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Fischietti M, Fratini E, Verzella D, Vecchiotti D, Capece D, Di Francesco B, Esposito G, Balata M, Ioannuci L, Sykes P, Satta L, Zazzeroni F, Tessitore A, Tabocchini MA, Alesse E. Low Radiation Environment Switches the Overgrowth-Induced Cell Apoptosis Toward Autophagy. Front Public Health 2021; 8:594789. [PMID: 33520915 PMCID: PMC7841963 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.594789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low radiation doses can affect and modulate cell responses to various stress stimuli, resulting in perturbations leading to resistance or sensitivity to damage. To explore possible mechanisms taking place at an environmental radiation exposure, we set-up twin biological models, one growing in a low radiation environment (LRE) laboratory at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, and one growing in a reference radiation environment (RRE) laboratory at the Italian National Health Institute (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS). Studies were performed on pKZ1 A11 mouse hybridoma cells, which are derived from the pKZ1 transgenic mouse model used to study the effects of low dose radiation, and focused on the analysis of cellular/molecular end-points, such as proliferation and expression of key proteins involved in stress response, apoptosis, and autophagy. Cells cultured up to 4 weeks in LRE showed no significant differences in proliferation rate compared to cells cultured in RRE. However, caspase-3 activation and PARP1 cleavage were observed in cells entering to an overgrowth state in RRE, indicating a triggering of apoptosis due to growth-stress conditions. Notably, in LRE conditions, cells responded to growth stress by switching toward autophagy. Interestingly, autophagic signaling induced by overgrowth in LRE correlated with activation of p53. Finally, the gamma component of environmental radiation did not significantly influence these biological responses since cells grown in LRE either in incubators with or without an iron shield did not modify their responses. Overall, in vitro data presented here suggest the hypothesis that environmental radiation contributes to the development and maintenance of balance and defense response in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafausta Fischietti
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Emiliano Fratini
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Verzella
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Vecchiotti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daria Capece
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Francesco
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Balata
- INFN-Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Assergi L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Ioannuci
- INFN-Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Assergi L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pamela Sykes
- Flinders Center for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Luigi Satta
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Tabocchini
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
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Shimura N, Kojima S. The Lowest Radiation Dose Having Molecular Changes in the Living Body. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818777326. [PMID: 29977175 PMCID: PMC6024299 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818777326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein attempted to identify the lowest radiation dose causing molecular changes in the living body. We investigated the effects of radiation in human cells, animals, and humans. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) formed in cells at γ- or X-ray irradiation doses between 1 mGy and 0.5 Gy; however, the extent of DSB formation differed depending on the cell species. The formation of micronuclei (MNs) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) was noted at radiation doses between 0.1 and 0.2 Gy. Stress-responsive genes were upregulated by lower radiation doses than those that induced DNA DSBs or MN and NPBs. These γ- or X-ray radiation doses ranged between approximately 10 and 50 mGy. In animals, chromosomal aberrations were detected between 50 mGy and 0.1 Gy of low linear energy transfer radiation, 0.1 Gy of metal ion beams, and 9 mGy of fast neutrons. In humans, DNA damage has been observed in children who underwent computed tomography scans with an estimated blood radiation dose as low as 0.15 mGy shortly after examination. The frequencies of chromosomal translocations were lower in residents of high background areas than in those of control areas. In humans, systemic adaptive responses may have been prominently expressed at these radiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiation Biosciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Chiba, Japan
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Bannister L, Serran M, Bertrand L, Klokov D, Wyatt H, Blimkie M, Gueguen Y, Priest N, Jourdain JR, Sykes P. Environmentally Relevant Chronic Low-Dose Tritium and Gamma Exposures do not Increase Somatic Intrachromosomal Recombination in pKZ1 Mouse Spleen. Radiat Res 2016; 186:539-548. [PMID: 27922333 DOI: 10.1667/rr14564.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of tritium is a public health concern given its presence and mobility in the environment. For risk predictions using radiological protection models, it is essential to allocate an appropriate radiation weighting factor (WR). This in turn should be consistent with the observed relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of tritium beta radiation. Although the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) currently recommends a WR of 1 for the calculation of committed effective dose for X rays, gamma rays and electrons of all energies, including tritium energies, there are concerns that tritium health risks are underestimated and that current regulatory tritium drinking water standards need revision. In this study, we investigated potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mouse spleen after one month and eight months of chronic exposure to low-dose tritiated water (HTO). The dose regimes studied were designed to mimic human chronic consumption of HTO at levels of 10 kBq/l, 1 MBq/l and 20 MBq/l. The total doses from these radiation exposures ranged from 0.01 to 180 mGy. We also compared the biological effects of exposure to HTO with equivalent exposure to external whole-body 60Co gamma rays. Changes in spleen weight and somatic intrachromosomal recombination (DNA inversions) in spleen tissue of pKZ1Tg/+ mice were monitored. Our results showed no overall changes in either spleen organ weights and no increase mouse splenic intrachromosomal recombination frequencies, indicating that current drinking water standards for tritium exposure in the form of HTO are likely to be adequately protective against cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in spleen. These results demonstrate no evidence for cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in mouse spleen following chronic exposures to HTO activities (or equivalent gamma doses) up to 20 MBq/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bannister
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mandy Serran
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dmitry Klokov
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Wyatt
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melinda Blimkie
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yann Gueguen
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicholas Priest
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-René Jourdain
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pamela Sykes
- c Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, SA, Australia
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