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Machado CRD, Azambuja M, Domit C, da Fonseca GF, Glugoski L, Gazolla CB, de Almeida RB, Pucci MB, Pires TT, Nogaroto V, Vicari MR. Integrating morphological, molecular and cytogenetic data for F2 sea turtle hybrids diagnosis revealed balanced chromosomal sets. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1595-1608. [PMID: 37885128 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization could be considered part of the evolutionary history of many species. The hybridization among sea turtle species on the Brazilian coast is atypical and occurs where nesting areas and reproductive seasons overlap. Integrated analysis of morphology and genetics is still scarce, and there is no evidence of the parental chromosome set distribution in sea turtle interspecific hybrids. In this study, chromosome markers previously established for pure sea turtle species were combined with morphological and molecular analyses aiming to recognize genetic composition and chromosome sets in possible interspecific hybrids initially identified by mixed morphology. The data showed that one hybrid could be an F2 individual among Caretta caretta × Eretmochelys imbricata × Chelonia mydas, and another is resulting from backcross between C. caretta × Lepidochelys olivacea. Native alleles of different parental lineages were reported in the hybrids, and, despite this, it was verified that the hybrid chromosome sets were still balanced. Thus, how sea turtle hybridism can affect genetic features in the long term is a concern, as the implications of the crossing-over in hybrid chromosomal sets and the effects on genetic function are still unpredictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Regina Dias Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Matheus Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Domit
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Fraga da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Larissa Glugoski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Evolutiva e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilla Borges Gazolla
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bonfim de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcela Baer Pucci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Evolutiva e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane Nogaroto
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ricardo Vicari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
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2
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Cordero GA, Birk K, Ruane S, Dinkelacker SA, Janzen FJ. Effects of the egg incubation environment on turtle carapace development. Evol Dev 2023; 25:153-169. [PMID: 36373204 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing organisms are often exposed to fluctuating environments that destabilize tissue-scale processes and induce abnormal phenotypes. This might be common in species that lay eggs in the external environment and with little parental care, such as many reptiles. In turtles, morphological development has provided striking examples of abnormal phenotypic patterns, though the influence of the environment remains unclear. To this end, we compared fluctuating asymmetry, as a proxy for developmental instability, in turtle hatchlings incubated in controlled laboratory and unstable natural conditions. Wild and laboratory hatchlings featured similar proportions of supernumerary scales (scutes) on the dorsal shell (carapace). Such abnormal scutes likely elevated shape asymmetry, which was highest in natural nests. Moreover, we tested the hypothesis that hot and dry environments cause abnormal scute formation by subjecting eggs to a range of hydric and thermal laboratory incubation regimes. Shape asymmetry was similar in hatchlings incubated at five constant temperatures (26-30°C). A hot (30°C) and severely Dry substrate yielded smaller hatchlings but scutes were not overtly affected. Our study suggests that changing nest environments contribute to fluctuating asymmetry in egg-laying reptiles, while clarifying the conditions at which turtle shell development remains buffered from the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Animal Biology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Katie Birk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sarah Ruane
- Department of Biology, Framingham State University, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen A Dinkelacker
- Life Sciences Section, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fredric J Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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3
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Smith GR, Rettig JE, Iverson JB. Frequency of and Temporal Trends in Shell Anomalies in a Turtle Community in a Northern Indiana Lake. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1408.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R. Smith
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023 USA [, ]
| | - Jessica E. Rettig
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023 USA [, ]
| | - John B. Iverson
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374 USA []
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4
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Bentley BP, McGlashan JK, Bresette MJ, Wyneken J. No evidence of selection against anomalous scute arrangements between juvenile and adult sea turtles in Florida. J Morphol 2020; 282:173-184. [PMID: 33111991 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Variations in the number and arrangement of scutes often are used for species identification in hard-shelled sea turtles. Despite the conserved nature of scute arrangements, anomalous arrangements have been noted in the literature for over a century, with anomalies linked to sub-optimal environmental conditions in the nest during development. Long-held assumptions suggest that anomalous scute arrangements are indicative of underlying physiological or morphological anomalies, with presumed long-term survival costs to the individual. Here, we examined a 25-year photo database of two species of sea turtle (Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas) captured incidentally and non-selectively on the eastern coast of Florida. Our results suggest that C. mydas is substantially more variable with respect to the arrangement of carapacial scutes, while C. caretta had a relatively higher proportion of individuals with anomalous plastron scute arrangements. We also show evidence that (a) the forms and patterns of anomalous scutes are stable throughout growth; (b) there is limited evidence for selection against non-modal arrangements in the size classes that were examined; and (c) that their frequency has remained stable in juvenile cohorts from 1994 until present. These findings indicate that there may not be a survival cost associated with anomalous scute arrangements once the turtles reach juvenile size classes, and that variation in scute arrangements within populations is relatively common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair P Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica K McGlashan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jeanette Wyneken
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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5
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Kobayashi S, Endo D, Kondo S, Kitayama C, Ogawa R, Arai K, Watanabe G, Kawaguchi M. Investigating the effects of nest shading on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchling phenotype in the Ogasawara islands using a field-based split clutch experiment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:629-636. [PMID: 32894008 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ogasawara Islands are an important rookery for the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the North Pacific. Green turtles possess temperature-dependent sex determination, and warmer incubation temperatures produce more females than males. Therefore, conservation practices such as nest shading may be required for this population to mitigate the effect of global warming on their sex ratio. To consider the application of such conservation practices in the Ogasawara population, it is fundamental to understand how artificially modified nest environments will affect green turtle hatchling phenotypes that influence their fitness. Here, we investigated the effects of nest shading on green turtle hatchling phenotypes in the Ogasawara population by using a split clutch experiment equally separating the clutch, relocating each half-clutch into an outdoor hatchery area either with or without shading, and observing the subsequent hatchling phenotype. Our results showed that the shading treatment produced hatchlings with a better self-righting response and a larger carapace size. Additionally, the shading treatment mostly reduced the production of hatchlings with a nonmodal scute pattern and produced hatchlings with a smaller unabsorbed yolk sac, which may be associated with their residual yolk mass. These results suggest that conservation practices such as shading could alter not only the sex ratio but also the hatchling phenotype that influences their fitness. Hence, our results suggest that applications of such conservation strategies must be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kobayashi
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Endo
- Course of Applied Marine Biosciences, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Kondo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia, Ogasawara Marine Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiyo Kitayama
- Everlasting Nature of Asia, Ogasawara Marine Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Ogawa
- Everlasting Nature of Asia, Ogasawara Marine Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Arai
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Environmental Science, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
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6
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Maffucci F, Pace A, Affuso A, Ciampa M, Treglia G, Pignalosa A, Hochscheid S. Carapace scute pattern anomalies in the loggerhead turtle: are they indicative of hatchling’s survival probability? J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Maffucci
- IMOM Unit RIMAR Department Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Naples Italy
| | - A. Pace
- Marine Turtle Research Center Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Portici Italy
| | - A. Affuso
- Marine Turtle Research Center Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Portici Italy
| | - M. Ciampa
- Marine Turtle Research Center Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Portici Italy
| | - G. Treglia
- Marine Turtle Research Center Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Portici Italy
| | - A. Pignalosa
- Marine Turtle Research Center Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Portici Italy
| | - S. Hochscheid
- Marine Turtle Research Center Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Portici Italy
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7
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Kobayashi S, Morimoto Y, Kondo S, Sato T, Suganuma H, Arai K, Watanabe G. Sex Differences and the Heritability of Scute Pattern Abnormalities in the Green Sea Turtle from the Ogasawara Archipelago, Japan. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:281-286. [DOI: 10.2108/zs160159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | - Satomi Kondo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia, Kanagawa 221-0822, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sato
- Everlasting Nature of Asia, Kanagawa 221-0822, Japan
| | | | - Katsuhiko Arai
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
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8
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Casale P, Freggi D, Rigoli A, Ciccocioppo A, Luschi P. Geometric morphometrics, scute patterns and biometrics of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the central Mediterranean. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigate for the first time allometric vs. non-allometric shape variation in sea turtles through a geometric morphometrics approach. Five body parts (carapace, plastron, top and lateral sides of the head, dorsal side of front flippers) were considered in a sample of 58 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) collected in the waters around Lampedusa island, Italy, the central Mediterranean. The allometric component was moderate but significant, except for the plastron, and may represent an ontogenetic optimization in the case of the head and flippers. The predominant non-allometric component encourages further investigation with sex and origin as potential explanatory variables. We also reported the variation of marginal and prefrontal scutes of 1497 turtles, showing that: variation of marginals is mostly limited to the two anteriormost scutes, symmetry is favored, asymmetry is biased to one pattern, and the variation of marginal and prefrontal scutes are linked. Comparisons with other datasets from the Mediterranean show a high variability, more likely caused by epigenetic factors. Finally, conversion equations between the most commonly used biometrics (curved and straight carapace length, carapace width, and weight) are often needed in sea turtle research but are lacking for the Mediterranean and are here estimated from a sample of 2624 turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Casale
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Rigoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amedeo Ciccocioppo
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Luschi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
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Mitchell TS, Myers EM, Tucker JK, McGaugh SE. Righting ability in hatchling turtles does not predict survival during dispersal in the field. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Mitchell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames IA 50011 USA
- Deptartment of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; 101 Life Sciences Building Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Erin M. Myers
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Houston; Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - John K. Tucker
- Illinois Natural History Survey; 1816 S. Oak Street Champaign IL 61820 USA
- Retired
| | - Suzanne E. McGaugh
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames IA 50011 USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota; 100 Ecology Building 1987 Upper Buford Circle Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
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10
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Caracappa S, Pisciotta A, Persichetti M, Caracappa G, Alduina R, Arculeo M. Nonmodal scutes patterns in the Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta): a possible epigenetic effect? CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Eleven specimens of the threatened Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta (L., 1758)) were caught accidentally by fishermen in different parts of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Five of them showed an atypical number of carapacial and plastron scutes, making the immediate identification of the specimens as C. caretta difficult. Both genetic and epigenetic analysis were carried out on these specimens. Sequencing of a 649 bp sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene allowed us to classify all the individuals as C. caretta. Epigenetic analysis, performed by evaluating the total level of DNA cytosine methylation, showed a reduced and significant (F = 72.65, p < 0.01) global level of methylated cytosines in the turtles with nonmodal scutes compared with the normal turtles. Our results suggest that the variability in the number of scutes could be dependent on the environmental conditions during embryonic incubation, via an epigenetic mechanism. This finding could have implications in our understanding of the pathways of morphological evolution and diversification in the chelonians.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Caracappa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - A. Pisciotta
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Via Archirafi 18 – V.le delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - M.F. Persichetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - G. Caracappa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - R. Alduina
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Via Archirafi 18 – V.le delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - M. Arculeo
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Via Archirafi 18 – V.le delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Howard R, Bell I, Pike DA. Tropical flatback turtle embryos (Natator depressus) are resilient to the heat of climate change. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3330-5. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.118778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is threatening reproduction of many ectotherms by increasing nest temperatures, potentially making it more difficult for females to locate nest sites that provide suitable incubation regimes during embryonic development. Elevated nest temperatures could increase the incidence of embryonic mortality and/or maladaptive phenotypes. We investigated whether elevated nest temperatures reduce hatching success in tropical flatback turtles (Natator depressus) nesting in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Egg incubation treatments began at 29.5°C and progressively increased in temperature throughout incubation, up to maxima of 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35°C. Elevated nest temperatures did not reduce hatching success or hatchling body size relative to control temperatures (29.5°C), but did speed embryonic development. A combination of sudden exposure to high temperatures during the first two weeks of incubation (>36°C for 48 hours) and prolonged warming throughout incubation (from 29.5-35°C) did not reduce hatching success. We also recorded an unusually high pivotal sex-determining temperature in this flatback turtle population relative to other sea turtle populations; an equal ratio of male and female hatchlings is produced at ∼30.4°C. This adaptation may allow some flatback turtle populations to continue producing large numbers of hatchlings of both sexes under the most extreme climate change scenarios. Some tropical populations of nesting flatbacks may possess important adaptations to high temperature incubation environments which are not found in more southerly temperate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Howard
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Ian Bell
- Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - David A. Pike
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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12
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Fisher LR, Godfrey MH, Owens DW. Incubation temperature effects on hatchling performance in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). PLoS One 2014; 9:e114880. [PMID: 25517114 PMCID: PMC4269397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Incubation temperature has significant developmental effects on oviparous animals, including affecting sexual differentiation for several species. Incubation temperature also affects traits that can influence survival, a theory that is verified in this study for the Northwest Atlantic loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). We conducted controlled laboratory incubations and experiments to test for an effect of incubation temperature on performance of loggerhead hatchlings. Sixty-eight hatchlings were tested in 2011, and 31 in 2012, produced from eggs incubated at 11 different constant temperatures ranging from 27°C to 33°C. Following their emergence from the eggs, we tested righting response, crawling speed, and conducted a 24-hour long swim test. The results support previous studies on sea turtle hatchlings, with an effect of incubation temperature seen on survivorship, righting response time, crawling speed, change in crawl speed, and overall swim activity, and with hatchlings incubated at 27°C showing decreased locomotor abilities. No hatchlings survived to be tested in both years when incubated at 32°C and above. Differences in survivorship of hatchlings incubated at high temperatures are important in light of projected higher sand temperatures due to climate change, and could indicate increased mortality from incubation temperature effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R. Fisher
- University of Charleston South Carolina at the College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew H. Godfrey
- North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke University Marine Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David W. Owens
- University of Charleston South Carolina at the College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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13
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Sim EL, Booth DT, Limpus CJ, Guinea ML. A Comparison of Hatchling Locomotor Performance and Scute Pattern Variation between Two Rookeries of the Flatback Turtle (Natator depressus). COPEIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-13-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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