphine (132 ± 17 to 82 ± 11 beats minute-1) was compared with thiafentanil (113 ± 22 to 107 ± 36 beats minute-1; p < 0.001). Both treatments caused hypertension which was more profound with thiafentanil (mean overall MAP = 140 ± 14 mmHg; p < 0.001). Hypoxaemia occurred with both treatments but was greater with thiafentanil [PaO2 37 ± 13 mmHg (4.9 kPa)] than with etorphine [45 ± 16 mmHg (6.0 kPa)] 5 minutes after recumbency (p < 0.001). After 30 minutes, PaO2 increased to 59 ± 10 mmHg (7.9 kPa) with both treatments (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The shorter time to recumbency with thiafentanil may allow easier and faster retrieval in the field. However, thiafentanil caused greater hypertension, and ventilatory effects during the first 10 minutes, after administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Pfitzer
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Leith Meyer
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies and Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Liesel Laubscher
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals South Africa (Pty) Ltd., White River, South Africa; Department of Animal Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kristin Warren
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Jacobus P Raath
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals South Africa (Pty) Ltd., White River, South Africa
| | - Michael Laurence
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Comparison of some cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine and thiafentanil during the chemical immobilization of blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi). Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:42-52. [PMID: 33334691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine and thiafentanil for immobilization of blesbok. STUDY DESIGN Blinded, randomized, two-way crossover study. ANIMALS A group of eight adult female blesbok. METHODS Animals were immobilized twice, once with etorphine (0.09 mg kg-1) and once with thiafentanil (0.09 mg kg-1) administered intramuscularly by dart. Immobilization quality was assessed and analysed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Time to final recumbency was compared between treatments by one-way analysis of variance. Cardiopulmonary effects including respiratory rate (ƒR), arterial blood pressures and arterial blood gases were measured. A linear mixed model was used to assess the effects of drug treatments over the 40 minute immobilization period. Significant differences between treatments, for treatment over time as well as effect of treatment by time on the variables, were analysed (p < 0.05). RESULTS There was no statistical difference (p = 0.186) between treatments for time to recumbency. The mean ƒR was lower with etorphine (14 breaths minute-1) than with thiafentanil (19 breaths minute-1, p = 0.034). The overall mean PaCO2 was higher with etorphine [45 mmHg (6.0 kPa)] than with thiafentanil [41 mmHg (5.5 kPa), p = 0.025], whereas PaO2 was lower with etorphine [53 mmHg (7.1 kPa)] than with thiafentanil [64 mmHg (8.5 kPa), p < 0.001]. The systolic arterial pressure measured throughout all time points was higher with thiafentanil than with etorphine (p = 0.04). The difference varied from 30 mmHg at 20 minutes after recumbency to 14 mmHg (standard error difference 2.7 mmHg) at 40 minutes after recumbency. Mean and diastolic arterial pressures were significantly higher with thiafentanil at 20 and 25 minute measurement points only (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both drugs caused clinically relevant hypoxaemia; however, it was less severe with thiafentanil. Ventilation was adequate. Hypertension was greater and immobilization scores were lower with thiafentanil.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gaudio E, Laubscher LL, Pfitzer S, Raath JP, Hoffman LC, De Benedictis GM. Immobilization quality and cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine alone compared with etorphine-azaperone in blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi). Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:528-536. [PMID: 32507718 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immobilization quality and cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine alone compared with etorphine-azaperone in blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi). STUDY DESIGN Blinded, randomized, crossover design. ANIMALS A total of 12 boma-habituated female blesbok weighing [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 57.5 ± 2.5 kg. METHODS Each animal was administered etorphine (0.09 mg kg-1) or etorphine-azaperone (0.09 mg kg-1; 0.35 mg kg-1) intramuscularly with 1-week intertreatment washout period. Time to first sign of altered state of consciousness and immobilization time were recorded. Physiological variables were recorded, arterial blood samples were taken during a 40-minute immobilization period, and naltrexone (mean ± SD: 1.83 ± 0.06 mg kg-1) was intravenously administered. Recovery times were documented, and induction, immobilization and recovery were subjectively scored. Statistical analyses were performed; p < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS No difference was observed in time to first sign, immobilization time and recovery times between treatments. Time to head up was longer with etorphine-azaperone (0.5 ± 0.2 versus 0.4 ± 0.2 minutes; p = 0.015). Etorphine caused higher arterial blood pressures (mean: 131 ± 17 versus 110 ± 11 mmHg, p < 0.0001), pH, rectal temperature and arterial oxygen partial pressure (59.2 ± 7.7 versus 42.2 ± 9.8 mmHg), but lower heart (p = 0.002) and respiratory rates (p = 0.01). Etorphine-azaperone combination led to greater impairment of ventilatory function, with higher end-tidal carbon dioxide (p < 0.0001) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (58.0 ± 4.5 versus 48.1 ± 5.1 mmHg). Immobilization quality was greater with etorphine-azaperone than with etorphine alone (median scores: 4 versus 3; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both treatments provided satisfactory immobilization of blesbok; however, in addition to a deeper level of immobilization, etorphine-azaperone caused greater ventilatory impairment. Oxygen supplementation is recommended with both treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Liesel L Laubscher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Wildlife Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd., White River, South Africa
| | - Silke Pfitzer
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jacobus P Raath
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd., White River, South Africa; Wildlifevets.com, Ngongoni Game Lodge, Karino, South Africa
| | - Louw C Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giulia M De Benedictis
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vitali F, Kariuki EK, Mijele D, Kaitho T, Faustini M, Preziosi R, Gakuya F, Ravasio G. Etorphine-Azaperone Immobilisation for Translocation of Free-Ranging Masai Giraffes ( Giraffa Camelopardalis Tippelskirchi): A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020322. [PMID: 32085568 PMCID: PMC7070639 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Due to their peculiar anatomy and sensitivity to drugs, giraffes are among the most challenging mammals to immobilise. Masai giraffes have recently been listed as endangered. Hence, their conservation needs actions that require veterinary capture such as translocations. In this study, we evaluated a new protocol of immobilisation for translocation of free-ranging Masai giraffes. The hypothesis is that, by combining a potent opioid with a tranquiliser, it is possible to mitigate the capture stress, which is a major cause of disastrous homeostatic consequences, including capture myopathy and death. The combination produced, in all individuals, smooth and quick inductions and reliable immobilisations. Although hypoxaemia in a few individuals and acidosis were seen, the overall cardiorespiratory function was adequate. Whereas the initial stress to the capture was limited in the individuals, likely due to tourism-related habituation, the opioid-related excitement and resulting increased exertion was responsible for worse immobilisation and physiological derangement. A low dose of an antagonist was used and evaluated and, in the two-week boma follow-up, it proved to be efficient in providing safe recoveries and transport. At the investigated doses, the combination provided partially reversed immobilisation that allowed uneventful translocation in free-ranging Masai giraffes. Abstract Etorphine-azaperone immobilisation was evaluated for translocation of Masai giraffes. Nine giraffes were darted with 0.012 ± 0.001 mg/kg etorphine and 0.07 ± 0.01 mg/kg azaperone. Once ataxic, giraffes were roped for recumbency and restrained manually. Naltrexone (3 mg/mg etorphine) was immediately given intravenously to reverse etorphine-related side effects. Protocol evaluation included physiological monitoring, blood-gas analyses, anaesthetic times, and quality scores (1 = excellent, 4 = poor). Sedation onset and recumbency were achieved in 2.6 ± 0.8 and 5.6 ± 1.4 min. Cardio-respiratory function (HR = 70 ± 16, RR = 32 ± 8, MAP = 132 ± 16) and temperature (37.8 ± 0.5) were stable. Arterial gas analysis showed hypoxaemia in some individuals (PaO2 = 67 ± 8 mmHg) and metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.23 ± 0.05, PaCO2 = 34 ± 4 mmHg, HCO3− = 12.9 ± 1.2 mmol/l). Minor startle response occurred, while higher induction-induced excitement correlated to longer inductions, worse restraint, and decreased HCO3−. After 19 ± 3.5 min of restraint, giraffes were allowed to stand and were loaded onto a chariot. Immobilisations were good and scored 2 (1–3). Inductions and recoveries were smooth and scored 1 (1–2). Translocations were uneventful and no complications occurred in 14-days boma follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vitali
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-348-714-6920
| | - Edward K. Kariuki
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (E.K.K.); (D.M.); (T.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Domnic Mijele
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (E.K.K.); (D.M.); (T.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Titus Kaitho
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (E.K.K.); (D.M.); (T.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Massimo Faustini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Richard Preziosi
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
| | - Francis Gakuya
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (E.K.K.); (D.M.); (T.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neiffer D, Buss P, Hewlett J, Hausler G, Rossouw L, Manamela T, Grenus B, Thulson E, Olea-Popelka F, Miller M. Evaluation of Physiological Parameters and Effectiveness of an Immobilization Protocol Using Etorphine, Azaperone, and Butorphanol in Free-Ranging Warthogs ( Phacochoerus africanus). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:402. [PMID: 31799283 PMCID: PMC6867999 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty free-ranging warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, were immobilized with a combination of etorphine (0.039 ± 0.005 mg/kg) and azaperone (0.44 ± 0.06 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly by dart. Butorphanol (1 mg per mg etorphine) was administered intravenously at t = 5 min. A standardized scoring system was used to record induction, immobilization and recovery characteristics. Physiological parameters were recorded at 5 min intervals and an arterial sample collected for blood gas analyses every 15 min. At 45 min after butorphanol administration, immobilization was partially reversed by administering naltrexone (40x etorphine dose in mg) intravenously. Overall, induction quality was good, with the mean time to safe handling 5.9 ± 1.4 min. The majority of immobilization scores (54%) over the entire monitoring period (40 min) were at level 3, consistent with a light plane in which palpebral and laryngeal reflexes were still present but the animal could be safely handled. Overall mean heart rate was 94.7 ± 15.3 beats per min, mean respiratory rate was 14.7 ± 9.8 breaths per min, and the mean rectal temperature was 38.5 ± 1.0°C. Significant hypoxia (overall mean oxygen arterial partial pressure 38.8 ± 8.4 mmHg), hypercapnia (mean carbon dioxide arterial partial pressure 63.3 ± 7.8 mmHg), and acidosis (mean pH 7.28 ± 0.04) were observed in immobilized warthogs. Following antagonist administration, warthogs were standing within 1.0 ± 0.4 min, with the majority of recoveries scored as excellent. The drug combination proved to be effective in the immobilization of free-ranging warthogs with rapid induction and recovery, but with significant cardio-respiratory changes. Therefore, this drug combination may be useful when rapid immobilization and recovery are indicated, but should be used cautiously in compromised warthogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Neiffer
- Wildlife Health Sciences, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Jennie Hewlett
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Guy Hausler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leana Rossouw
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Tebogo Manamela
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Brittany Grenus
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Emily Thulson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CL, United States
| | - Francisco Olea-Popelka
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CL, United States
| | - Michele Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Etorphine-Ketamine Constant Rate Infusion for Maintenance of Anaesthesia in a Compromised White Rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum). Case Rep Vet Med 2019; 2019:4309043. [PMID: 30993028 PMCID: PMC6434309 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4309043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A subadult white rhinoceros bull presented for oesophageal endoscopic evaluation and foreign body removal under general anaesthesia. The animal had a history of nasal and oral regurgitation of water and ingesta with weight-loss for 6 days prior to the procedure and had been diagnosed with oesophageal obstruction caused by a bailing wire. Anaesthesia was induced with intramuscular etorphine and azaperone delivered remotely by dart, followed by an intravenous bolus of ketamine. The trachea was intubated, and anaesthesia was maintained with an etorphine-ketamine constant rate infusion (CRI). The rhinoceros did not respond predictably to induction of anaesthesia and developed life-threatening systemic hypotension throughout the 90-minute procedure. A mega-vertebrate demand ventilator was successfully used to provide intermittent positive pressure ventilation when the rhinoceros developed apnoea. This case report describes the maintenance of anaesthesia of a white rhinoceros using an etorphine-ketamine CRI and the causes and management of hypotension and respiratory impairment observed in this patient.
Collapse
|
19
|
Diez Bernal S, Hoby S, Levionnois OLR. Acute hyperkalaemia in a captive Persian leopard (
Panthera pardus saxicolor
) immobilised with a ketamine‐medetomidine combination. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Diez Bernal
- Veterinary Anaesthesiology and Pain TherapyVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
EFFECTS OF A SUPPLEMENTAL ETORPHINE DOSE ON PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE AND CARDIAC OUTPUT IN IMMOBILIZED, BOMA-HABITUATED WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM): A PRELIMINARY STUDY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:849-855. [DOI: 10.1638/2017-0120.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
21
|
Izwan A, Snelling EP, Seymour RS, Meyer LCR, Fuller A, Haw A, Mitchell D, Farrell AP, Costello MA, Maloney SK. Ameliorating the adverse cardiorespiratory effects of chemical immobilization by inducing general anaesthesia in sheep and goats: implications for physiological studies of large wild mammals. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:991-1003. [PMID: 30232543 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical immobilization is necessary for the physiological study of large wild animals. However, the immobilizing drugs can adversely affect the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, yielding data that do not accurately represent the normal, resting state. We hypothesize that these adverse effects can be ameliorated by reversing the immobilizing agent while holding the animal under general anaesthesia. We used habituated sheep Ovis aries (N = 5, 46.9 ± 5.3 kg body mass, mean ± SEM) and goats Capra hircus (N = 4, 27.7 ± 2.8 kg) as ungulate models for large wild animals, and measured their cardiorespiratory function under three conditions: (1) mild sedation (midazolam), as a proxy for the normal resting state, (2) immobilization (etorphine and azaperone), and (3) general anaesthesia (propofol) followed by etorphine antagonism (naltrexone). Cardiac output for both sheep and goats remained unchanged across the three conditions (overall means of 6.2 ± 0.9 and 3.3 ± 0.3 L min-1, respectively). For both sheep and goats, systemic and pulmonary mean arterial pressures were significantly altered from initial midazolam levels when administered etorphine + azaperone, but those arterial pressures were restored upon transition to propofol anaesthesia and antagonism of the etorphine. Under etorphine + azaperone, minute ventilation decreased in the sheep, though this decrease was corrected under propofol, while the minute ventilation in the goats remained unchanged throughout. Under etorphine + azaperone, both sheep and goats displayed arterial blood hypoxia and hypercapnia (relative to midazolam levels), which failed to completely recover under propofol, indicating that more time might be needed for the blood gases to be adequately restored. Nonetheless, many of the confounding cardiorespiratory effects of etorphine were ameliorated when it was antagonized with naltrexone while the animal was held under propofol, indicating that this procedure can largely restore the cardiovascular and respiratory systems closer to a normal, resting state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adian Izwan
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Edward P Snelling
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roger S Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anna Haw
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mary-Ann Costello
- Central Animal Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
EVALUATION OF BLOOD GAS VALUES IN ANESTHETIZED SOUTHERN WHITE RHINOCEROS ( CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM) VENTILATED WITH A NOVEL DEMAND VENTILATOR IN A ZOOLOGICAL PARK SETTING. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 48:1016-1025. [PMID: 29297798 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0048r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoceros conservation efforts are essential to the survival of the species. One such effort is focused on using advanced reproductive technologies to produce viable northern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum cottoni) embryos for implantation into southern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum) surrogates. Anesthesia may be required to facilitate necessary procedures in these surrogate rhinoceros, but commonly reported side effects including hypercapnia and hypoxemia limit anesthetic recumbency time due to animal safety concerns. Although many interventions have been attempted, success in improving these physiologic parameters to date is mixed. The objective of this report is to describe arterial pH (pHa), blood gas (PaO2 and PaCO2), bicarbonate, base excess, lactate, and cardiovascular (heart rate, direct arterial blood pressure) values recorded in seven intubated and ventilated female southern white rhinoceros anesthetized for reproductive examinations in a zoological park setting. Anesthetic induction was accomplished using etorphine, medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam. The primary hypotheses were that PaO2 and PaCO2 would improve after intubation and mechanical ventilation. Induction and recovery observations were also summarized. Physiologic and laboratory data were analyzed using a mixed linear regression model using ranks. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The PaO2 increased significantly ( P < 0.001) following ventilation from a median value of 58 (range, 38-67) to 123 (range, 42-184) mm Hg. The PaCO2 significantly ( P = 0.003) decreased from 63 (range, 55-73) to 52 (range, 30-75) mm Hg, with a corresponding improvement ( P = 0.068) in pHa from 7.33 (7.25-7.34) to 7.37 (7.24-7.58) units. Intubation and ventilation improve respiratory parameters and may facilitate safe prolongation of anesthetic duration in white rhinoceros.
Collapse
|
23
|
De Lange SS, Fuller A, Haw A, Hofmeyr M, Buss P, Miller M, Meyer LCR. Tremors in white rhinoceroses (<i>Ceratotherium simum</i>) during etorphine-azaperone immobilisation. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2017; 88:e1-e10. [PMID: 28281770 PMCID: PMC6138155 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms causing tremors during immobilisation of rhinoceros and whether cardiorespiratory supportive interventions alter their intensity. Therefore, we set out to determine the possible mechanisms that lead to muscle tremors and ascertain whether cardiorespiratory supportive interventions affect tremor intensity. We studied tremors and physiological responses during etorphine–azaperone immobilisation in eight boma-held and 14 free-living white rhinoceroses. Repeated measures analysis of variance and a Friedman test were used to determine differences in variables over time and between interventions. Spearman and Pearson correlations were used to test for associations between variables. Tremor intensity measured objectively by activity loggers correlated well (p < 0.0001; r2 = 0.9) with visual observations. Tremor intensity was greatest when animals were severely hypoxaemic and acidaemic. Tremor intensity correlated strongly and negatively with partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) (p = 0.0003; r2 = 0.9995) and potential of hydrogen (pH) (p = 0.02, r2 = 0.97). It correlated strongly and positively with adrenaline concentrations (p = 0.003; r2 = 0.96), and adrenaline correlated strongly and negatively with PaO2 (p = 0.03; r2 = 0.95) and pH (p = 0.03; r2 = 0.94). Therefore, hypoxaemia and acidaemia were likely associated with the intensity of tremors through their activation of the release of tremorgenic levels of adrenaline. Tremors can be reduced if circulating adrenaline is reduced, and this can be achieved by the administration of butorphanol plus oxygen insufflation. Furthermore, to assist with reducing the risks associated with rhinoceros immobilisation, tremor intensity could be used as a clinical indicator of respiratory and metabolic compromise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leith C R Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria; School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand.
| |
Collapse
|