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Barrett EM, Gaines A, Coyle DH, Pettigrew S, Shahid M, Maganja D, Jones A, Rayner M, Mozaffarian D, Taylor F, Ghammachi N, Wu JHY. Comparing product healthiness according to the Health Star Rating and the NOVA classification system and implications for food labelling systems: An analysis of 25 486 products in Australia. NUTR BULL 2023; 48:523-534. [PMID: 37897130 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the extent of alignment between 'healthiness' defined by a food classification system that classifies foods and beverages primarily by their nutrient composition, the Health Star Rating (HSR) and a system that considers only the degree of processing of the product, the NOVA classification system. We used data for 25 486 products contained within the George Institute for Global Health's Australian 2022 FoodSwitch Dataset. Agreement between the two systems in the proportion of products classified as 'healthier' (HSR ≥3.5 or NOVA group 1-3) or 'less healthy' (HSR <3.5 or NOVA group 4) was assessed using the κ statistic. There was 'fair' agreement (κ = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.29-0.31) between both systems in the proportion of all products classified as healthier or less healthy. Approximately one-third (n = 8729) of all products were defined as 'discordant', including 34.3% (n = 5620) of NOVA group 4 products with HSR ≥3.5 (commonly convenience foods, sports/diet foods, meat alternatives, as well as products containing non-sugar sweeteners) and 34.1% (n = 3109) of NOVA group 1-3 products with HSR <3.5 (commonly single-ingredient foods such as sugars/syrups, full-fat dairy and products specially produced to contain no ultra-processed ingredients). Our analysis strengthens the evidence for the similarities and differences in product healthiness according to a nutrient-based classification system and a processing-based classification system. Although the systems' classifications align for the majority of food and beverage products, the discordance found for some product categories indicates potential for confusion if systems are deployed alongside each other within food policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden M Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Food is Medicine Institute, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison Gaines
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daisy H Coyle
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Shahid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Damian Maganja
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandra Jones
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mike Rayner
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Food is Medicine Institute, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Tufts School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fraser Taylor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nadine Ghammachi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason H Y Wu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Shrestha A, Cullerton K, White KM, Mays J, Sendall M. Impact of front-of-pack nutrition labelling in consumer understanding and use across socio-economic status: A systematic review. Appetite 2023; 187:106587. [PMID: 37169260 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An unhealthy diet is a leading contributor to the increasing burden of overweight and obesity. Front-of-pack labelling (FOPL) is being recognized as a policy strategy to promote healthier choices yet there is limited evaluation of FOPL to suggest if it is effective for all population subgroups. This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of FOPL on consumer understanding and usage across socio-economic gradients. Six electronic databases were searched through a systematic search process using key terms for FOPL and socioeconomic status (SES) from 2011 to March 2022 to include studies evaluating the effectiveness of FOPL. A narrative synthesis was conducted and the results were assessed according to the effects of FOPL on consumer awareness, understanding, and usage across SES. The review included 36 articles. In general, people of all SES groups were aware of and more likely to pay attention towards FOPL than the nutrition information panel provided on the back of the package. However, the understanding and usage were relatively poor, particularly in low SES groups. While studies conducted in low SES populations suggest FOPL increased the purchase intention of healthy products, the stratified analysis across SES showed less beneficial effects in low SES individuals. The findings highlight simplified and easy-to-understand FOPLs such as Nutri-score and traffic light labelling are likely to be effective for all populations including low SES groups. Overall, the review suggests FOPLs are more visible than the nutrition information panel and may guide healthier food choices for people of all SES backgrounds. It is unclear whether FOPL influences actual purchasing and food intake as there are insufficient studies comparing the effects among higher and lower SES populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Shrestha
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Katherine Cullerton
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Katherine M White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Jenni Mays
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Margo Sendall
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Miller C, Ettridge K, Pettigrew S, Wittert G, Wakefield M, Coveney J, Roder D, Martin J, Brownbill A, Dono J. Warning labels and interpretive nutrition labels: Impact on substitution between sugar and artificially sweetened beverages, juice and water in a real-world selection task. Appetite 2021; 169:105818. [PMID: 34838869 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective strategies to reduce free sugar intake are needed. This study examined exposure to a warning label, independently and in conjunction with a Health Star Rating (HSR) label, on the selection of commercially available cold beverages with real decision-making stakes. Participants (N = 511, 47.9% female, mean = 21.7 (SD = 6.1) years) accessed an online convenience store app via an on-campus laptop to select one of 10 beverages (5 sugar-sweetened beverages [SSBs], 1100% fruit juice, 2 artificially sweetened beverages [ASBs] and 2 waters). The task was repeated with the addition of a warning label on high-sugar drinks in Round 2, and the addition of an HSR label on all drinks in Round 3. Participants were informed that they would receive a complementary drink (valued at <$5AUD) based on their selections following the completion of a brief questionnaire. Baseline results indicated that SSBs and waters were the most and least popular choices, respectively. For both males and females, there was a significant decrease in SSB selection (p < 0.001) and significant increase in ASB and water selection (p < 0.001) following the addition of warning labels to high-sugar drinks. The decreased selection of SSBs and increased selection of waters was maintained in Round 3 when HSR labels were added to all drinks. 100% fruit juice selection decreased with the addition of a warning label for females only (p < 0.01), but increased following the addition of a 4-star HSR label, for both males (p < 0.05) and females (p < 0.001). Warning labels reduced young adults' selection of SSBs and promoted substitution to water. The HSR reinforced this effect for the least healthy drinks. Increased water selection may be further enhanced by ensuring that warning label thresholds and HSR algorithms align to present consistent messaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Miller
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kerry Ettridge
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- Food Policy, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary Wittert
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and GI Diseases, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Coveney
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Roder
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Jane Martin
- Obesity Policy Coalition and Alcohol and Obesity Policy, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aimee Brownbill
- Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joanne Dono
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Fardet A, Lebredonchel L, Rock E. Empirico-inductive and/or hypothetico-deductive methods in food science and nutrition research: which one to favor for a better global health? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2480-2493. [PMID: 34494476 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1976101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Scientific research generally follows two main methods: empirico-inductive (EI), gathering scattered, real-world qualitative/quantitative data to elaborate holistic theories, and the hypothetico-deductive (HD) approach, testing the validity of hypothesized theory in specific conditions, generally according to reductionist methodologies or designs, with the risk of over simplifying the initial complexity empirically perceived in its holistic view. However, in current food and nutrition research, new hypotheses are often elaborated from reductionist data obtained with the HD approach, and aggregated to form (ultra)reductionist theories, with no application of EI observations, limiting the applicability of these hypotheses in real life. This trend and the application of the EI method are illustrated as regards with the global health issue through the examples of food classifications/scoring, clinical studies, the definition of a sustainable diet, the "matrix effect"-related hypothesis, the concept of healthy core metabolism, and obesity prevention within the perspective of social sciences. To be efficient for producing food and nutritional data appropriable by the society, it finally appears that not only both approaches are necessary, starting with the EI method then the HD one, but also a back and forth between the two, this being not always realized, potentially leading to confusion and misunderstanding in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fardet
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Louis Lebredonchel
- CERREV - Centre de Recherche Risques & Vulnérabilités - EA 3918 Université de Caen Normandie MRSH, Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Edmond Rock
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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van den Akker K, Bartelet D, Brouwer L, Luijpers S, Nap T, Havermans R. The impact of the nutri-score on food choice: A choice experiment in a Dutch supermarket. Appetite 2021; 168:105664. [PMID: 34453996 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labels are placed on products to help consumers make healthy food choices. A lab-in-field experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of two FOP labels in promoting healthy food choices among Dutch consumers, and to examine whether dieters and health conscious shoppers are more likely to use the FOP labels. In addition, it was examined whether the placement of relatively "good" FOP label scores on products might inadvertently lead to increases in serving sizes. Participants (N = 300) consisted of Dutch consumers shopping for groceries in a local supermarket. They were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (Nutri-score, Multiple Traffic Light (MTL) label, or no label control condition), presented with six different (labeled) cereals, and asked to make a choice. Next, participants were shown a product with a relatively good label score and selected their desired serving size. The results show that the Nutri-score promotes choice of the healthiest cereal. Dieting behaviour and health conscious shopping did not moderate this effect, and the labels did not affect serving size selection. Overall, the study provides evidence for the Nutri-score to promote healthy food choices among Dutch consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien van den Akker
- CentERdata, Tilburg University, Intermezzo Building, Professor de Moorplein 524-525, P.O. Box 90153, 5037 DR, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Dimona Bartelet
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte Brouwer
- CentERdata, Tilburg University, Intermezzo Building, Professor de Moorplein 524-525, P.O. Box 90153, 5037 DR, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Syrah Luijpers
- CentERdata, Tilburg University, Intermezzo Building, Professor de Moorplein 524-525, P.O. Box 90153, 5037 DR, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Nap
- CentERdata, Tilburg University, Intermezzo Building, Professor de Moorplein 524-525, P.O. Box 90153, 5037 DR, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Remco Havermans
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, the Netherlands
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Cooper SL, Butcher LM, Scagnelli SD, Lo J, Ryan MM, Devine A, O’Sullivan TA. Australian Consumers Are Willing to Pay for the Health Star Rating Front-of-Pack Nutrition Label. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3876. [PMID: 33352995 PMCID: PMC7765932 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Australia and New Zealand Ministerial Forum on Food Regulation has supported the recommendations set out in the 2019 Health Star Rating System Five Year Review Report. Specifically, the forum supported, in principle, Recommendation 9, to mandate the Health Star Rating if clear uptake targets were not achieved while the system is voluntary. Given that mandatory labelling is being considered, it is important to investigate how much consumers value the Health Star Rating in order to understand potential consumer uptake and inform industry. The aim of this study was to assess consumers' valuation of the Health Star Rating system by analysing their willingness to pay for a packaged food product with the Health Star Rating label, utilising a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation approach. The results indicate that almost two-thirds of Australian household grocery shoppers were willing to pay more for a product with the Health Star Rating, on average up to an additional 3.7% of the price of the product. However, public health nutrition benefits associated with consumers' willingness to pay more for products with the Health Star Rating is currently limited by the lack of guarantee of the systems' accuracy. Given consumer support, a well validated and comprehensive Health Star Rating labelling system can potentially improve health outcomes, cost effectiveness and reduce environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L. Cooper
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Southern Cross University, Southern Cross Drive, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia
| | - Lucy M. Butcher
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (L.M.B.); (A.D.); (T.A.O.)
- Foodbank WA, 23 Abbott Road, Perth Airport, WA 6105, Australia
| | - Simone D. Scagnelli
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (S.D.S.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Johnny Lo
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
| | - Maria M. Ryan
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (S.D.S.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Amanda Devine
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (L.M.B.); (A.D.); (T.A.O.)
| | - Therese A. O’Sullivan
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; (L.M.B.); (A.D.); (T.A.O.)
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Fardet A, Rock E. Exclusive reductionism, chronic diseases and nutritional confusion: the degree of processing as a lever for improving public health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2784-2799. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1858751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fardet
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Edmond Rock
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Shahid M, Neal B, Jones A. Uptake of Australia's Health Star Rating System 2014-2019. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061791. [PMID: 32560224 PMCID: PMC7353262 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2014, Australia and New Zealand adopted a voluntary front-of-pack nutrition label, the Health Star Rating (HSR) system. Our aim was to assess its uptake in Australia in the five years following adoption and examine the feasibility of proposed targets for future uptake. Numbers and proportions of products eligible to carry a HSR were recorded each year between 2014 and 2019 as part of an annual survey of four large Australian retail outlets. Uptake was projected to 2024. Mean HSR values were determined for products that were, and were not labelled with a HSR logo, and summary data presented overall, by HSR score, by major food category, by manufacturer and manufacturer group. Differences in mean HSR were assessed by independent samples t-test. HSR uptake continues to increase, appearing on 7118/17,477 (40.7%) of eligible products in 2019. Voluntary display of the HSR logo was increasing linearly at 6.8% annually. This would need to be maintained to reach 70% by 2024. Of those products displaying a HSR logo, more than three quarters (76.4%) had a HSR ≥ 3.0. Products displaying a HSR logo had a significantly higher mean HSR (3.4), compared to products not displaying a HSR logo (2.6) (p < 0.001). One hundred and thirty-nine manufacturers were using HSR, but retailers Coles, Woolworths and ALDI were together responsible for the majority of uptake (55.9%). Manufacturer members of the Australian Food and Grocery Council were responsible for 28.6% of uptake. Our findings illustrate the limits of commercial goodwill in applying HSR voluntarily. Ongoing implementation must pair clear targets and timelines for uptake with a firm pathway to make HSR mandatory if sufficient progress is not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shahid
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (B.N.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-8052-4300
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (B.N.); (A.J.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexandra Jones
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; (B.N.); (A.J.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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The nutritional quality of supermarket own brand chilled convenience foods: an Australian cross-sectional study reveals limitations of the Health Star Rating. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2068-2077. [PMID: 32657266 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the nutritional quality of Australian supermarket own brand chilled convenience foods (SOBCCF), for example, ready meals, pizza, pies and desserts. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Two large supermarkets (Coles and Woolworths) in Perth, Western Australia were audited in February 2017. PARTICIPANTS Data were extracted from photographic images of 291 SOBCCF, including front-of-pack information (i.e. product name, description and nutrition labels including Health Star Rating (HSR)) and back-of-pack information (i.e. nutrition information panel and ingredients list). SOBCCF were classified as healthy or unhealthy consistent with principles of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGTHE), NOVA classification of level of food processing and HSR score. RESULTS Fifty-four percentage of SOBCCF were classified as unhealthy according to AGTHE principles, 94 % were ultra-processed foods using NOVA and 81 % scored a HSR of ≥2·5, implying that they were a healthy choice. Some convenience food groups comprised more healthy choices overall including prepared vegetables, salad kits and bowls, soups and vegetarian food. A significantly larger proportion of SOBCCF from Coles were classified as unhealthy compared with Woolworths (70 v. 44 %, P < 0·05) using the AGTHE. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest there is potential for Australian supermarkets to improve the nutritional quality of their SOBCCF and highlights the differences between supermarkets in applying their corporate social responsibility policies. Policies to assist consumers to select healthier foods should address difficulties in identifying healthy convenience foods. The findings reveal misclassification of unhealthy SOBCCF as healthy by the HSR suggesting that its algorithm should be reformed to align with recommendations of the AGTHE.
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Vergeer L, Vanderlee L, Ahmed M, Franco-Arellano B, Mulligan C, Dickinson K, L'Abbé MR. A comparison of the nutritional quality of products offered by the top packaged food and beverage companies in Canada. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:650. [PMID: 32393206 PMCID: PMC7216504 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canada's food supply is abundant in less healthy products, increasing Canadians' risk of obesity and non-communicable diseases. Food companies strongly influence the food supply; however, no studies have examined differences in the healthfulness of products offered by various companies in Canada. This study aimed to compare the nutritional quality of products offered by the top packaged food and beverage companies in Canada. METHODS Twenty-two top packaged food and beverage manufacturing companies were selected, representing > 50% of the Canadian market share in 2018. Nutritional information for products (n = 8277) was sourced from the University of Toronto Food Label Information Program 2017 database. Descriptive analyses examined the nutritional quality of products based on: 1) the Health Star Rating (HSR) system; 2) calories, sodium, saturated fat and total sugars per 100 g (or mL) and per reference amounts (RAs) defined by Health Canada; and 3) "high in" thresholds for sodium, saturated fat and total sugars proposed by Health Canada for pending front-of-package labelling regulations. Kruskal-Wallis tests compared HSRs of products between companies. RESULTS Mean HSRs of companies' total product offerings ranged from 1.9 to 3.6 (out of 5.0). Differences in HSRs of products between companies were significant overall and for 19 of 22 food categories (P < 0.05), particularly for fats/oils and beverages. Calories, sodium, saturated fat and total sugars contents varied widely between companies for several food categories, and depending on whether they were examined per 100 g (or mL) or RA. Additionally, 66.4% of all products exceeded ≥1 of Health Canada's "high in" thresholds for sodium (31.7%), saturated fat (28.3%) and/or sugars (28.4%). The proportion of products offered by a company that exceeded at least one of these thresholds ranged from 38.5 to 97.5%. CONCLUSIONS The nutritional quality of products offered by leading packaged food and beverage manufacturers in Canada differs significantly overall and by food category, with many products considered less healthy according to multiple nutrient profiling methods. Variation within food categories illustrates the need and potential for companies to improve the healthfulness of their products. Identifying companies that offer less healthy products compared with others in Canada may help prompt reformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vergeer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mavra Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Beatriz Franco-Arellano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christine Mulligan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kacie Dickinson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, G.P.O, Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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