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Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Abd El-Hack ME, Khafaga AF, Taha AE, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Bhatt P, Marappan G, Dhama K. Use of Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) Herb as a Feed Additive in Poultry: Current Knowledge and Prospects. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080536. [PMID: 31394812 PMCID: PMC6720273 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present review updates the current knowledge about the beneficial effect of licorice supplementation in poultry diets, particularly its positive effect on the treatment of high-prevalence diseases of the immune system, liver, and lungs. Abstract Supplementation of livestock and poultry diets with herbal plants containing bioactive components have shown promising reports as natural feed supplements. These additives are able to promote growth performance and improve feed efficiency, nutrient digestion, antioxidant status, immunological indices, and poultry health. Several studies have used complex herbal formulas with the partial inclusion of licorice. However, the individual use of licorice has been rarely reported. The major problem of the poultry industry is the epidemiological diseases, mainly confined to the respiratory, digestive, and immune systems. Licorice has certain bioactive components such as flavonoids and glycyrrhizin. The roots of this herb contain 1 to 9% glycyrrhizin, which has many pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antiviral, anti-infective and anti-inflammatory properties. Licorice extracts (LE) have a positive effect on the treatment of high-prevalence diseases such as the immune system, liver, and lung diseases. Studies showed that adding LE to drinking water (0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 g/L) reduced serum total cholesterol (p < 0.05) of broiler chickens. Moreover, LE supplementation in poultry diets plays a significant role in their productive performance by enhancing organ development and stimulating digestion and appetite. Along with its growth-promoting effects, licorice has detoxifying, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other health benefits in poultry. This review describes the beneficial applications and recent aspects of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) herb, including its chemical composition and role in safeguarding poultry health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura-281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Prakash Bhatt
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145 (Udham Singh Nagar), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gopi Marappan
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ojiako CM, Okoye EI, Oli AN, Ike CJ, Esimone CO, Attama AA. Preliminary studies on the formulation of immune stimulating complexes using saponin from Carica papaya leaves. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01962. [PMID: 31294113 PMCID: PMC6595190 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been several modifications in the use of immune stimulating complexes as adjuvants, such as the replacement of phospholipids with saponin content. Not much research has been done on the use of local alternatives. This actually instigated the use of a local alternative saponin source from Carica papaya leaves to formulate Iscomatrix adjuvant. The Iscomatrix samples used in this study were formulated using different methods (the rapid injection, the reversed rapid injection, the slow/dropwise injection and the reversed slow/dropwise injection methods). Furthermore, the quantity of the components was also varied. These formulated samples were compared with other adjuvants and analysed for their ability to induce antibody and cell mediated immune responses using animal model i.e. mice. The results showed that the Iscomatrix samples formulated, were able to induce significant humoral and antibody mediated immune response (ranging from 16.7 % - 38.88 %) and they also elicited cell mediated immune response (ranging from 8.33 % - 16.7 %) when compared to the models that were administered with antigen only. Further characterizations were made, such as pH, UV scanning, Scanning Electron Microscopy. The analysis revealed that the samples were slightly soluble in distilled water with a neutral pH ranging from 7.26 - 7.43. The UV analysis also indicated that they all had a close range of absorption peaks (between 266.8-269.37 nm). Saponin from Carica papaya leaves can be used to formulate Iscomatrix adjuvant capable of stimulating cell mediated and antibody mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Miracle Ojiako
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Ebere Innocent Okoye
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chibueze Jeremiah Ike
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Charles O Esimone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony A Attama
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
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Immunization with recombinant 3-1E protein in AbISCO®-300 adjuvant induced protective immunity against Eimeria acervulina infection in chickens. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:75-81. [PMID: 24675417 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs), a kind of novel antigen presenting system, could enhance immune protection by antigen presentation. AbISCO®-300 comprising purified saponin, cholesterol and phosphatidyl choline is an effective ISCOM adjuvant. To evaluate the immune protection of recombinant 3-1E protein against Eimeria acervulina infection, chickens were immunized with recombinant 3-1E protein in combination with AbISCO®-300 or recombinant 3-1E protein alone in this study. The protective immunity was assessed with body weight gain, fecal oocyst output, detection of intestinal IgA positive cells and percentages of CD3(+), CD4(+) or CD8(+) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Chickens vaccinated with different doses of recombinant 3-1E protein plus AbISCO®-300 showed higher percentages of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) intestinal IELs, increased positive expression rate of intestinal IgA, increased body weight gains and decreased oocyst shedding compared with recombinant 3-1E protein-only vaccinated groups. The results showed that immunization with various doses of the recombinant 3-1E protein in AbISCO®-300 adjuvant enhanced immune protection against avian coccidiosis.
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Zhang JJ, Wang LX, Ruan WK, An J. Investigation into the prevalence of coccidiosis and maduramycin drug resistance in chickens in China. Vet Parasitol 2013; 191:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Berezin VE, Bogoyavlenskyi AP, Khudiakova SS, Alexuk PG, Omirtaeva ES, Zaitceva IA, Tustikbaeva GB, Barfield RC, Fetterer RH. Immunostimulatory complexes containing Eimeria tenella antigens and low toxicity plant saponins induce antibody response and provide protection from challenge in broiler chickens. Vet Parasitol 2009; 167:28-35. [PMID: 19879050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) are unique multimolecular structures formed by encapsulating antigens, lipids and triterpene saponins and are one of the most successful antigen delivery systems for microbial antigens. In the current study, both the route of administration and the antigen concentration of ISCOMs, containing Eimeria tenella antigens and saponins from native plants, were evaluated in their ability to stimulate humoral immunity and to protect chickens against a challenge infection with E. tenella. Broiler chickens were immunized with ISCOM preparations containing E. tenella antigens and the purified saponins Gg6, Ah6 and Gp7 isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra, Aesculus hippocastanum and Gipsophila paniculata, respectively. The effects of the route of administration, dose of antigen and type of saponin used for construction of ISCOMs were evaluated for ability to stimulate serum IgG and IgM and to protect chickens against a homologous challenge. A single intranasal immunization was the most effective route for administering ISCOMs although the in ovo route was also quite effective. Dose titration experiments demonstrated efficacy after single immunization with various ISCOM doses but maximum effects were observed when ISCOMs contain 5-10mug antigen. Immunization of birds by any of the three routes with E. tenella antigens alone or antigens mixed with alum hydroxide adjuvant resulted in lower serum antibody and reduced protection to challenge relative to immunization with ISCOMs. Overall the results of this study confirm that significant immunostimulation and protection to challenge are achieved by immunization of chickens with ISCOMs containing purified saponins and native E. tenella antigens and suggest that ISCOMs may be successfully used to develop a safe and effective vaccine for prevention of avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Berezin
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, 103 Bogenbai Batyr Str., 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan
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