1
|
Kalantarian G, Ziamajidi N, Abbasalipourkabir R, Mahjub R, Goodarzi MT, Saidijam M, Soleimani Asl S, Jamshidi M. Effect of insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles on genes expression in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 31:/j/jbcpp.ahead-of-print/jbcpp-2019-0147/jbcpp-2019-0147.xml. [PMID: 31747376 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that undesirably affects both central and peripheral nervous systems through the apoptosis of neurons. Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) inhibit apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. The objective of this study was to determine whether oral insulin in the form of nanoparticles may have similar effects to injectable insulin in increasing the gene expression of IGF1 and IGF2. Methods Insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the polyelectrolyte complex method and characterized for size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency. An in vivo study was performed in different groups of male Wistar rats with diabetes mellitus type 1 treated with insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles and subcutaneous injection of trade insulin (neutral protamine Hagedorn). The hippocampus of rats were studied for the expression of IGF1 and IGF2 genes by using real-time PCR, and the fold changes in gene expression were evaluated using the 2-ΔΔCt method. Results The expression of IGF1 and IGF2 genes in the groups treated with nano-insulin and injected insulin were significantly higher than that in the diabetic control group (p<0.001) and meaningfully lower than that in the healthy control group. However, there was no significant difference to the treated groups. Conclusion Our findings suggest that future research might provide a new formulation of drugs for treating type 1 diabetes, in the form of oral insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giti Kalantarian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Ziamajidi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahjub
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Centre, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jamshidi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eriksson L, Saxelin R, Röhl S, Roy J, Caidahl K, Nyström T, Hedin U, Razuvaev A. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Activation Does not Affect Re-Endothelialization but Reduces Intimal Hyperplasia via Direct Effects on Smooth Muscle Cells in a Nondiabetic Model of Arterial Injury. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:41-52. [PMID: 25966620 DOI: 10.1159/000381097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diabetic patients have an increased risk of restenosis and late stent thrombosis after angioplasty, i.e. complications that are related to a defective re-endothelialization. Exendin-4, a stable glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonist, has been suggested to influence the formation of intimal hyperplasia and to increase endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which treatment with exendin-4 could influence re-endothelialization and intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to balloon injury of the left common carotid artery and treated for 4 weeks with exendin-4 or vehicle. Intimal hyperplasia and vessel wall elasticity were monitored noninvasively by high-frequency ultrasound, and re-endothelialization was evaluated upon sacrifice using Evans blue dye. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Exendin-4 selectively reduced the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and intimal hyperplasia in vivo without affecting the re-endothelialization process, but treatment with exendin-4 improved arterial wall elasticity. Our data also show that exendin-4 significantly decreased the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of SMCs in vitro, effects that appear to be mediated through cAMP signaling and endothelial nitric oxide synthase following GLP-1 receptor activation. Together, these effects of exendin-4 are highly desirable and may lead to an improved outcome for patients undergoing vascular interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Eriksson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Waldsee R, Eftekhari S, Ahnstedt H, Johnson LE, Edvinsson L. CaMKII and MEK1/2 inhibition time-dependently modify inflammatory signaling in rat cerebral arteries during organ culture. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:90. [PMID: 24886705 PMCID: PMC4039324 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia induces transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory genes in the brain parenchyma and in cerebral arteries, thereby contributing to the infarct development. The present study was designed to evaluate the involvement of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) II and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) on inflammatory mediators in rat cerebral arteries using organ culture as a method for inducing ischemic-like vascular wall changes. METHODS Rat basilar arteries were cultured in serum-free medium for 0, 3, 6 or 24 hours in the presence or absence of the CaMKII inhibitor KN93 or the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Protein expression of activated CaMKII, ERK1/2, and inflammatory-associated protein kinases and mediators were examined with western blot and immunohistochemistry. Caspase-3 mRNA levels in basilar arteries were studied with real-time PCR. RESULTS Western blot evaluation showed that organ culture induced a significant increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2 at 3, 6 and 24 hours, while CaMKII was found to be already activated in fresh non-incubated arteries and to decrease with incubation time. The addition of U0126 or KN93 decreased levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p-p38, as evaluated by immunohistochemistry. KN93 affected the increase in caspase-3 mRNA expression only when given at the start of incubation, while U0126 had an inhibitory effect when given up to six hours later. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 was elevated after organ culture. This inflammatory marker was reduced by both of the two different protein kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The novel findings of the present study are that the cross-talk between the two protein kinases and the inhibition of CaMKII or MEK1/2 in a time-dependent manner attenuates inflammatory-associated protein kinases and mediators, suggesting that they play a role in cerebrovascular inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xue F, Michels KB. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer: a review of the current evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:s823-35. [PMID: 18265476 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.3.823s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidences of breast cancer, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome have increased over the past decades with the obesity epidemic, especially in industrialized countries. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and changes in the signaling of growth hormones and steroid hormones associated with diabetes may affect the risk of breast cancer. We reviewed epidemiologic studies of the association between type 2 diabetes and risk of breast cancer and the available evidence on the role of hormonal mediators of an association between diabetes and breast cancer. The combined evidence supports a modest association between type 2 diabetes and the risk of breast cancer, which appears to be more consistent among postmenopausal than among premenopausal women. Despite many proposed potential pathways, the mechanisms underlying an association between diabetes and breast cancer risk remain unclear, particularly because the 2 diseases share several risk factors, including obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and possibly intake of saturated fat and refined carbohydrates, that may confound this association. Although the metabolic syndrome is closely related to diabetes and embraces additional components that might influence breast cancer risk, the role of the metabolic syndrome in breast carcinogenesis has not been studied and thus remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Johansson GS, Arnqvist HJ. Insulin and IGF-I action on insulin receptors, IGF-I receptors, and hybrid insulin/IGF-I receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E1124-30. [PMID: 16803852 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00565.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are known to affect cardiovascular disease. We have investigated ligand binding and the dose-response relationship for insulin and IGF-I on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) at the receptor level. VSMCs from rat thoracic aorta were serum starved, stimulated with IGF-I or insulin, lysed, immunoprecipitated, and analyzed by Western blot. d-[U-(14)C]Glucose accumulation and [6-(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA were also measured. Specific binding of both insulin and IGF-I was demonstrated, being higher for IGF-I. Both IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and insulin receptor (IR) beta-subunits were detected and coprecipitated after immunoprecipitation (IP) against either of the two. No coprecipitation was found after reduction of disulphide bonds with dithiotreitol before IP. After stimulation with 10(-10)-10(-9) M IGF-I, IP of the IGF-IR, or IR beta-subunit and immunoblot with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, we found two distinct bands indicating phosphorylation of both the IGF-IR and the IR beta-subunit. Stimulation with 10(-10)-10(-9) M insulin and IP against the IGF-IR did not show phosphorylation of either beta-subunit, whereas after IP of the IR we found phosphorylation of the IR beta-subunit. [(14)C]Glucose accumulation and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation were elevated in cells stimulated with IGF-I at 10(-10)-10(-7) M, reaching maximum by 10(-9) M. Insulin stimulation showed measurable effects only at supraphysiological concentrations, 10(-8)-10(-7) M. In conclusion, coprecipitation of both the IGF-IR and the IR beta-subunit indicates the presence of hybrid insulin/IGF-I receptors in VSMC. At a physiological concentration, insulin activates the IR but does not affect either glucose metabolism or DNA synthesis, whereas IGF-I both activates the receptor and elicits biological effect.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Carbon Radioisotopes
- Cells, Cultured
- Dimerization
- Glucose/pharmacokinetics
- Hypoglycemic Agents/metabolism
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Ligands
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/chemistry
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Thymidine/pharmacokinetics
- Tritium
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Git S Johansson
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Staiger K, Staiger H, Schweitzer MA, Metzinger E, Balletshofer B, Häring HU, Kellerer M. Insulin and its analogue glargine do not affect viability and proliferation of human coronary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1898-905. [PMID: 16078017 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Present guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes recommend HbA1c values of less than 7%. As beta cell function worsens during progress of the disease, insulin therapy is often necessary to achieve this ambitious goal. However, due to peripheral insulin resistance, many patients need rather high insulin dosages. In the light of the extremely high cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients, it is important to determine whether high concentrations of insulin or its frequently used analogues are harmful to the cardiovascular system. We therefore investigated the modulatory effects of regular human insulin and its analogue glargine on proliferation and apoptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs). METHODS Cells were treated with regular human insulin or insulin glargine. Proliferation was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation and by flow cytometric analysis of Ki-67 expression. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry (cell cycle analysis and annexin V staining) and determination of caspase-3 activity. RESULTS HCAECs and HCASMCs treated with regular human insulin or insulin glargine did not show significant increases in DNA synthesis or Ki-67 expression. Administration of regular human insulin or insulin glargine did not modulate the extent of apoptotic events. No influence of insulin on lipoapoptotic vascular cell death could be detected. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taken together, neither regular human insulin nor insulin glargine influences growth and apoptosis of human coronary artery cells in vitro. Our data do not suggest that regular human insulin or insulin glargine promote atherosclerosis through mechanisms affecting the cellularity of human coronary arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Staiger
- Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Muller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stoneman VEA, Bennett MR. Role of apoptosis in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic implications. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107:343-54. [PMID: 15230690 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques develop as a consequence of the accumulation of circulating lipid and the subsequent migration of inflammatory cells (macrophages and T-lymphocytes) and VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells). Advanced plaques consist of a lipid-rich core, separated from the lumen by a fibrous cap composed of VSMCs, collagen and extracellular matrix. Plaque enlargement ultimately narrows the lumen (stenosis) causing angina. However, recent studies have emphasized that acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina/myocardial infarction) are caused by lesion erosion/rupture with superimposed thrombus formation on often small non-stenotic plaques. Thus current therapies work predominantly on stabilization of plaques rather than plaque regression. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is increasingly observed as plaques develop, although the exact mechanisms and consequences of apoptosis in the development and progression of atherosclerosis are still controversial. Increased endothelial cell apoptosis may initiate atherosclerosis, whereas apoptosis of VSMCs and macrophages localizes in ‘vulnerable’ lesions, i.e. those most likely to rupture, and at sites of rupture. This review will focus on the regulation of apoptosis of cells within the vasculature, concentrating on the relevance of apoptosis to plaque progression and clinical consequences of vascular cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E A Stoneman
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Level 6, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chisalita SI, Arnqvist HJ. Insulin-like growth factor I receptors are more abundant than insulin receptors in human micro- and macrovascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E896-901. [PMID: 14722023 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00327.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and macroangiopathy are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Our aim was to characterize IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and insulin receptor (IR) in human micro- and macrovascular endothelial cells. Cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were used. Gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and receptor protein by ligand-binding assay. Phosphorylation of IGF-IR beta-subunit was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot. Glucose metabolism and DNA synthesis was assessed using [(3)H]glucose and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, respectively. We detected gene expression of IGF-IR and IR in HAEC and HMVEC. IGF-IR gene expression was severalfold higher than that of IR. The specific binding of (125)I-IGF-I was higher than that of (125)I-insulin in HAEC and HMVEC. Insulin and the new, long-acting insulin analog glargine interacted with the IGF-IR with thousand- and hundred-fold less potency than IGF-I itself. Phosphorylation of the IGF-IR beta-subunit was shown in HAEC for IGF-I (10(-8) M) and insulin (10(-6) M) and in HMVEC for IGF-I and glargine (10(-8) M, 10(-6) M). IGF-I 10(-7) M stimulated incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine into DNA, and 10(-9)-10(-7) M also the incorporation of [(3)H]glucose in HMVEC, whereas glargine and insulin had no significant effects at 10(-9)-10(-7) M. Human micro- and macrovascular endothelial cells express more IGF-IR than IR. IGF-I and high concentrations of glargine and insulin activates the IGF-IR. Glargine has a higher affinity than insulin for the IGF-IR but probably has no effect on DNA synthesis at concentrations reached in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona I Chisalita
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|