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Rode F, Bundgaard C, Areberg J, Madsen LB, Taavoniku I, Hansen L, Weisser J, Olsen LR, Elgaard HT, Eneberg E, Didriksen M. Stress-free blood sampling in minipigs: A novel method for assessing 24-h cortisol profiles and drug effects on diurnal and ultradian rhythms. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2024; 127:107504. [PMID: 38678804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2024.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
We developed a novel, stress-free blood sampling method for minipigs, allowing continuous cortisol monitoring over 24 h. Baseline cortisol levels exhibited both ultradian and diurnal rhythms. During nighttime, smaller ultradian rhythms overlaid a lower baseline cortisol, which increased in sleeping pigs before lights were turned on. Additionally, we developed an analytical tool based on the R package "pracma" to quantify ultradian peak and circadian components of the cortisol profiles. To validate our model, we investigated the effects of Verucerfont, a CRH receptor antagonist, and Venlafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Verucerfont reduced cortisol levels during the first 9 h without affecting diurnal rhythm. Cortisol peak parameters decreased, with a 31% reduction in overall area under the curve (AUC) and a 38% reduction in ultradian average AUC. Ultradian peaks decreased from 7 to 4.5, with 34% lower amplitude. Venlafaxine maintained plasma concentrations within the targeted human effective range. This method enables us to enhance our understanding of cortisol regulation and provide valuable insights for the impact of investigation drugs on the diurnal and ultradian rhythms of cortisol.
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Okhina AA, Rogachev AD, Kovaleva KS, Yarovaya OI, Khotskina AS, Zavyalov EL, Vatsadze SZ, Pokrovsky AG, Salakhutdinov NF. Development of an LC-MS/MS-based method for quantification and pharmacokinetics study on SCID mice of a dehydroabietylamine-adamantylamine conjugate, a promising inhibitor of the DNA repair enzyme. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115507. [PMID: 37331915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Earlier, it was found that the agent KS-389, a conjugate of dehydroabietylamine and 1-aminoadamantane, possess inhibiting activity with regard to Tdp1. It this study, LC-MS/MS-based methods of quantification of KS-389 in mice blood and several organs (brain, liver and kidney) were developed and validated. Validation of the methods was performed according to the guidelines of U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect, stability and carry-over. Dried blood spots (DBS) method was used for blood sample preparation. HPLC separation was performed on a reversed-phase column; the total analysis time was 12 min. Mass spectral detection was performed on a 6500 QTRAP mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Transitions 463.5→135.1/107.2 and 336.2→332.2/176.2 were scanned for KS-389 and 2,5-bis(4-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole used as the internal standard, respectively. Pharmacokinetics of the compound as well as its distribution in the organs were studied on SCID mice after intraperitoneal administration of the substance at a dose of 5 mg/kg, and it was found that its maximum concentration in blood is reached in 1-1.5 h and was 80 ng/mL. The maximum concentration in all organs is reached after the same time and is approximately 1500 ng/g and 1100 ng/g in liver and kidney, respectively. This is the first report on the pharmacokinetics of Tdp1 inhibitor based on dehydroabietylamine and 1-aminoadamantane after a single administration to mice. Also, the substance was found to be able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier which is important for, and its maximum concentration was c.a. 25-30 ng/g. These results are important for glioma treatment and make it promising for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A Okhina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Artem D Rogachev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Kseniya S Kovaleva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga I Yarovaya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anna S Khotskina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniy L Zavyalov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey Z Vatsadze
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski pr., 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Pokrovsky
- Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Dam (Canis familiaris) Welfare throughout the Peri-Parturient Period in Commercial Breeding Kennels. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202820. [PMID: 36290206 PMCID: PMC9597717 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Welfare problems experienced during gestation and lactation may negatively affect dams and their puppies. However, the welfare states of dams in commercial breeding (CB) kennels during this period have not been well examined. Therefore, we examined a range of behavioral, physical, and physiological metrics throughout the period around parturition to identify if changes indicative of impaired welfare were present. We tested 74 dams from eight CB kennels at 6 and 1 week prepartum, and 4 and 8 weeks postpartum. At each time point we measured their responses to a stranger approaching, their physical health, and indicators of their stress response, immune function, and parasite burden. Findings did not reveal major changes in dam welfare. Most changes observed were likely because of natural biological changes resulting from pregnancy, lactation, and weaning. However, as some changes in metrics deviated from what was expected and there were changes in environmental and management factors during this time, future research should identify how they affect dam welfare. Abstract Poor dam welfare throughout the peri-parturient period can also negatively affect that of their offspring. This study aimed to identify changes in physical, physiological, and behavioral metrics indicative of dam welfare throughout the peri-parturient period. Dams (n = 74) from eight U.S. Midwest commercial breeding (CB) kennels were tested at 6 and 1 week prepartum, and 4 and 8 weeks postpartum. At each time point dams underwent a stranger approach test, physical health assessment, hair collection for hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and fecal collection for fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and parasite detection. Linear mixed-effects models indicated dams exhibited more affiliative behaviors towards the stranger at 4 weeks postpartum than 6 weeks prepartum (p = 0.03), increased HCC from 4-weeks to 8 weeks postpartum (p = 0.02), and increased FGM from 1 week prepartum to 8 weeks postpartum (p = 0.04). At each respective time point, the percentage of dams with intestinal parasites was 11%, 4%, 23%, and 15%. Most changes are likely due to increased energy requirements and hormonal variations. However, deviations from expected changes may have resulted from changes in environment and/ or management, which should be explored in future studies.
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Foxx CL, Nagy MR, King AE, Albin D, DeKrey GK. TCDD exposure alters fecal IgA concentrations in male and female mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:25. [PMID: 35449084 PMCID: PMC9026712 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) can alter diurnal rhythms including those for innate lymphoid cell numbers, cytokine and hormone levels, and feeding behaviors. Because immune responses and antibody levels are modulated by exposure to AhR agonists, we hypothesized that some of the variation previously reported for the effects of AhR activation on fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels could be explained by dysregulation of the diurnal sIgA rhythm. Methods C57Bl/6 J mice were exposed to peanut oil or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 10 or 40 μg/Kg) and fecal sIgA levels were determined in samples collected every 4 h over 4 days. Results Fecal sIgA concentrations were not significantly different between light and dark phases of the photoperiod in either male or female mice, and there were no significant circadian rhythms observed, but TCDD exposure significantly altered both fecal mesor sIgA and serum IgA concentrations, in parallel, in male (increased) and female (biphasic) mice. Conclusions AhR activation can contribute to the regulation of steady state IgA/sIgA concentrations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40360-022-00563-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Foxx
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA
| | - Madeline R Nagy
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA
| | - Aspen E King
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA
| | - Dreycey Albin
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA
| | - Gregory K DeKrey
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA.
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Effects of Cohousing Mice and Rats on Stress Levels, and the Attractiveness of Dyadic Social Interaction in C57BL/6J and CD1 Mice as Well as Sprague Dawley Rats. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020291. [PMID: 35205157 PMCID: PMC8869709 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rats, including those of the Sprague Dawley strain, may kill mice. Because of this muricidal behavior, it is standard practice in many research animal housing facilities to separate mice from rats (i.e., the predators) to minimize stress for the mice. We tested the effect of cohousing on the stress levels of mice from either the C57BL/6J (BL6) or the CD1 strain and Sprague Dawley rats (SD rat) by quantifying their fecal corticosterone and metabolites (FCM) concentration. We also investigated cohousing impacts a behavioral assay, i.e., conditioned place preference for intragenus (i.e., mouse–mouse or rat–rat) dyadic social interaction (DSI CPP) that was shown be sensitive to social factors, especially to handling by humans. We found that the two delivery batches of BL6 mice or SD rats, respectively, had different stress levels at delivery that were statistically significant for the BL6 mice. Even so, the BL6 mice cohoused with rats had significantly increased FCM concentrations, indicative of higher stress levels, as compared to (1) BL6 mice housed alone or (2) BL6 mice at delivery. In contrast to their elevated stress levels, the attractiveness of contextual cues associated with mouse–mouse social interaction (DSI CPP) even increased in rat-cohoused BL6 mice, albeit non-significantly. Thus, cohousing BL6 mice and rats did not impair a behavioral assay in BL6 mice that was proven to be sensitive to handling stress by humans in our laboratory. SD rats cohoused with BL6- or CD1 mice, and CD1 mice cohoused with SD rats, showed DSI CPP that was not different from our previously published data on SD rats and BL6 mice of the Jackson- or NIH substrain obtained in the absence of cohousing. CD1 mice cohoused with rats did not show an increased FCM concentration compared to delivery. Our findings suggest that the effect of cohousing rats and mice under the conditions described above on their stress levels as opposed to their behavior might be less clearcut than generally assumed and might be overriden by conditions that cannot be controlled, i.e., different deliveries. Our findings can help to use research animal housing resources, which are usually limited, more efficiently.
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Koshman YE, Wilsey AS, Bird BM, Sadilek S, Weisbecker DA, Ebert PA, Polakowski JS, Gintant GA, Mittelstadt SW, Foley CM. Automated blood sampling in canine telemetry studies: Enabling enhanced assessments of cardiovascular liabilities and safety margins. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 111:107109. [PMID: 34416395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A successful integration of automated blood sampling (ABS) into the telemetry instrumented canine cardiovascular model is presented in this study. This combined model provides an efficient means to quickly gain understanding of potential effects on key cardiovascular parameters in dog while providing a complete Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profile for discovery compounds without handling artifacts, reducing the need for a separate pharmacokinetic study. METHODS Male beagle dogs were chronically implanted with telemetry devices (PhysioTel™ model D70-PCTP) and vascular access ports (SPMID-GRIDAC-5NC). BASi Culex-L automated blood sampling (Bioanalytical Systems, Inc) system was used to collect blood samples at multiple time points. A series of four use cases utilizing four different test compounds and analytical endpoints are described to illustrate some of the potential applications of the technique. RESULTS In the four presented use cases, automated blood sampling in telemetry instrumented dogs provides simultaneous cardiovascular (heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and left ventricular pressure), electrophysiological assessment (QTc, PR, and QRS intervals), body temperature, and animal activity, while collecting multiple blood samples for drug analysis. CONCLUSION The combination of automated blood sampling with cardiovascular telemetry monitoring is a novel capability designed to support safety pharmacology cardiovascular assessment of discovery molecules. By combining telemetry and high-fidelity ABS, the model provides an enhanced PK/PD understanding of drug-induced hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of discovery compounds in conscious beagles in the same experimental session. Importantly, the model can reduce the need for a separate pharmacokinetic study (positive reduction 3R impact), reduces compound syntheses requirements, and shorten development timelines. Furthermore, implementation of this approach has also improved animal welfare by reducing the animal handling during a study, thereby reducing stress and associated data artifacts (positive refinement 3R impact).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya E Koshman
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America.
| | - Amanda S Wilsey
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Brandan M Bird
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Sabine Sadilek
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Debra A Weisbecker
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Paige A Ebert
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - James S Polakowski
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Gary A Gintant
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Scott W Mittelstadt
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - C Michael Foley
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
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Koshman YE, Wilsey AS, Bird BM, Sadilek S, Weisbecker DA, Ebert PA, Polakowski JS, Gintant GA, Mittelstadt SW, Foley CM. Automated blood sampling in canine telemetry studies: Enabling enhanced assessments of cardiovascular liabilities and safety margins. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 109:107066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Additional Assessment of Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites Improves Visual Rating in the Evaluation of Stress Responses of Laboratory Rats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030710. [PMID: 33807941 PMCID: PMC8001186 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Assessment of animal welfare is an important aspect of preclinical studies to minimize suffering and burden and to improve scientific data. In a standard preclinical setup, such an assessment is normally done via so-called score sheets, which are part of the official documentation and approval of a preclinical study. These score sheets contain different categories, including objective parameters such as animals’ body weight, as well as more subjective criteria such as general status, behavior, and appearance, by which the animal is assessed and given a score reflecting the burden. However, very little is known about whether this mainly visual-based and subjective evaluation of the animals’ welfare reliably reflects the status of the animal and correlates well with more objective parameters used for assessment of animal welfare. To this end, the current study investigates the concordance of parameters obtained via standardized score sheets and fecal corticosterone metabolites in a preclinical neuroscientific setup. Determination of fecal corticosterone metabolites as response parameter of adrenocortical activity is thereby a well-validated parameter often used to determine animals’ stress levels. Our data reveal that specific but subjective scores did not mirror the stress response assessed via fecal corticosterone metabolites in the same animals. Abstract Since animal experiments cannot be completely avoided, the pain, suffering, and distress of laboratory animals must be minimized. To this end, a major prerequisite is reliable assessment of pain and distress. Usually, evaluation of animal welfare is done by visual inspection and score sheets. However, relatively little is known about whether standardized, but subjective, score sheets are able to reliably reflect the status of the animals. The current study aimed to compare visual assessment scores and changes in body weight with concentrations of fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) in a neuroscientific experimental setup. Additionally, effects of refinement procedures were investigated. Eight male adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent several experimental interventions, including electroencephalograph electrode implantation and subsequent recording, positron emission tomography (PET), and sleep deprivation (SD) by motorized activity wheels. Additional 16 rats were either used as controls without any treatment or to evaluate refinement strategies. Stress responses were determined on a daily basis by means of measuring FCMs, body weight, and evaluation of the animals’ welfare by standardized score sheets. Surgery provoked a significant elevation of FCM levels for up to five days. Increases in FCMs due to PET procedures or SD in activity wheels were also highly significant, while visual assessment scores did not indicate elevated stress levels and body weights remained constant. Visual assessment scores correlate with neither changes in body weight nor increases in FCM levels. Habituation procedures to activity wheels used for SD had no impact on corticosterone release. Our results revealed that actual score sheets for visual assessment of animal welfare did not mirror physiological stress responses assessed by FCM measurements. Moreover, small changes in body weight did not correlate with FCM concentration either. In conclusion, as visual assessment is a method allowing immediate interventions on suffering animals to alleviate burden, timely stress assessment in experimental rodents via score sheets should be ideally complemented by validated objective measures (e.g., fecal FCM measured by well-established assays for reliable detection of FCMs). This will complete a comprehensive appraisal of the animals’ welfare status in a retrospective manner and refine stressor procedures in the long run.
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The influence of rat strain on the development of neuropathic pain and comorbid anxio-depressive behaviour after nerve injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20981. [PMID: 33262364 PMCID: PMC7708988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Back-translating the clinical manifestations of human disease burden into animal models is increasingly recognized as an important facet of preclinical drug discovery. We hypothesized that inbred rat strains possessing stress hyper-reactive-, depressive- or anxiety-like phenotypes may possess more translational value than common outbred strains for modeling neuropathic pain. Rats (inbred: LEW, WKY, F344/ICO and F344/DU, outbred: Crl:SD) were exposed to Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) and evaluated routinely for 6 months on behaviours related to pain (von Frey stimulation and CatWalk-gait analysis), anxiety (elevated plus maze, EPM) and depression (sucrose preference test, SPT). Markers of stress reactivity together with spinal/brain opioid receptor expression were also measured. All strains variously developed mechanical allodynia after SNI with the exception of stress-hyporesponsive LEW rats, despite all strains displaying similar functional gait-deficits after injury. However, affective changes reflective of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour were only observed for F344/DU in the EPM, and for Crl:SD in SPT. Although differences in stress reactivity and opioid receptor expression occurred, overall they were relatively unaffected by SNI. Thus, anxio-depressive behaviours did not develop in all strains after nerve injury, and correlated only modestly with degree of pain sensitivity or with genetic predisposition to stress and/or affective disturbances.
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Kosaruk W, Brown JL, Plangsangmas T, Towiboon P, Punyapornwithaya V, Silva-Fletcher A, Thitaram C, Khonmee J, Edwards KL, Somgird C. Effect of Tourist Activities on Fecal and Salivary Glucocorticoids and Immunoglobulin A in Female Captive Asian Elephants in Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101928. [PMID: 33096598 PMCID: PMC7589861 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary How tourist camp activities affect individual elephant welfare is an important and highly debated topic. Saliva and fecal samples were collected monthly for 1 year from 44 female Asian elephants that participated in three programs (saddle-, bareback-, or no-riding), and analyzed for glucocorticoids (GC) and immunoglobulin A (IgA). The hypothesis was that better welfare would be associated with low GC and high IgA concentrations. Both biomarkers showed significant variation with respect to camp size, riding activities, tourist-to-elephant ratios and seasonality, but not always consistently between feces and saliva, and not always in the predicted direction. However, there was no clear indication that riding per se negatively affected these two biomarkers. The lack of consistent responses highlights the difficulty in interpreting physiological data in relation to management factors, and suggests more work is needed to differentiate between potential chronic (feces) and acute (saliva) responses. Abstract Asian elephants have been an important part of wildlife ecotourism in Thailand for over two decades. Elephants in tourist camps are exposed to a variety of management styles and daily activities that can potentially affect health and welfare. This study investigated relationships between a novel welfare biomarker, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and daily camp activities, and compared results to glucocorticoid (GC) measures. Often no-riding camps are portrayed as providing better welfare than camps that offer riding. Therefore, we predicted that elephants at no-riding camps would have lower GC and higher IgA concentrations, and a low GC/IgA ratio. Forty-four female elephants from six elephant camps were divided into three groups based on riding activities: saddle-riding, bareback-riding, and no-riding. Fecal and salivary samples were collected monthly for 1 year along with evaluations of body condition, foot health, and wounding. Camp environment and management varied among camps, although the major difference was in riding activities. Concentrations of GCs and IgA varied among the working groups, but not always consistently between sample matrices. Overall fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations were lowest in the saddle-riding group. Only in one bareback-riding camp did the elephants exhibit a potentially positive welfare response with a low GC/IgA ratio over time. Other results varied between the two biomarkers, with considerable variability across camps, suggesting there is more to good welfare than whether elephants participate in riding or not. Several other human-induced stressors, like chaining, ankus use, and limited social opportunities are likely to be impacting well-being and should be considered to ensure management practices meet physical and psychological welfare needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapong Kosaruk
- Master’s Degree Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (T.P.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA; (J.L.B.); (K.L.E.)
| | - Tithipong Plangsangmas
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (T.P.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine and Applied Zoology, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Patcharapa Towiboon
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (T.P.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Veterinary Public Health Centre and Food Safety for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Ayona Silva-Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (T.P.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.K.)
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Khonmee
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (T.P.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.K.)
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Katie L. Edwards
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA; (J.L.B.); (K.L.E.)
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Upton-by-Chester, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Chaleamchat Somgird
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (T.P.); (P.T.); (C.T.); (J.K.)
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53948-015
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Stone BJ, Steele KH, Men H, Srodulski SJ, Bryda EC, Fath-Goodin A. A Nonsurgical Embryo Transfer Technique for Fresh and Cultured Blastocysts in Rats. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:488-495. [PMID: 32787997 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The use of a nonsurgical embryo transfer technique in rodents eliminates the potential pain, distress, and health complications that may result from a surgical procedure and as such, represents a refinement in rodent assisted reproductive techniques. A nonsurgical technique has not been previously developed for use with rat embryos. Here we describe an efficient method to deliver either fresh or cultured blastocyst stage embryos to the uterine horn of pseudopregnant female rats using a rat nonsurgical embryo transfer (rNSET) device. The rNSET device is composed of a Teflon catheter and a hub that attaches to a 2 μL pipette. Oxytocin is used to dilate the cervix before the delivery of blastocysts, allowing passage of the rNSET catheter directly into the uterine horn for embryo delivery. The efficiency of recovery of pups after nonsurgical embryo transfer is similar to the efficiency after surgical embryo transfer. Furthermore, the technique is not stressful to the subjects, as demonstrated by the absence of a decrease in weight or increase in fecal corticosterone level in recipients of embryos delivered nonsurgically, without the use of anesthesia or analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongsheng Men
- Rat Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Elizabeth C Bryda
- Rat Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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12
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Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of eighteen major alkaloids of Aconitum carmichaelii in rats by UHPLC-QQQ-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Zieglowski L, Kümmecke A, Ernst L, Schulz M, Talbot SR, Palme R, Czaplik M, Tolba RH. Severity assessment using three common behavioral or locomotor tests after laparotomy in rats: a pilot study. Lab Anim 2020; 54:525-535. [PMID: 32228147 DOI: 10.1177/0023677220911680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate whether behavioral or locomotor tests (Open Field (OF), rotarod (RR), and CatWalk (CW)) can help assess the severity of laparotomy in rats.The new EU Directive (2010/63/EU) mandates severity assessment in experiments involving animals. However, validated and objective methods are needed to relate trial-specific monitoring results to the degree of distress caused to individual animals. Therefore, we focused on non-invasive or minimally invasive, simple, and convenient severity assessment methods in a surgical model.To evaluate surgical severity in this model, we compared moving velocity among three commonly used behavioral test methods (OF, RR, and CW) after midline laparotomy within postoperative 7 days.In this study, 30 adult male Wistar Han rats (n = 10 per test) were trained in their assigned test method and subsequently subjected to surgery. Severity scoring was performed daily using a modified score sheet developed previously. In addition, blood and fecal samples were collected to analyze surgical and postoperative corticosterone metabolite levels. We found significant differences among the experimental groups in terms of the analyzed parameters. In this context, the OF test was found to be the most suitable method for severity assessment after laparotomy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Zieglowski
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Germany
| | - Anna Kümmecke
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernst
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Germany
| | - Mareike Schulz
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Germany
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Austria
| | - Michael Czaplik
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - René H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Germany
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14
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Falkenberg MK, Teilmann AC, Henriksen T, Hau J, Poulsen HE, Abelson KS. Clinical, Physiologic, and Behavioral Evaluation of Permanently Catheterized NMRI Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:380-389. [PMID: 30971326 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular catheterization is becoming a popular technique in laboratory rodents, facilitating repetitive blood sampling and infusion in individual animals. In mice, catheterization is complicated by their small body size, which may increase the risk of postoperative complications that may both threaten catheter longevity and animal welfare. Less obvious complications to a permanent catheter may include subclinical infection, visceral tissue damage from disseminating microthrombi released from the catheter, and distress from being isolated from conspecifics and other experimental stressors. Such complications may go unnoticed and may affect animal welfare as well as confound research outcomes. This study investigated the implications of long-term arterial catheterization in NMRI mice by evaluating clinical, physiologic and behavioral parameters. Body weight and food and water consumptions were monitored during the study period. Fecal corticosterone metabolites were quantified as biomarkers of stress, and nucleic acid metabolites (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanisine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine) as biomarkers of oxidative damage. Behavioral dysfunction was studied by scoring animal welfare and nest building. Catheters were placed the right common carotid artery of mice; catheterized mice were compared with sham-operated and nonsurgical control mice. Except for an increase in the body weight of catheterized mice during the experimental period, clinical parameters (body weight and food and water consumptions) did not differ between groups. Physiologic parameters (oxidized nucleic acid metabolites and fecal corticosterone metabolites) were higher in control mice during the first week of experimentation compared with the end of study but did not differ between groups. Likewise, catheterization had no effect on behavioral parameters (nest building and animal welfare assessment). Long-term arterial catheterization of mice had no detectable implications on animal welfare in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Kari Falkenberg
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Charlotte Teilmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jann Hau
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Klas Sp Abelson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;,
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15
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Edwards KL, Bansiddhi P, Paris S, Galloway M, Brown JL. The development of an immunoassay to measure immunoglobulin A in Asian elephant feces, saliva, urine and serum as a potential biomarker of well-being. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coy077. [PMID: 30906557 PMCID: PMC6425258 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Additional measures of well-being would be beneficial to the management of a variety of species in human care, including elephants. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an immune protein associated with pathogen defense, which has been demonstrated to decrease during times of stress, and increase in response to positive stimuli. This paper describes the development and validation of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the quantification of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) IgA in feces, saliva, urine, and serum. Samples were collected weekly from four females for 6 months to assess IgA and glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations, establish relationships between these two biomarkers, and determine variability in IgA within and between individuals, and across sample types. IgA was quantified in all four sample types, although urinary concentrations were low and sometimes undetectable in individual samples. Concentrations were highly variable within and between individuals, with fecal, salivary and serum IgA, and fecal, salivary and urinary GCs all differing significantly across individuals. Contrary to previous findings, IgA and GC were generally not correlated. Serum IgA was less variable within individuals, with the exception of one female that experienced a brief illness during the study. However, marked inter-individual differences were still apparent. When data from all individuals were combined, fecal IgA was significantly predicted by salivary and urinary IgA; however, this relationship did not hold when individuals were analyzed separately. Analysis of a fifth female that exhibited a more severe systemic illness demonstrated clear increases in fecal IgA and GC, suggesting these may also be useful health biomarkers. Further investigation is needed to determine what sample type is most reflective of biological state in elephants, and how IgA concentrations are associated with health and positive and negative welfare states. Based on observed variability, a longitudinal approach likely will be necessary to use IgA as a measure of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Pakkanut Bansiddhi
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 155 Irrigation Canal Road, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Steve Paris
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Marie Galloway
- Center for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave, NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Janine L Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA, USA
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16
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Edwards KL, Edes AN, Brown JL. Stress, Well-Being and Reproductive Success. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1200:91-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Hestehave S, Munro G, Christensen R, Brønnum Pedersen T, Arvastson L, Hougaard P, Abelson KSP. Is there a reasonable excuse for not providing post-operative analgesia when using animal models of peripheral neuropathic pain for research purposes? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188113. [PMID: 29166664 PMCID: PMC5699849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The induction of neuropathic pain-like behaviors in rodents often requires surgical intervention. This engages acute nociceptive signaling events that contribute to pain and stress post-operatively that from a welfare perspective demands peri-operative analgesic treatment. However, a large number of researchers avoid providing such care based largely on anecdotal opinions that it might interfere with model pathophysiology in the longer term. Objectives To investigate effects of various peri-operative analgesic regimens encapsulating different mechanisms and duration of action, on the development of post-operative stress/welfare and pain-like behaviors in the Spared Nerve Injury (SNI)-model of neuropathic pain. Methods Starting on the day of surgery, male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered either vehicle (s.c.), carprofen (5.0mg/kg, s.c.), buprenorphine (0.1mg/kg s.c. or 1.0mg/kg p.o. in Nutella®), lidocaine/bupivacaine mixture (local irrigation) or a combination of all analgesics, with coverage from a single administration, and up to 72 hours. Post-operative stress and recovery were assessed using welfare parameters, bodyweight, food-consumption, and fecal corticosterone, and hindpaw mechanical allodynia was tested for assessing development of neuropathic pain for 28 days. Results None of the analgesic regimes compromised the development of mechanical allodynia. Unexpectedly, the combined treatment with 0.1mg/kg s.c. buprenorphine and carprofen for 72 hours and local irrigation with lidocaine/bupivacaine, caused severe adverse effects with peritonitis. This was not observed when the combination included a lower dose of buprenorphine (0.05mg/kg, s.c.), or when buprenorphine was administered alone (0.1mg/kg s.c. or 1.0mg/kg p.o.) for 72 hours. An elevated rate of wound dehiscence was observed especially in the combined treatment groups, underlining the need for balanced analgesia. Repeated buprenorphine injections had positive effects on body weight the first day after surgery, but depressive effects on food intake and body weight later during the first week. Conclusion Post-operative analgesia does not appear to affect established neuropathic hypersensitivity outcome in the SNI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hestehave
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurodegeneration In Vivo, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Gordon Munro
- Department of Neurodegeneration In Vivo, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Rie Christensen
- Department of Neurodegeneration In Vivo, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Klas S. P. Abelson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Using miniature MS system with automatic blood sampler for preclinical pharmacokinetics study. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1633-1641. [PMID: 29095035 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Preclinical pharmacokinetic studies are an essential part of modern drug development. In this work, we explored a new solution with onsite analysis using a miniature MS system, which can significantly improve the efficiency of the preclinical study. Materials & methods: A miniature mass spectrometer was used with an automatic blood sampler for onsite quantitation of drug compounds in whole blood samples. Slug-flow microextraction was used to replace the in-lab sample preparation. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Animal studies were carried out using two drug compounds, using the auto sampler to take blood samples at preprogrammed time points. The miniature MS system was used to obtain drug concentrations, which were subsequently used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters.
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19
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Kasanen I, Inhilä K, Savontaus E, Voipio HM, Õkva K, Mering S, Kiviniemi V, Hau J, Laaksonen S, Nevalainen T. Diurnal rhythms of blood glucose, serum ghrelin, faecal IgA and faecal corticosterone in rats subjected to restricted feeding using the diet board. Lab Anim 2017; 52:29-37. [PMID: 28541129 DOI: 10.1177/0023677217709850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory rats are generally fed ad libitum, although this method is associated with obesity and an increased frequency of spontaneous tumours. It has been challenging looking for ways to limit feed consumption in group-housed rats without any setbacks to animal welfare and scientific results. The diet board, as a method of dietary restriction, was used in the present study. Diet board feeding allows group housing and should result in enhanced welfare compared with traditional methods of dietary restriction. With respect to animal model robustness and translatability of results it is important that the feeding regime does not affect diurnal rhythmicity of biological parameters. In the present study the effects of diet board feeding on diurnal rhythms of blood glucose, serum ghrelin, faecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and faecal corticosterone were assessed. The diet board did not alter diurnal rhythms, and adds weight to the use of this method for dietary restriction which should benefit animal health and the validity of scientific results generated from the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iiris Kasanen
- 1 Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja Inhilä
- 1 Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Kai Õkva
- 1 Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Satu Mering
- 1 Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Kiviniemi
- 4 IT Centre, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jann Hau
- 5 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Timo Nevalainen
- 1 Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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20
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David Hopper L. Automated Microsampling Technologies and Enhancements in the 3Rs. ILAR J 2017; 57:166-177. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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21
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Hüske C, Sander SE, Hamann M, Kershaw O, Richter F, Richter A. Towards optimized anesthesia protocols for stereotactic surgery in rats: Analgesic, stress and general health effects of injectable anesthetics. A comparison of a recommended complete reversal anesthesia with traditional chloral hydrate monoanesthesia. Brain Res 2016; 1642:364-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Lantz EL, Lonsdorf EV, Heintz MR, Murray CM, Lipende I, Travis DA, Santymire RM. Non-invasive quantification of immunoglobulin A in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Am J Primatol 2016; 80. [PMID: 27149678 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the primary antibody responsible for mucosal defense in mammals and has been used as a marker for chronic stress and immune status. Therefore, this antibody may provide a more reliable indicator of an individual's immunocompetence than is currently available through other methods. Immunoglobulin A has never before been quantified in a wild population of non-human primates using non-invasive sample collection techniques. In this study, we present methodology for non-invasive IgA extraction in the field and provide quantification of mean fecal IgA concentrations in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). During the study period (November 2009-October 2010), we collected fecal samples (N = 1463) from 59 individuals at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We modified a field extraction technique for steroidal hormones to extract IgA from the fecal samples and then quantified mean IgA concentrations (ng/g) using a commercial human IgA enzyme immunoassay. Mean IgA concentration varied among individuals but not by sex or reproductive status. Mature animals tended toward higher mean IgA concentration than immature. Mean IgA concentration differed by quartile season, following a similar pattern previously observed for respiratory illness rates in this population, with the late dry season having significantly higher averages than the late wet. A circadian rhythm was also evident with mean IgA concentrations higher in samples collected in the latter half of the day. These demographic and temporal patterns of IgA concentration provide baseline values necessary to interpret future results, which may be combined with other health values to better understand the role of health and long-term stress in wild great ape populations. Am. J. Primatol. 80:e22558, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Lantz
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth V Lonsdorf
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew R Heintz
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carson M Murray
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Iddi Lipende
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.,Gombe Stream Research Centre, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rachel M Santymire
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Wagner M, Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze dried blood spots. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:361-438. [PMID: 25252132 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wagner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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Whittaker AL, Lymn KA, Howarth GS. Effects of Metabolic Cage Housing on Rat Behavior and Performance in the Social Interaction Test. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 19:363-74. [PMID: 27057787 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2016.1164048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the metabolic cage is commonly used for housing nonhuman animals in the laboratory, it has been recognized as constituting a unique stressor. Such an environment would be expected to affect behavioral change in animals housed therein. However, few studies have specifically addressed the nature or magnitude of this change. The current study sought to characterize the behavioral time budget of rats in metabolic cage housing in comparison to that of individually housed animals in standard open-top cages. Rats in metabolic cages spent less time moving, manipulating enrichment, and carrying out rearing behaviors, and there was a corresponding shift toward inactivity. In an applied Social Interaction Test, behavioral scoring implied that metabolic cage housing had an anxiogenic effect. In conclusion, metabolic cage housing produces measurable effects on spontaneous and evoked behavior in rats in the laboratory. These behavioral changes may lead to a negative emotional state in these animals, which could have negative welfare consequences. Further research is needed to quantify the existence and magnitude of such an effect on rat well being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Whittaker
- a School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Roseworthy Campus, South Australia , Australia
| | - Kerry A Lymn
- a School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Roseworthy Campus, South Australia , Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- a School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Roseworthy Campus, South Australia , Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department, Children, Youth and Women's Health Services , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
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25
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Barker T, Howarth G, Whittaker A. The effects of metabolic cage housing and sex on cognitive bias expression in rats. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Comparison of silicone and polyurethane catheters for the catheterization of small vessels in mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2015; 43:397-403. [PMID: 25333592 DOI: 10.1038/laban.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vascular catheterization is increasingly carried out in laboratory mice, but the long-term patency of catheters implanted in mice is limited owing to their small size. The authors compared mice that were catheterized in their right common carotid artery either with a silicone catheter with a polyurethane tip or with a 100% polyurethane catheter to determine which catheter type was better suited for long-term studies in mice. The catheters were inspected daily and were flushed if blood was visible in the catheters; if no blood was visible, they were flushed every 3 d. Silicone catheters were patent for a shorter period of time than polyurethane catheters, which were patent for a median of 6 d and up to 25 d. The authors identify the principal causes of catheter failure and discuss how they can be prevented.
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27
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Wu YT, Wu MT, Lin CC, Chien CF, Tsai TH. Pharmacokinetic Studies of Chinese Medicinal Herbs Using an Automated Blood Sampling System and Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 2:33-40. [PMID: 24716112 PMCID: PMC3943008 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of herbal products is one of the major concerns for the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, and pharmacokinetic data of medicinal herbs guide us to design the rational use of the herbal formula. This article reviews the advantages of the automated blood sampling (ABS) systems for pharmacokinetic studies. In addition, three commonly used sample preparative methods, protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction, are introduced. Furthermore, the definition, causes and evaluation of matrix effects in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis are demonstrated. Finally, we present our previous works as practical examples of the application of ABS systems and LC/MS for the pharmacokinetic studies of Chinese medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tse Wu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Feng Chien
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Teilmann AC, Kalliokoski O, Sørensen DB, Hau J, Abelson KSP. Manual versus automated blood sampling: impact of repeated blood sampling on stress parameters and behavior in male NMRI mice. Lab Anim 2014; 48:278-91. [PMID: 24958546 PMCID: PMC4230456 DOI: 10.1177/0023677214541438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Facial vein (cheek blood) and caudal vein (tail blood) phlebotomy are two commonly used techniques for obtaining blood samples from laboratory mice, while automated blood sampling through a permanent catheter is a relatively new technique in mice. The present study compared physiological parameters, glucocorticoid dynamics as well as the behavior of mice sampled repeatedly for 24 h by cheek blood, tail blood or automated blood sampling from the carotid artery. Mice subjected to cheek blood sampling lost significantly more body weight, had elevated levels of plasma corticosterone, excreted more fecal corticosterone metabolites, and expressed more anxious behavior than did the mice of the other groups. Plasma corticosterone levels of mice subjected to tail blood sampling were also elevated, although less significantly. Mice subjected to automated blood sampling were less affected with regard to the parameters measured, and expressed less anxious behavior. We conclude that repeated blood sampling by automated blood sampling and from the tail vein is less stressful than cheek blood sampling. The choice between automated blood sampling and tail blood sampling should be based on the study requirements, the resources of the laboratory and skills of the staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Teilmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Otto Kalliokoski
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte B Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jann Hau
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klas S P Abelson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Teilmann AC, Kalliokoski O, Jacobsen KR, Hau J, Abelson KSP. Impact of heparin and short term anesthesia on the quantification of cytokines in laboratory mouse plasma. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:33. [PMID: 24884817 PMCID: PMC4041355 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have reported that heparin may be unsuitable as an anticoagulant in human plasma samples when quantifying cytokines using multiplex bead array assays. For mouse samples, multiplex assays have been validated for serum and EDTA-plasma, but it remains to be elucidated whether heparin influences the quantification of cytokines, and if so – to what extent. Furthermore, laboratory mice are often anesthetized for blood sampling, which causes acute stress that may influence circulating cytokine concentrations and thus bias experimental results. The objectives of the present study were to identify whether specific cytokine concentrations varied between heparin-plasma, serum, and EDTA-plasma, and whether short isoflurane anesthesia would influence the concentrations of these cytokines in the circulation. Twenty-three acute phase and pro-inflammatory cytokines were quantified in matched serum, EDTA-plasma, and heparin-plasma samples from anesthetized and unanesthetized male NMRI mice using a multiplex assay. In addition, samples from unanesthetized mice were spiked with three levels of heparin. Results The concentrations of five out of 23 cytokines were significantly different between sample types, but only one cytokine (IL-17A) differed between heparin-plasma and serum. When further spiking the heparin-plasma with increasing concentrations of heparin, there was a significant effect on 11 cytokines, where the cytokine recovery could be correlated to the heparin concentration for ten of these cytokines. Anesthesia resulted in lower concentrations of G-CSF, but had no significant impact on the concentrations of the other 22 cytokines. Conclusion In mice, heparin seems like a suitable anticoagulant for obtaining plasma for multiplex assays for the cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES and TNFα, but an effect of heparin in high concentrations should be considered for the cytokines IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1β and RANTES. Short isoflurane anesthesia had significant impact on G-CSF, but none of the other cytokines.
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Tsai HL, Chang JW, Liu CS, Chin TW, Wei CF, Lee OKS, Wang SJ. A newly designed total implantable venous access device in rats for research with high efficiency and low cost. J Surg Res 2013; 187:36-42. [PMID: 24246439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we introduced a newly designed totally implantable device for long-term vascular access in rats and compared its efficacy, related complications, and cost-effectiveness with conventional exteriorized jugular vein catheters. METHODS Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-300 g, were equally divided into two groups (I and II) and all underwent jugular vein catheterization surgery. The totally implanted device was used in group I and conventional exteriorized catheters were used in group II. The functionality of each catheter was checked every 3 d and evaluation included vascular accessibility, patency, and infection. The weight of the animal and microbial culture from the wound and tube were also monitored. We analyzed the cause of vascular access failure and complications, both mechanical and infectious, and compared related variables. RESULTS The proportions of 9-d patency and 30-d patency in group I were 90% (18/20) and 75% (15/20), respectively, and in group II 80% (16/20) and 35% (7/20), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in 30-d patency. The rats in group II were more liable to involve vascular access failure because of catheter dislodgment and had a higher infection rate (P = 0.001). Daily body weight gain was also greater in group I than in group II (2.46 ± 0.59 g/d versus 1.84 ± 0.96 g/d; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This newly designed and totally implanted device substantially increases the success rate of long-term venous access compared with conventional methods. It reinforces the merits of the subcutaneous port and a tethered swivel system and overall has better performance and reliability. Furthermore, given its low cost and the high level of effectiveness offered, this technology could be a powerful tool to be used in future translational medicine research, especially in cases of long-term intravascular administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Lin Tsai
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jei-Wen Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chin-Su Liu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tai-Wai Chin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chou-Fu Wei
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shyh-Jen Wang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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31
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Jacobsen KR, Kalliokoski O, Teilmann AC, Hau J, Abelson KSP. The effect of isoflurane anaesthesia and vasectomy on circulating corticosterone and ACTH in BALB/c mice. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 179:406-13. [PMID: 23022994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of blood corticosterone and faecal corticosterone metabolites as biomarkers of post-surgical stress and pain in laboratory animals has increased during the last decade. However, many aspects of their reliability in laboratory mice remain uninvestigated. This study investigated serum corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in mice subjected to isoflurane anaesthesia and vasectomy, and mice subjected to isoflurane anaesthesia without surgery. Serum levels of corticosterone and ACTH after pre-treatment with dexamethasone were analysed to provide further information about the stress hormone profiles. Vasectomy resulted in an increase in corticosterone for at least four hours after surgery with a peak 30min after the mice regained righting reflex. Mice subjected to isoflurane anaesthesia without surgery had the highest level of serum corticosterone 5min after regained righting reflex and the level returned to baseline levels four hours after the procedure. In vasectomised mice, treated with dexamethasone, high levels of corticosterone remained 30min after the procedure, whereas the anaesthetised mice, treated with dexamethasone, had significantly lower levels of corticosterone compared to anaesthetised mice not treated with dexamethasone. Thus, dexamethasone effectively inhibited the corticosterone response in the anaesthetised-only mice, but not in the mice subjected to surgery. In conclusion, both isoflurane anaesthesia and vasectomy during isoflurane anaesthesia resulted in an increase in serum glucocorticoids, but the negative feedback mechanism of newly operated mice, was altered. This may have consequences for the interpretation of glucocorticoids measurements as a biomarker of post-surgical stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Rosenmaj Jacobsen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen and University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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32
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Goymann W. On the use of non-invasive hormone research in uncontrolled, natural environments: the problem with sex, diet, metabolic rate and the individual. Methods Ecol Evol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beale KEL, Murphy KG, Harrison EK, Kerton AJ, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Smith KL. Accurate measurement of body weight and food intake in environmentally enriched male Wistar rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1715-21. [PMID: 21233804 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory animals are crucial in the study of energy homeostasis. In particular, rats are used to study alterations in food intake and body weight. To accurately record food intake or energy expenditure it is necessary to house rats individually, which can be stressful for social animals. Environmental enrichment may reduce stress and improve welfare in laboratory rodents. However, the effect of environmental enrichment on food intake and thus experimental outcome is unknown. We aimed to determine the effect of environmental enrichment on food intake, body weight, behavior and fecal and plasma stress hormones in male Wistar rats. Singly housed 5-7-week-old male rats were given either no environmental enrichment, chew sticks, a plastic tube of 67 mm internal diameter, or both chew sticks and a tube. No differences in body weight or food intake were seen over a 7-day period. Importantly, the refeeding response following a 24-h fast was unaffected by environmental enrichment. Rearing, a behavior often associated with stress, was significantly reduced in all enriched groups compared to controls. There was a significant increase in fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) in animals housed with both forms of enrichment compared to controls at the termination of the study, suggesting enrichment reduces hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in singly housed rats. In summary, environmental enrichment does not influence body weight and food intake in singly housed male Wistar rats and may therefore be used to refine the living conditions of animals used in the study of energy homeostasis without compromising experimental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie E L Beale
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Rosa BV, Firth EC, Blair HT, Vickers MH, Morel PCH. Voluntary exercise in pregnant rats positively influences fetal growth without initiating a maternal physiological stress response. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1134-41. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00683.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of increased physical activity during pregnancy on the health of the offspring in later life are unknown. Research in this field requires an animal model of exercise during pregnancy that is sufficiently strenuous to cause an effect but does not elicit a stress response. Previously, we demonstrated that two models of voluntary exercise in the nonpregnant rat, tower climbing and rising to an erect bipedal stance (squat), cause bone modeling without elevating the stress hormone corticosterone. In this study, these same models were applied to pregnant rats. Gravid Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, tower climbing, and squat exercise. The rats exercised throughout pregnancy and were killed at day 19. Maternal stress was assessed by fecal corticosterone measurement. Maternal bone and soft tissue responses to exercise were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maternal weight gain during the first 19 days of pregnancy was less in exercised than in nonexercised pregnant control rats. Fecal corticosterone levels did not differ between the three maternal groups. The fetuses responded to maternal exercise in a uterine position-dependent manner. Mid-uterine horn fetuses from the squat exercise group were heavier ( P < 0.0001) and longer ( P < 0.0001) and had a greater placental weight ( P = 0.001) than those from control rats. Fetuses from tower-climbing dams were longer ( P < 0.0001) and had heavier placentas ( P = 0.01) than those from control rats, but fetal weight did not differ from controls. These models of voluntary exercise in the rat may be useful for future studies of the effects of exercise during pregnancy on the developmental origins of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle V. Rosa
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences,
| | - Elwyn C. Firth
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences,
| | - Hugh T. Blair
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences,
| | - Mark H. Vickers
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick C. H. Morel
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North; and
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35
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Browne AW, Ahn CH. An in-line microfluidic blood sampling interface between patients and saline infusion systems. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:661-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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36
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Clark GT, Giddens G, Burrows L, Strand C. Utilization of dried blood spots within drug discovery: modification of a standard DiLab® AccuSampler® to facilitate automatic dried blood spot sampling. Lab Anim 2011; 45:124-6. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2010.010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of dried blood spots (DBS) in preclinical studies has seen an enormous increase over the past two years. Despite its positive impact on the 3Rs (reduce, replace and refine), its uptake in exploratory drug discovery has been limited due mainly to protracted method development time in bioanalysis but also the need for small volumes (<20 μL) to be sampled manually. Automatic blood sampling technology such as the DiLab® AccuSampler® is widely used in drug discovery to facilitate exploratory rodent-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies with minimal animal handling. Propranolol was orally administered to a Han-Wistar rat attached to either a standard DiLab® AccuSampler® or a retrofitted unit designed to directly collect the DBS samples. In all, 50 or 20 μL blood samples were then collected via the standard or retrofitted unit, respectively, at six timepoints over a 7 h period. After drying and storage the DBS samples were analysed for propranolol via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In this report we demonstrate that a standard DiLab® AccuSampler® can be easily retrofitted to facilitate automatic dried blood spot sampling and that time–concentration data generated from these samples are equivalent to that from manually spotted samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Clark
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - G Giddens
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - L Burrows
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - C Strand
- DiLab (part of CMA group), Skarpskyttevägen 3, SE-226 42 Lund, Sweden
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Beerling W, Koolhaas JM, Ahnaou A, Bouwknecht JA, de Boer SF, Meerlo P, Drinkenburg WHIM. Physiological and hormonal responses to novelty exposure in rats are mainly related to ongoing behavioral activity. Physiol Behav 2011; 103:412-20. [PMID: 21406199 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress research has been dominated by a circular type of reasoning that occurrence of a stress response is bad. Consequently, the stimulus is often interpreted as stressful in terms of aversiveness involving uncontrollability and unpredictability, which may have maladaptive and pathological consequences. However, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathico-adrenomedullary (SAM) system are not only activated in response of the organism to challenges, but also prepare and support the body for behavior. Therefore, a considerable part of the physiological and hormonal responses to a certain situation can be a direct reflection of the metabolic requirements for the normal ongoing behavioral activity, rather than of the stressful nature. In order to clarify this, behavioral, physiological, hormonal and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to novel cage exposure were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Forced confrontation with a novel cage has been interpreted as a psychological and aversive stressor. However, this interpretation is simply based on the occurrence of a stress response. This study aimed at detailed analysis of the time course of the novelty-induced responses. Different parameters were measured simultaneously in freely moving rats, which allowed correlational comparisons. Hereto, radio telemetry using a small implantable transmitter combined with permanent catheters and an automated blood sampling system was used. A camera placed above the cage allowed behavioral observations. The results show that novelty exposure induced significant increases in locomotor activity, heart rate, blood pressure and plasma corticosterone together with a complete lack of sleep as compared to the undisturbed control situation. The latency to reach significance and the duration of responses varied across parameters but all had recovered within 30min after termination of novelty. The behavioral activity (locomotor activity and EEG wakefulness duration) response pattern was significantly correlated with that of heart rate, blood pressure and plasma corticosterone. Behavioral observations showed mainly explorative behavior in response to novelty. Therefore, the present results indicate that the novelty-induced physiological and hormonal responses are closely related to the ongoing, mainly explorative behavioral activity induced by novelty. An interpretation in terms of metabolic support of ongoing behavior seems to be more appropriate than the frequently used stress interpretation. The present study also emphasizes the added value of simultaneous assessment of behavioral, physiological and hormonal parameters under controlled, non-confounding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Beerling
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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Goldkuhl R, Jacobsen KR, Kalliokoski O, Hau J, Abelson KSP. Plasma concentrations of corticosterone and buprenorphine in rats subjected to jugular vein catheterization. Lab Anim 2010; 44:337-43. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2010.009115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the postoperative plasma concentrations of corticosterone and buprenorphine in male Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats, treated with buprenorphine administered either through subcutaneous (SC) injection or through voluntary ingestion (VI). The animals were treated with buprenorphine for pre-emptive analgesia prior to surgical placement of a jugular catheter, followed by automated blood sampling during 96 h. Buprenorphine was administered on a regular basis throughout the experiment, and blood was collected on selected time points. Body weight was measured before and 96 h after surgery. It was found that the two rat stocks responded in a similar manner to both buprenorphine treatments, with the exception of body weight change in Wistar rats, in which body weight was reduced after SC treatment. The plasma concentration of corticosterone was significantly higher in the SC-treated animals than in the VI-treated animals during the first 18 h of the study, while plasma buprenorphine concentration was at least as high and more even over time after VI treatment. The present study shows that buprenorphine administration through VI is suitable for both Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats, with lower stress response and higher plasma concentrations of buprenorphine than after the traditional SC route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Goldkuhl
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kirsten R Jacobsen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen and National Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Otto Kalliokoski
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen and National Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jann Hau
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen and National Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klas S P Abelson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen and National Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rosa BV, Firth EC, Blair HT, Vickers MH, Morel PCH, Cockrem JF. Short-term voluntary exercise in the rat causes bone modeling without initiating a physiological stress response. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1037-43. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00112.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has revealed a neuroendocrine connection between the skeleton and metabolism. Exercise alters both bone modeling and energy balance and may be useful in further developing our understanding of this complex interplay. However, research in this field requires an animal model of exercise that does not cause a physiological stress response in the exercised subjects. In this study, we develop a model of short-term voluntary exercise in the female rat that causes bone modeling without causing stress. Rats were randomly assigned to one of three age-matched groups: control, tower climbing, and squat exercise (rising to an erect bipedal stance). Exercise for 21 days resulted in bone modeling as assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Fecal corticosterone output was used to assess physiological stress at three time points during the study (preexercise, early exercise, and late in the exercise period). There were no differences in fecal corticosterone levels between groups or time points. This model of voluntary exercise in the rat will be useful for future studies of the influence of exercise on the relationship between skeletal and metabolic health and may be appropriate for investigation of the developmental origins of those effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle V. Rosa
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Elwyn C. Firth
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Hugh T. Blair
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Mark H. Vickers
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick C. H. Morel
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North; and
| | - John F. Cockrem
- National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences and
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40
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Lepschy M, Touma C, Palme R. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites: How to express yourself – comparison of absolute amounts versus concentrations in samples from a study in laboratory rats. Lab Anim 2010; 44:192-8. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2009.009082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades, measurement of faecal Cortisol or corticosterone metabolites (FCM) has become one of the most important tools to non-invasively monitor stress in animals. However, to reliably assess an animal's adrenocortical activity, a careful validation of this technique for each species and sex investigated is obligatory. Usually results in these validation studies and in subsequent applications are expressed as concentration (FCMconc). Nevertheless, some authors express their results as absolute amounts (FCMabs) and claim this to be more accurate. A physiological validation to prove this assumption, however, is still missing as well as information about the influence of the intervals set for faecal sampling, although the chosen intervals might play an important role. Since FCMconc and FCMabs may differ and therefore lead to different conclusions, our study aimed to gain fundamental and scientifically valid information about these parameters by re-analysing a set of data obtained in a study on laboratory rats. The data basis used was derived from four validation experiments performed in male and female rats: an adrenocorticotrophic hormone challenge test, a dexamethasone (Dex) suppression test, an investigation of the diurnal variation (DV) of glucocorticoids and the stress response in reaction to the injection procedure itself (for details see Lepschy et al. Non-invasive measurement of adrenocortical activity in male and female rats. Lab Anim 2007;41:372–87). Faecal samples were collected in short time intervals and the exact amount of faeces voided during each sampling interval was documented. Throughout all performed tests strong positive correlations between FCMconc and FCMabs were found (median of rs > 0.72). In males, for all calculated sampling intervals (4, 8 and 12 h) pharmacological stimulation, suppression and the DV of adrenocortical activity were reflected accurately using both FCMconc and FCMabs. In females, suppression of FCM by Dex was also clearly reflected in both systems. However, pharmacological stimulation was only reflected accurately by means of FCMconc, which clearly limits the usability of FCMabs. Thus, using the data of physiological validation experiments, we clearly demonstrate for the first time advantages and disadvantages of presenting results as FCMconc or FCMabs. Based on our findings in laboratory animals such as rats, giving results as FCMconc seems to be more appropriate and FCMabs - if at all - might only be used as an addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lepschy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Touma
- Department of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany
| | - R Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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41
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Reyna-Garfias H, Miliar A, Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Pacheco-Yepez J, Baeza I, Campos-Rodríguez R. Repeated restraint stress increases IgA concentration in rat small intestine. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:110-8. [PMID: 19748568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant intestinal immunoglobulin and first line of specific immunological defense against environmental antigens is secretory immunoglobulin A. To better understand the effect of repeated stress on the secretion of intestinal IgA, the effects of restraint stress on IgA concentration and mRNA expression of the gene for the alpha-chain of IgA was assessed in both the duodenum and ileum of the rats. Restraint stress induced an increase in intestinal IgA, which was blocked by an adrenalectomy, suggesting a role of catecholamines and glucocorticoids. Whereas the blocking of glucocorticoid receptors by RU-486 did not affect the increased IgA concentration, it did reduce IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in both segments, indicating a possible mediation on the part of glucocorticoids in IgA secretion by individual cells. Treatment with corticosterone significantly increased both the IgA concentration and IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in ileum but not in duodenum, suggesting that glucocorticoids may act directly on IgA-antibody forming cells to increase IgA secretion in the former segment. A probable role by catecholamines was evidenced by the reduction in IgA concentration and IgA alpha-chain mRNA expression in both segments after a chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Additionally, norepinephrine significantly reduced IgA alpha-chain mRNA levels but increased pIgR mRNA expression and IgA concentration in both intestinal segments. We propose that the increased intestinal IgA levels caused by repeated restraint stress is likely due to the effects of catecholamines on the transport of plgA across the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Reyna-Garfias
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina y Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron, México, DF CP 11340, Mexico
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42
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Li T, Barnett A, Rogers KL, Gianchandani YB. A blood sampling microsystem for pharmacokinetic applications: design, fabrication, and initial results. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:3495-503. [PMID: 20024028 DOI: 10.1039/b910508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a microsystem for automated blood sampling from laboratory mice used in pharmacokinetic studies. Intended to be mounted as a "backpack" on a mouse, it uses a microneedle, reservoir, and an actuator to instantaneously prick the animal for a time-point sample, eliminating the need for a tethered catheter with large dead volume. The blood is collected by capillary effect through a 31-33 gauge microneedle (250-210 microm OD) into a approximately 1 microL micromachined steel reservoir. The voice coil actuator provides a peak force of approximately 300 mN, which amply exceeds the measured piercing force of mouse skin (i.e., 60-85 mN for a 31-gauge needle with 12 degrees bevel). The sampling system was tested in vitro using a mock vessel with adjustable pressure; the reservoir was filled in <0.15 s by a combination of the capillary effect and blood pressure. The system may also be used to sample interstitial fluid, but the absence of blood pressure makes it necessary to enhance the capillary effect of the needle. This is accomplished by either electropolishing the inner surface to make it more hydrophilic or using a polymer wire insert to increase the surface area. The steel surface of the reservoir is also coated with silicon oxynitride by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to improve its hydrophilicity. Blood from fresh bovine tissue was collected into the reservoir to simulate interstitial fluid sampling. In vivo tests on live, anesthetized mice resulted in successful collection of blood into the reservoir. The possible integration of the device in microanalytical systems and the device scalability for multisampling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, USA.
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Kemppinen N, Hau J, Meller A, Mauranen K, Kohila T, Nevalainen T. Impact of aspen furniture and restricted feeding on activity, blood pressure, heart rate and faecal corticosterone and immunoglobulin A excretion in rats (Rattus norvegicus) housed in individually ventilated cages. Lab Anim 2009; 44:104-12. [PMID: 19854757 DOI: 10.1258/la.2009.009058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the impact of adding different items in individually ventilated rat cages on the animal's activity, cardiovascular parameters and faecal stress indicators. The following three cage items made of aspen were compared: a cross made of two intersecting boards, a similar cross where drilled holes were loaded with food pellets (restricted feeding) and a rectangular tube. Male rats of the strains BN and F344 (n = 12) were housed in groups of three; one rat in each group was implanted with a telemetric transponder to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). In a crossover design, each group spent 14 days with each type of cage furniture, thereafter faecal pellets were collected for faecal analyses. The means of activity and means and coefficient of variation for MAP and HR were calculated for days 2, 6, 10 and 14. As a way of determining which of the statistically significant MAP and HR mean changes were biologically meaningful, the night-day differences of the controls on day 14 were used. Both board types lowered MAP of F344 rats; hence dividing walls seem beneficial for F344 welfare. None of the MAP or HR differences in BN rats were biologically significant. No statistically significant differences in faecal corticosterone or IgA excretion were detected. In conclusion, provision of general recommendations with respect to cage furniture for rat cages is complicated because there is a clear genetic component involved in how animals respond to these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kemppinen
- Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Kasanen IHE, Inhilä KJ, Vainio OM, Kiviniemi VV, Hau J, Scheinin M, Mering SM, Nevalainen TO. The diet board: welfare impacts of a novel method of dietary restriction in laboratory rats. Lab Anim 2009; 43:215-23. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2008.008066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory rats are commonly fed ad libitum (AL). Moderate dietary restriction (DR) decreases mortality and morbidity when compared with AL feeding, but there are several obstacles to the implementation of DR. Traditional methods of restricted feeding disrupt normal diurnal eating rhythms and are not compatible with group housing. We have designed a novel method, the diet board, to restrict the feeding of group-housed rats. Animals fed from the diet board had 15% lower body weight than the AL-fed animals at the age of 17 weeks. The welfare effects of diet board feeding were assessed by comparing the stress physiology of diet board fed animals with that of AL-fed animals. Diet board feeding was associated with higher serum corticosterone levels and lower faecal secretion of IgA, suggesting the diet board causes a stress reaction. However, the AL-fed group had larger adrenal glands with higher adrenaline and noradrenaline content than the diet board animals. No gastric ulcers were found in any of the animals at necropsy. The diet board thus appears to cause a stress reaction when compared with AL-fed rats, but no apparent pathology was associated with this reaction. The diet board could help to solve the health problems associated with AL feeding, while allowing the rats to be group-housed and to maintain their normal diurnal eating rhythms. The diet board can also be seen as a functional cage furniture item, dividing the cage into compartments and thus increasing the structural complexity of the environment. In conclusion, the diet board appears to possess refinement potential compared with traditional methods of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - O M Vainio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine
| | - V V Kiviniemi
- IT Centre, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Hau
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, and Clinical Pharmacology, TYKSLAB, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | | | - T O Nevalainen
- National Laboratory Animal Center
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Carlsson HE, Royo F, Faheem S, Tufvesson M, Hau J. Separation of pair housed roosters is associated with transient increased corticosteroid excretion. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86:183-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mcintyre TA, Han C, Xiang H, Bambal R, Davis CB. Differences in the total body clearance of lead compounds in the rat and mouse: Impact on pharmacokinetic screening strategy. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:605-19. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Mcintyre
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Oncology Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - C. Han
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Oncology Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - H. Xiang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Oncology Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - R. Bambal
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Oncology Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - C. B. Davis
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Oncology Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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Boggiano MM, Cavigelli SA, Dorsey JR, Kelley CEP, Ragan CM, Chandler-Laney PC. Effect of a cage divider permitting social stimuli on stress and food intake in rats. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:222-8. [PMID: 18565550 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The need to obtain data from individual laboratory animals has forced many researchers to singly-house small animals. This is costly to the researcher and isolation can adversely affect animal physiology and behavior which in turn may threaten the validity and generalization of experiment results to humans. We assessed the practical use of a housing device - dubbed "Buddy Barrier" (BB) - that allows social stimulation in a paired-housing situation while at the same time permitting the collection of individual measures that traditionally require individual-housing. To assess stress responses to the BB, adult male rats were single or pair-housed for several days with and without a BB in the cage. Fecal corticosterone metabolites (fCORT), food intake and body weight were monitored daily. Plasma CORT and adrenal catecholamine levels were assessed at the end of the housing manipulation. Stress hormone measures did not differ in paired vs. singly-housed rats and paired rats quickly habituated to introduction and removal of the BB. Barring a trend for paired rats to eat more in the first 4 h of the dark, there was no difference in 24 h intakes or body weight gain between singly and paired-housed rats. While the BB attenuated 24 h intakes in both groups, intakes normalized to non-BB conditions by the third BB reintroduction. A device such as the BB can enhance the welfare of animals by providing social enrichment without compromising the integrity of experimental protocols traditionally requiring single-housing. In times of lagging research funding it can also substantially reduce housing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Boggiano
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.
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Thanos PK, Cavigelli SA, Michaelides M, Olvet DM, Patel U, Diep MN, Volkow ND. A non-invasive method for detecting the metabolic stress response in rodents: characterization and disruption of the circadian corticosterone rhythm. Physiol Res 2008; 58:219-228. [PMID: 18380537 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma corticosterone (CORT) measures are a common procedure to detect stress responses in rodents. However, the procedure is invasive and can influence CORT levels, making it less than ideal for monitoring CORT circadian rhythms. In the current paper, we examined the applicability of a non-invasive fecal CORT metabolite measure to assess the circadian rhythm. We compared fecal CORT metabolite levels to circulating CORT levels, and analyzed change in the fecal circadian rhythm following an acute stressor (i.e. blood sampling by tail veil catheter). Fecal and blood samples were collected from male adolescent rats and analyzed for CORT metabolites and circulating CORT respectively. Fecal samples were collected hourly for 24 h before and after blood draw. On average, peak fecal CORT metabolite values occurred 7-9 h after the plasma CORT peak and time-matched fecal CORT values were well correlated with plasma CORT. As a result of the rapid blood draw, fecal production and CORT levels were altered the next day. These results indicate fecal CORT metabolite measures can be used to assess conditions that disrupt the circadian CORT rhythm, and provide a method to measure long-term changes in CORT production. This can benefit research that requires long-term glucocorticoid assessment (e.g. stress mechanisms underlying health).
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Thanos
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical Department, Upton, NY, USA.
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Paramastri Y, Royo F, Eberova J, Carlsson HE, Sajuthi D, Fernstrom AL, Pamungkas J, Hau J. Urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A, cortisol and 11-17 dioxoandrostanes, and serum cortisol in metabolic cage housed female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). J Med Primatol 2007; 36:355-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Garfias HR, Lara-Padilla E, Kormanovsky A, Campos-Rodríguez R. Effect of repeated restraint stress on the levels of intestinal IgA in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:681-92. [PMID: 17590521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of restraint stress on the intestinal humoral immune system, particularly those about intestinal IgA production, have not been explored in detail. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of restraint stress on the production and secretion of intestinal IgA as well as on the number of IgA+ cells in the intestinal lamina propria. The involvement of glucocorticoids and catecholamines were also evaluated. Mice were exposed to 1 or 4 h restraint stress for 4 d. The intestinal IgA concentration was quantified by ELISA and the number of IgA containing cells in the lamina propria was determined by immunohistochemistry. The effects of restraint were also analyzed in mice submitted to different procedures: adrenalectomy, chemical sympathectomy, treatment with a glucocorticoid antagonist (RU486), dexamethasone and epinephrine. The main findings were that (1) chronic restraint-stress reduced the intestinal IgA concentration without changing the number of IgA+ cells in lamina propria; (2) adrenalectomy restored the production of IgA in stressed mice; (3) RU486 and chemical sympathectomy partially blocked the decrease in intestinal IgA in stressed mice; and (4) pharmacological doses of dexamethasone and epinephrine significantly reduced the intestinal IgA concentration and the number of IgA+ cells. The restraint stress probably reduced the intestinal IgA concentration through the effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP 11340, México, DF
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