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Kakati A, Banerjee A, Das P, Saha B, Goyary D, Karmakar S, Kishor S, Bhutia YD, Chattopadhyay P. Development of insecticide-impregnated polyester/cotton blend fabric and assessment of their repellent characteristics against Cimex lectularius and dengue vectors Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:122. [PMID: 37032336 PMCID: PMC10082990 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal protection measures using insecticide-treated fabric is one of the most effective strategies to prevent the bites of hematophagous insects. Many countries have had success treating fabrics with pyrethroids on an individual level. METHODS In the current study, a new combination of insecticides, alpha-cypermethrin (ACP) and deltamethrin (DET), has been impregnated on fabric composed of a 50:50 blend of polyester and cotton. Residual and morphological analysis was performed along with the evaluation of physical parameters. Biological evaluations were performed to check the repellency, knockdown, and mortality of insecticide-impregnated fabric (IIF) against bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) using Petri plate assay and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) using cone bioassay. RESULTS The results showed the repellency of IIF to be 56.6% for C. lectularius and a knockdown percentage of 53.3% and 63.3% for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, respectively. A > 80% mortality was found for both species of mosquitoes up to 20 cycles of washing with no significant difference (P > 0.05). From high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the reduction in the contents of ACP and DET after subsequent washes can be correlated with the overall decrease in bioefficacy. ACP and DET remaining in unit gram of fabric after 20 wash cycles were found to be 5.4 mg and 3.1 mg, respectively. By examining the fabric's surface morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and utilizing energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, it was possible to identify the presence of insecticides that were adhered to the fabric. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed distinctive endothermic peak of insecticide at 98.3 ºC, whereas no change in thermal behavior was observed from thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the physical attributes of IIF provide conclusive evidence for its firmness. CONCLUSION All experimental findings were consistent with the potential use of IIF as a bed bug- and mosquito-repellent fabric to be used against hematophagous infestations. This fabric can serve as a potential strategy to control vector-borne diseases like dengue, malaria, trench fever, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kakati
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Amartya Banerjee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Parikshit Das
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Buddhadeb Saha
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Sanjeev Karmakar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Sumit Kishor
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Yangchen D Bhutia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India.
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Goswami AK, Gogoi N, Sharma HK. Validated High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method and Stability Study of Linalool in the Volatile Oil of the Rhizomes of Homalomena aromatica Schott. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:269-278. [PMID: 35178547 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Homalomena aromatica is a herb of tremendous ethnomedicinal importance to various communities residing in northeast India. In this study, a high-performance thin-layer chromatography-based densitometric method was developed for identification, quantification and stability study of linalool. Mass spectrometry was hyphenated to HPTLC for streamlining the method. The stability of linalool was studied by analyzing the effect of acid, base, UV, sunlight, thermal stress and H2O2 on linalool. The chromatographic plates were developed to a height of 70 mm in toluene:ethyl acetate solvent system at a ratio of 9.5:0.5 and visualized with p-anisaldehyde reagent. The developed method was found to be precise, accurate and reproducible according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, and compact bands of linalool were observed at Rf of 0.351 ± 0.001. The content of linalool in the volatile oil of H. aromatica was found to be 58% v/v. By application of the hyphenated MS technique, linalool was identified at m/z 137, (M + H)+. It was observed that acidic pH has the highest effect on linalool with a percentage degradation of 65. The developed method can be used in the analysis and quality control of herbal materials and volatile oils containing linalool and quality control of rhizomes of H. aromatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Kumar Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | - Neelutpal Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | - Hemanta Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
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Okoli BJ, Eltayb WA, Gyebi GA, Ghanam AR, Ladan Z, Oguegbulu JC, Abdalla M. In Silico Study and Excito-Repellent Activity of Vitex negundo L. Essential Oil against Anopheles gambiae. APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 12:7500. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Essential oil from Vitex negundo is known to have repellent and insecticidal properties toward the Anopheles gambiae and this is linked to its monoterpene and sesquiterpene content. In this work, an effort is made to delineate the constitution of V. negundo essential oil (VNEO) and their interaction with odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of A. gambiae and hence access its repellent efficiency as cost-effective and safer malaria vector control alternatives. (2) Methods: Anopheles species authentication was performed by genomic DNA analysis and was subjected to behavioral analysis. GC-MS profiling was used to identify individual components of VNEO. Anopheles OBPs were obtained from the RCSB protein data bank and used for docking studies. Determination of ligand efficiency metrics and QSAR studies were performed using Hyper Chem Professional 8.0.3, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed using the Desmond module. (3) Results: GC-MS analysis of VNEO showed 28 compounds (monoterpenes, 80.16%; sesquiterpenes, 7.63%; and unknown constituents, 10.88%). The ligand efficiency metrics of all four ligands against the OBP 7 were within acceptable ranges. β-selinene (−12.2 kcal/mol), β-caryophellene (−9.5 kcal/mol), sulcatone (−10.9 kcal/mol), and α-ylangene (−9.3 kcal/mol) showed the strongest binding affinities for the target proteins. The most stable hydrophobic interactions were observed between β-selinene (Phe111 and Phe120), Sulcatone (Phe54 and Phe120), and α-ylangene (Phe111), while only sulcatone (Tyr49) presented H-bond interactions in the simulated environment. (4) Conclusions: Sulcatone and β-caryophyllene presented the best log p values, 6.45 and 5.20, respectively. These lead phytocompounds can be used in their purest as repellent supplement or as a natural anti-mosquito agent in product formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele J. Okoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu 961105, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Ali Eltayb
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shendi University, Shendi 11111, Nher Anile, Sudan
| | - Gideon A. Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu 961105, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Amr R. Ghanam
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zakari Ladan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna 800283, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph C. Oguegbulu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu 961105, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shendi University, Shendi 11111, Nher Anile, Sudan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan 250012, China
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Risk of Attacks by Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Occurrence of Severe Skin Symptoms in Bitten Patients along the Eastern Border of the European Union. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137610. [PMID: 35805269 PMCID: PMC9266260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The components of blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) saliva secreted during feeding on humans and animals induce various pathological reactions manifested by skin lesions and systemic symptoms. In this study, we describe 43 cases of severe skin lesions induced by blackfly bites and analyze their potential causes. Based on the results of a survey of 418 patients, we identified periods with risk of blackfly attacks and their environmental determinants in the eastern part of the European Union. Especially strong inflammatory reactions after blackfly bites were reported in patients with concomitant cardiovascular diseases (mainly with venous insufficiency), metabolic diseases, and bacterial infections. Enhanced symptoms of simuliosis were also observed in other patients attacked by these insects only once or repeatedly. The greatest number of blackfly attacks in the study area is recorded from May to July, with a peak in June (38.73%) in the afternoon (37.10%) and evening (33.03%), when patients are in fields, forests, or their households. The case analysis indicates interactions of various factors in the development of severe inflammatory reactions in patients bitten by blackflies. Therefore, it is recommended that subjects exposed to the presence of blackflies during their work or rest should limit the length of their stay in a vulnerable environment during the highest seasonal and daily activity of these insects. It is also necessary to take measures to reduce the number of blackflies and popularize methods for prophylaxis of their attacks.
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Nascimento AMD, Maia TDS, Soares TES, Menezes LRA, Scher R, Costa EV, Cavalcanti SCH, La Corte R. Repellency and Larvicidal Activity of Essential oils from Xylopia laevigata, Xylopia frutescens, Lippia pedunculosa, and Their Individual Compounds against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:223-230. [PMID: 27844468 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to find new alternatives for vector control and personal protection, we evaluated the larvicidal and repellent activity of essentials oils from plants found in the Northeast of Brazil against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus mosquitoes. The plants tested include Xylopia laevigata, Xylopia frutescens, and Lippia pedunculosa and their major compounds, piperitenone oxide, and (R)-limonene. The essential oil of L. pedunculosa and its major volatile compounds were shown to be toxic for Ae. aegypti larvae with a LC50 lower than 60 ppm. The essential oil of plants from the Xylopia genus, on the other hand, showed no activity against Ae. aegypti, proving to be toxic to mosquito larvae only when concentrations were higher than 1000 ppm. All plants tested provided some degree of protection against mosquitoes landing, but only the essential oil of L. pedunculosa and the volatile compound piperitenone oxide suppressed 100% of mosquitoes landing on human skin, in concentrations lower than 1%. Among the plants studied, the essential oil of L. pedunculosa and its volatiles compounds have shown the potential for the development of safe alternative for mosquito larvae control and protection against Ae. aegypti mosquito bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M D Nascimento
- Advanced Graduate Program in Parasitology, Federal Univ of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
- , Rua Boaventura, 1319, Bloco7, Apto 202, CEP: 31270-310, Liberdade, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.
| | - T D S Maia
- Dept of Morphology, Federal Univ of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - T E S Soares
- Dept of Morphology, Federal Univ of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - L R A Menezes
- Dept of Chemistry, Federal Univ of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - R Scher
- Dept of Morphology, Federal Univ of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - E V Costa
- Dept of Chemistry, Federal Univ of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - S C H Cavalcanti
- Dept of Pharmacy, Federal Univ of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
| | - R La Corte
- Dept of Morphology, Federal Univ of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil
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Chattopadhyay P, Dhiman S, Borah S, Rabha B, Chaurasia AK, Veer V. Essential oil based polymeric patch development and evaluating its repellent activity against mosquitoes. Acta Trop 2015; 147:45-53. [PMID: 25861938 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Essential oil based insect repellents are environment friendly and provide dependable personal protection against the bites of mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. In the present study, optimized mixture of three essential oils was embedded into the ethylcellulose (EC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30) polymers to develop essential oils based patch type mosquito repellent formulation. The developed formulation was characterized for various physico-chemical properties, oil release efficiency and essential oil-polymer interaction. Repellent activity of the formulation was evaluated against Ae. (S) albopictus mosquitoes and compared with commercially available synthetic insecticide based mosquito repellent cream Odomos(®) in the laboratory. The developed patches were 100% flat and there was no interaction between oil components and the excipients. Patches were smooth, homogenous and provided excellent mosquito repellent activity comparable to Odomos(®) under laboratory condition. Morphological and physico-chemical characterization indicated that the formulation was stable and suitable with the polymeric combination. The patch formulation did not show any inhalation toxicity in experimental Wistar rat. The repellent patches developed and evaluated currently, may provide a suitable, eco-friendly, acceptable and safe alternative to the existing synthetic repellent formulations for achieving protection against mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784001, Assam, India
| | - Sunil Dhiman
- Division of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784001, Assam, India.
| | - Somi Borah
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784001, Assam, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati 781017, Assam, India
| | - Bipul Rabha
- Division of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784001, Assam, India
| | - Aashwin Kumar Chaurasia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784001, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784001, Assam, India
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Das NG, Dhiman S, Talukdar PK, Rabha B, Goswami D, Veer V. Synergistic mosquito-repellent activity of Curcuma longa, Pogostemon heyneanus and Zanthoxylum limonella essential oils. J Infect Public Health 2015; 8:323-8. [PMID: 25817806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito repellents play an important role in preventing man-mosquito contact. In the present study, we evaluated the synergistic mosquito-repellent activity of Curcuma longa, Pogostemon heyneanus and Zanthoxylum limonella essential oils. The mosquito repellent efficacies of three essential oils were evaluated separately and in combination under laboratory and field conditions. N,N-Diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA) and dimethylphthalate (DMP) were used for comparison of the protection time of the mixture of essential oils. At an optimum concentration of 20%, the essential oils of C. longa, Z. limonella and P. heyneanus provided complete protection times (CPTs) of 96.2, 91.4 and 123.4 min, respectively, against Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in the laboratory. The 1:1:2 mixture of the essential oils provided 329.4 and 391.0 min of CPT in the laboratory and field trials, respectively. The percent increases in CPTs for the essential oil mixture were 30 for DMP and 55 for N,N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA). The synergistic repellent activity of the essential oils used in the present study might be useful for developing safer alternatives to synthetic repellents for personal protection against mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Das
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - Sunil Dhiman
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India.
| | - P K Talukdar
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - Bipul Rabha
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | | | - Vijay Veer
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
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Champakaew D, Junkum A, Chaithong U, Jitpakdi A, Riyong D, Sanghong R, Intirach J, Muangmoon R, Chansang A, Tuetun B, Pitasawat B. Angelica sinensis (Umbelliferae) with proven repellent properties against Aedes aegypti, the primary dengue fever vector in Thailand. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2187-98. [PMID: 25773182 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Botanical resources with great diversity in medicinal and aromatic plants are a rich and reliable source for finding insect repellents of plant origin, which are widely popular among today's consumers. Although some herbal-based repellents have been proven comparable to or even better than synthetics, commercially available natural repellents generally tend to be expensive, with short-lived effectiveness. This critical flaw leads to ongoing research for new and effective repellents, which provide longer protection against vector and nuisance-biting insects, while remaining safe, user friendly, and reasonably priced. This study aimed to evaluate the repellent activity of plant-derived products against the primary dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, by following the human bait technique of World Health Organization guidelines. Preliminary laboratory screening tests for repellency of 33 plant species clearly demonstrated Angelica sinensis as the most effective repellent from each kind of extracted product, with its essential oil and ethanolic extract having median complete protection times of 7.0 h (6.0-7.5) and 2.5 h (2.0-2.5), respectively. Due to its low yield (0.02 %), pungent smell, and little cause of irritation, A. sinensis essential oil did not qualify as a candidate for further repellent assessment. However, subsequent extractions of A. sinensis with different organic solvents of increasing polarity provided four extractants with varying degrees of repellency against A. aegypti. The hexane extract of A. sinensis provided excellent repellency, with a median complete protection time of 7.5 h (6.5-8.5), which was longer than that of ethanol (2.5, 2.0-2.5 h), acetone (1.75, 0.5-2.5 h), and methanol extracts (0.5, 0-1.0 h). By being the most effective product, A. sinensis hexane extract gave significant protection comparable to that of its essential oil and the standard synthetic repellent, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET: 6.25, 5.0-6.5 h). Qualitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the presence of phthalides and phthalates, including 3-N-butylphthalide, butylidenephthalide, ligustilide, and di-iso-octyl phthalate, as the principal constituents in A. sinensis products. The success of A. sinensis products, particularly that of hexane extract, has proved their potential as bioactive candidates in the next step for developing and producing alternative natural repellents with commercial aspirations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Champakaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Chattopadhyay P, Dhiman S, Devi KA, Banerjee S, Rabha B, Chaurasia A, Veer V. Ultra low concentration deltamethrin loaded patch development and evaluation of its repellency against dengue vector Aedes (S) albopictus. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:284. [PMID: 24289656 PMCID: PMC3849721 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito repellents and emanators confer protection against mosquito bites through spatial action of emanated vapours which are released into the adjoining environment. Synthetic insecticides released into the environment in ultra low volume vapour phase deter the mosquitoes from biting humans in a protected space. METHODS Formulation patches were prepared using the solvent evaporation method over a backing membrane and using Dibutylphthalate (DBT) as a plasticizer. The effect of formulation variables on the deltamethrin release from the patch matrices were studied under accelerated conditions, whereas, HPLC was used for quantitative estimation of deltamethrin. The prepared patch formulations were subjected to physicochemical studies, such as, deltamethrin content, thickness, weight variation, percent moisture content, moisture uptake, surface area and surface pH determination. Deltamethrin-polymer interaction and compatibility was ascertained using DSC and FT-IR, while surface morphology and deltamethrin distribution in the patch were studied using SEM technique. Repellent activity of the patch formulations was evaluated against Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. RESULTS Blends of polymeric combinations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ethyl-cellulose (EC) with admixture of deltamethrin provided prolonged repellent activity against Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Physicochemical characterisation indicated the suitability of deltamethrin patch formulation with the polymeric combinations of PVP and EC. Patches were very effective against laboratory reared Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. No significant difference was observed between the performance of test patches and commercially available repellent cream Mosqshield®. CONCLUSION Deltamethrin loaded patches provided effective repellency against Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. The study emphasised that deltamethrin released to the environment in low concentration could be an excellent spatial repellent against hematophagous mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784 001, India
| | - Sunil Dhiman
- Division of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784 001, India
| | - Kangujam Adiya Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati, Assam 781017, India
| | - Subham Banerjee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784 001, India
| | - Bipul Rabha
- Division of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784 001, India
| | - Ashwani Chaurasia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784 001, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Division of Medical Entomology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784 001, India
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