[Morphofunctional features of non-functioning pituitary adenomas]

[Neuroendocrine markers in parathyroid tumors]

The parathyroid glands (PTGs) are a key regulator of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the human body. In terms of their, morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics, PTGs are neuroendocrine organs, and their neoplasms are neuroendocrine tumors. These neoplasms include adenoma and cancer; in addition, glandular hyperplasia may develop, which is most characteristic of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1, MEN2a, and MEN4) syndromes. The morphological characteristics of pathologically altered PTGs in MEN syndromes are variable. The analysis and generalization of knowledge about the features and expression of various immunohistochemical markers in PTG tissue in health and in diseases are useful in the practical work of not only pathologists, but also clinicians of various specialties.

Clinicopathological analysis of 250 cases of pituitary adenoma under the new WHO classification

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are a common subtype of intracranial tumors. The aim of the present study was to analyse the clinical and pathological features of different types of pituitary adenomas (PAs) according to the 2017 World Health Organisation Endocrine Organ Tumor Classification guidelines. The clinical data of 250 patients with PAs were collected and analysed. Differences in the incidence of invasion, recurrence and apoplexy in patients between high- and low-risk PAs were compared, as were differences in the Ki-67 index between invasive and non-invasive PAs and between recurrent PAs and non-recurrent PAs. Of the 250 cases, 45 cases were diagnosed as somatotroph adenomas, 26 cases as lactotroph adenomas, 1 case as thyrotroph adenoma, 61 cases as corticotroph adenomas, 93 cases as gonadotropin adenomas, 15 cases as null cell adenomas and 9 cases as plurihormonal adenomas. There were 5 types of high-risk pituitary adenoma identified: 17 cases of sparsely granulated somatotroph adenoma, 11 cases of lactotroph adenoma in men, 3 cases of plurihormonal PIT-1 positive adenoma and 42 cases of silent corticotroph adenoma. Crooke's cell adenoma was not identified. High-risk PAs had significantly higher rates of invasion, recurrence and apoplexy compared with that in low-risk types (P<0.001). Invasive PAs had a significantly higher Ki-67 index compared with that in non-invasive PAs (3.5±1.8 vs. 2.8±1.3; P<0.01). Recurrent PAs had a significantly higher Ki-67 index compared with that in non-recurrent PAs (3.9±1.9 vs. 2.8±1.3; P<0.001). According to the 2017 classification criteria, patients most frequently had gonadotrophin cell adenomas, followed by corticotroph adenomas and the proportion of null cell adenomas was reduced. Differences were noted in the proliferation, recurrence and apoplexy characteristics of high-risk PAs and low-risk PAs. The invasion and recurrence of PAs were found to be related to the Ki-67 index.