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Bastos V, Machado S, Teixeira DS. Feasibility and Usefulness of Repetitions-In-Reserve Scales for Selecting Exercise Intensity: A Scoping Review. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:940-970. [PMID: 38563729 PMCID: PMC11127506 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241241785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The intensity of resistance training (RT) exercise is an important consideration for determining relevant health and performance-related outcomes. Yet, current objective exercise intensity measures present concerns in terms of viability or cost. In response to these concerns, repetition-in-reserve (RIR) scales may represent an adequate method of measuring and regulating intensity. However, no recent review has focused on how RIR scales have been used for this purpose in prior research. We prepared the present scoping review to analyze the feasibility and usefulness of RIR scales in selecting RT intensity. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases (last search date April 2023) for experimental and non-experimental studies that utilized an RIR scale to measure proximity to failure in RT activities with apparently healthy individuals of any age. We qualitatively analyzed 31 studies (N = 855 mostly male adult participants) published between 2012-2023. RIR scales appeared to be contextually feasible and useful in prescribing and adjusting RT intensity. The most common trend in this research was to prescribe a target RIR and adjust the exercise load for a desired proximity to muscle failure. Additionally, when measuring proximity to failure as an outcome of interest, the literature suggests that the RIR prediction should be made close to task failure to increase its accuracy. Future research should further explore the impact of sex, RT experience, exercise selection, and muscle conditioning on the overall RIR approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Bastos
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (ULHT), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Center of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados-RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo S. Teixeira
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (ULHT), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Lisbon, Portugal
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de Queiros VS, Rolnick N, dos Santos ÍK, de França IM, Lima RJ, Vieira JG, Aniceto RR, Neto GR, de Medeiros JA, Vianna JM, de Araújo Tinôco Cabral BG, Silva Dantas PM. Acute Effect of Resistance Training With Blood Flow Restriction on Perceptual Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Health 2023; 15:673-688. [PMID: 36415041 PMCID: PMC10467469 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Several studies have compared perceptual responses between resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and traditional resistance exercise (non-BFR). However, the results were contradictory. OBJECTIVES To analyze the effect of RE+BFR versus non-BFR resistance exercise [low-load resistance exercise (LL-RE) or high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE)] on perceptual responses. DATA SOURCES CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed®, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched through August 28, 2021, and again on August 25, 2022. STUDY SELECTION Studies comparing the effect of RE+BFR versus non-BFR resistance exercise on rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle pain/discomfort were considered. Meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. DATA EXTRACTION All data were reviewed and extracted independently by 2 reviewers. Disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. RESULTS Thirty studies were included in this review. In a fixed repetition scheme, the RPE [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.04; P < 0.01] and discomfort (SMD = 1.10; P < 0.01) were higher in RE+BFR than in non-BFR LL-RE, but similar in sets to voluntary failure. There were no significant differences in RPE in the comparisons between RE+BFR and non-BFR HL-RE; after sensitivity analyses, it was found that the RPE was higher in non-BFR HL-RE in a fixed repetition scheme. In sets to voluntary failure, discomfort was higher in RE+BFR versus non-BFR HL-RE (SMD = 0.95; P < 0. 01); however, in a fixed scheme, the results were similar. CONCLUSION In sets to voluntary failure, RPE is similar between RE+BFR and non-BFR exercise. In fixed repetition schemes, RE+BFR seems to promote higher RPE than non-BFR LL-RE and less than HL-RE. In sets to failure, discomfort appears to be similar between LL-RE with and without BFR; however, RE+BFR appears to promote greater discomfort than HL-RE. In fixed repetition schemes, the discomfort appears to be no different between RE+BFR and HL-RE, but is lower in non-BFR LL-RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sabino de Queiros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ísis Kelly dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Education, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró-RN, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Martins de França
- Graduate Program in Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Rio Grande Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Rony Jerônimo Lima
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme Vieira
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil; Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramalho Aniceto
- Study and Research Group in Biomechanics and Psychophysiology of Exercise, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Currais Novos-RN, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Neto
- Faculty Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), Coordination of Physical Education, Nursing and Medical Schools, João Pessoa, Brazil; Coordination of Physical Education, University Center for Higher Education and Development (CESED/UNIFACISA/FCM/ESAC), Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Jason Azevedo de Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil; Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil)
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil)
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Enes A, Oneda G, Leonel DF, Ramos RA, Kvas-Cabral VC, Bernardo MF, Escalante G, Souza-Junior TP. Drop-Set Resistance Training versus Pyramidal and Traditional Sets Elicits Greater Psychophysiological Responses in Men. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:1624-1643. [PMID: 37197987 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231176729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of resistance training (ResisT) to pyramidal and traditional weightlifting sets on men's psychophysiological responses. In a randomized crossover design, 24 resistance-trained males performed drop-set, descending pyramid, and traditional ResisT in the barbell back squat, 45° leg press, and seated knee extension. We assessed participants' rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and feelings of pleasure/displeasure (FPD) at the end of each set and at 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes post-session. No differences were detected across ResisT Methods in total training volume (p = 0.180). Post hoc comparisons revealed that drop-set training elicited higher RPE (M 8.8 SD 0.7 arbitrary units) and lower FPD (M -1.4 SD 1.5 arbitrary units) values compared to descending pyramid (M Set RPE 8.0 SD 0.9 arbitrary units and M Set FPD 0.4 SD 1.6 arbitrary units) and traditional set (M Set RPE 7.5 SD 1.1 arbitrary units and M Set FPD 1.3 SD 1.2 arbitrary units) schemes (p < 0.05). In addition, drop-set training elicited higher session RPE (M 8.1 SD 0.8 arbitrary units) and lower session FPD (M 0.2 SD 1.4 arbitrary units) values than descending pyramid and traditional ResisT (p < 0.001). Similarly, descending pyramid training elicited higher session RPE (M 6.6 SD 0.9 arbitrary units) and lower session FPD (M 1.2 SD 1.4 arbitrary units) than traditional set (M Session RPE 5.9 SD 0.8 arbitrary units and M Session FPD 1.5 SD 1.2 arbitrary units) training (p = 0.015). No differences were found in the temporality of post-session metrics, suggesting that testing 10 and 15 minutes post-ResisT was sufficient to assess session RPE (p = 0.480) and session FPD (p = 0.855), respectively. In conclusion, even with similar total training volume, drop-set training elicited more pronounced psychophysiological responses than either pyramidal or traditional ResisT in resistance-trained males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysson Enes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Oneda
- Sports Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Danilo Fonseca Leonel
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Renan Alberton Ramos
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vinnicius C Kvas-Cabral
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mauro F Bernardo
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University (CSU), San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Tácito P Souza-Junior
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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Shaw BS, Lloyd R, Da Silva M, Coetzee D, Moran J, Waterworth SPW, Mathunjwa ML, Shaw I. German volume training for health promotion: Acute vasopressor, pulmonary and metabolic responses. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1025017. [PMID: 36601344 PMCID: PMC9806216 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1025017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) is increasingly recommended for incorporation into comprehensive fitness or "exercise as medicine" programs. However, the acute effects of RT, and especially its different sub-types, and how they impact health outcomes are not fully investigated. This study evaluated German Volume Training (GVT) ("10 set × 10 rep scheme") for its efficacy for its use in health settings. This study utilized a randomized crossover design with subjects serving as their own controls to establish baseline values. Subjects were blinded to the study hypothesis. Subjects performed a single session of GVT or no exercise, in a randomised order separated by a 1-week washout period. Outcomes were assessed before and immediately post-exercise. GVT significantly (p < 0.05) decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), but increased heart rate (HR), rate pressure product (RPP) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). No changes were found in the measured spirometry parameters. Increases were observed in carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and minute ventilation (VE), but not respiratory exchange ratio. Post hoc analysis demonstrated that post-GVT values were significantly lower for SBP (p = 0.017; d = 1.00), DBP (p = 0.013; d = 0.90), MAP (p = 0.024; d = 1.06), and VCO2 (p = 0.009; d = -1.32), and significantly higher for RPP (p = 0.001; d = -3.11), RPE (p = 0.001; d = -14.14), and HR (p = 0.001; d = -3.00). This study indicates that acute GVT promotes post-exercise hypotension and is of sufficient intensity to increase both objective HR and subjective RPE intensities appropriately for use in a variety of health promotion settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S. Shaw
- Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan Lloyd
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Monica Da Silva
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Donne Coetzee
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason Moran
- Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sally P. W. Waterworth
- Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Musa L. Mathunjwa
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Ina Shaw
- Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Ina Shaw,
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Pereira LC, Nunes JP, Kassiano W, Aguiar AF, Ribeiro AS. Acute effect of different resistance training loads on perceived effort and affectivity in older women: a cross-over and randomized study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:1333-1339. [PMID: 35023050 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-02062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of different resistance training loads on the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and feelings of pleasure displeasure (sFPD) of the session in older women. METHODS In a randomized, counterbalanced, and cross-over design, 16 older women (66.1 ± 3.9 years, 67.0 ± 8.4 kg, 154.1 ± 6.8 cm, 28.3 ± 4.4 kg/m2) performed 3 sets of 8 exercises in three experimental conditions, 1 session with a heavy load (HEV), one with a moderate load (MOD), and one session with a light load (LIT), all performed until momentary muscle failure. The sRPE and sFPD were assessed 15 min after the end of each session using specific scales. RESULTS A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed among conditions for sFPD in which HEV produced feelings of displeasure, and MOD produced greater feelings of pleasure (HEV = -1.38 ± 1.7, MOD = 3.38 ± 1.2, LIT = 0.69 ± 1.04). For sRPE, a significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed between MOD and LIT; whereby the LIT load induced a greater score compared to the MOD load (HEV = 4.56 ± 1.4, MOD = 4.31 ± 1.7, LIT = 5.75 ± 1.2). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the training load affects perceived effort and feelings of pleasure/displeasure when exercise is performed until concentric failure. The use of moderate loads induces greater pleasure feelings and a reduced degree of effort in older women.
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Znazen H, Slimani M, Hadadi A, Alzahrani T, Tod D, Bragazzi NL, Souissi N. Acute Effects of Moderate versus High-Intensity Strength Exercise on Attention and Mood States in Female Physical Education Students. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090931. [PMID: 34575080 PMCID: PMC8467463 DOI: 10.3390/life11090931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presumed benefits of exercise/physical activity on the brain are an important public health issue. However, the experimental approach to understanding the effects of physical activity on the brain, and more particularly on cognitive functions, has only been studied recently. In particular, females remain underrepresented in the research, despite having a specific training/exercise adaptation/response. The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effects of high- and moderate-intensity strength exercise (3 sets of 8–10 repetitions and 3 sets of 6 repetitions, respectively, with each session lasting approximately 30 min) on attention and mood states in female physical education students. Forty-six female physical education students (Mage = 20.02 ± 1.05 years, MBody Mass Index = 21.07) volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into three groups: a moderate-intensity strength exercise group (MISEG: n = 15), a high-intensity strength exercise group (HISEG: n = 16), and a control group (CG: n = 15). Attention and psychological states were assessed using the d2 test, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) questionnaire, respectively, before and after each session. The data showed that in the MISEG attention increased, in terms of concentration (p = 0.05). RPE values, fatigue and confusion were higher for the HISEG than the CG (p < 0.05) and the MISEG (p < 0.05). Vigour was higher for the MISEG than other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, moderate-intensity resistance exercise is an appropriate method to improve attention in female participants. The elevated cognitive performance may be due to the changes in RPE and mood states (fatigue, vigour and confusion subscales).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, Genoa University, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2037, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Atyh Hadadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Turki Alzahrani
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - David Tod
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory ‘‘Sports Performance Optimization’’, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), El Menzah, Tunis 1004, Tunisia;
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Burton I. Autoregulation in Resistance Training for Lower Limb Tendinopathy: A Potential Method for Addressing Individual Factors, Intervention Issues, and Inadequate Outcomes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:704306. [PMID: 34421641 PMCID: PMC8375597 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.704306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinopathy, are placing an increasing burden on society and health systems. Tendinopathy accounts for up to 30% of musculoskeletal disorders, with a high incidence in athletes and the general population. Although resistance training has shown short-term effectiveness in the treatment of lower limb tendinopathy, more comprehensive exercise protocols and progression methods are required due to poor long-term outcomes. The most common resistance training protocols are predetermined and standardized, which presents significant limitations. Current standardized protocols do not adhere to scientific resistance training principles, consider individual factors, or take the importance of individualized training into account. Resistance training programs in case of tendinopathy are currently not achieving the required intensity and dosage, leading to high recurrence rates. Therefore, better methods for individualizing and progressing resistance training are required to improve outcomes. One potential method is autoregulation, which allows individuals to progress training at their own rate, taking individual factors into account. Despite the finding of their effectiveness in increasing the strength of healthy athletes, autoregulation methods have not been investigated in case of tendinopathy. The purpose of this narrative review was 3-fold: firstly, to give an overview and a critical analysis of the individual factors involved in tendinopathy and current resistance training protocols and their limitations. Secondly, to give an overview of the history, methods, and application of autoregulation strategies both in sports performance and physiotherapy. Finally, a theoretical adaptation of a current tendinopathy resistance training protocol using autoregulation methods is presented, providing an example of how the method could be implemented in clinical practice or future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Burton
- National Health Service (NHS) Grampian, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Cranmer M, Walston Z. Heavy resistance training in the management of hip pain in older adults: A case series. Physiother Theory Pract 2021; 38:2241-2249. [PMID: 33896330 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2021.1917022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Resistance training has been shown to improve strength, endurance, and function in healthy older adults. The purpose of this case series was to describe the outcomes of a rehabilitation program consisting of heavy resistance training in older adults for management of hip pain. Case Description: Two male patients, aged 69 and 71, with chronic hip pain, participated in a six-week progressive resistance training rehabilitation program at loads equivalent to 76-81% of their one repetition maximum. Outcomes were assessed at evaluation, three, and six weeks. Outcomes included the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, hip and lumbar mobility, and the Five Times Sit to Stand test. Outcomes: By six weeks, each patient reported 0/10 pain and demonstrated clinically important improvements on the LEFS. Both patients' final scores on the Five Times Sit to Stand test fell below the 15 second value for being at risk for falls. Patient One increased his lifting capacity for the deadlift by 92%, and Patient Two by 56%. Both patients were able to deadlift >70% of their one repetition maximum by the conclusion of this report. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of the outcomes of utilizing heavy resistance training in elderly adults with hip pain in a rehabilitative setting. Both patients demonstrated clinically important improvements in pain, disability, global lower extremity strength, and function by the conclusion of six weeks duration. Further research is needed regarding the effectiveness of heavy resistance training for the treatment of elderly adults with musculoskeletal pain.
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Abstract
Rating of perceived effort (RPE) scales are the most frequently used single-item scales in exercise science. They offer an easy and useful way to monitor and prescribe exercise intensity. However, RPE scales suffer from methodological limitations stemming from multiple perceived effort definitions and measurement strategies. In the present review, we attend these issues by covering (1) two popular perceived effort definitions, (2) the terms included within these definitions and the reasons they can impede validity, (3) the problems associated with using different effort scales and instructions, and (4) measuring perceived effort from specific body parts and the body as a whole. We pose that the large number of interactions between definitions, scales, instructions and applications strategies, threatens measurement validity of RPE. We suggest two strategies to overcome these limitations: (1) to reinforce consistency by narrowing the number of definitions of perceived effort, the number of terms included within them, and the number of scales and instructions used. (2) Rather than measuring solely RPE as commonly done, exercise sciences will benefit from incorporating other single-item scales that measure affect, fatigue and discomfort, among others. By following these two recommendations, we expect the field will increase measurement validity and become more comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Halperin
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Aviv Emanuel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Hackett DA. Influence of Movement Velocity on Accuracy of Estimated Repetitions to Failure in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2701-2708. [PMID: 33938720 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hackett, DA. Influence of movement velocity on accuracy of estimated repetitions to failure in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This study explored the accuracy in estimated repetitions to failure (ERF) and changes in mean concentric velocity (MCV) during resistance exercise. Twenty male resistance trainers (age, 26.3 ± 6.9 years; body mass, 82.0 ± 6.0 kg; stature, 178.0 ± 5.5 cm) completed 5 sets of 10 repetitions for the bench press and squat at 70% one-repetition maximum. Subjects' reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and ERF after the 10th repetition of each set and then continued repetitions to momentary muscle failure (5-minute recovery between sets). Barbell velocity was assessed using a linear position transducer. For the bench press, MCV at repetitions 9-10 decreased as sets progressed (p ≤ 0.005) with a greater loss of MCV for sets 3-5 vs. set 1 (p ≤ 0.005). No significant changes in MCV variables were found across sets for the squat. Error in ERF was greater in set 1 for the bench press (p ≤ 0.005) with no differences for the remaining sets. There were no differences between sets for error in ERF for the squat. Moderate to strong relationships were found between most MCV variables and RPE and ERF, for the bench press (rs = -049 to 0.73; p ≤ 0.005). For the squat only, MCV at repetitions 9-10 was moderately related with RPE (rs = -0.33; p ≤ 0.003) and actual repetitions to failure (rs = 0.31; p ≤ 0.003). No significant relationships were found for error in ERF for either the bench press or squat. Changes in MCV across sets may influence perception of effort and performance for the bench press; however, it does not influence the accuracy in ERF for either exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, the University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
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Larsen S, Kristiansen E, van den Tillaar R. Effects of subjective and objective autoregulation methods for intensity and volume on enhancing maximal strength during resistance-training interventions: a systematic review. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10663. [PMID: 33520457 PMCID: PMC7810043 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maximal strength is a critical determinant of performance in numerous sports. Autoregulation is a resistance training prescription approach to adjust training variables based on the individuals’ daily fluctuations in performance, which are a result of training-induced fitness and fatigue, together with readiness from daily non-training stressors. Objective This review aimed to summarise the effects of different subjective and objective autoregulation methods for intensity and volume on enhancing maximal strength. Materials and Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted through SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies had to meet the following criteria to be included in the review: (1) estimation of 1-RM or a 1-RM test for both pre-test and post-test to measure progression in strength assessment during the training intervention, (2) a training comparison group, (3) participants were healthy, (4) the article had a detailed description of training intensity, training volume, and training frequency during the training intervention, (5) the training intervention lasted for more than four weeks, (6) studies with objective autoregulation methods utilised a validated measuring tool to monitor velocity, (7) English-language studies. Results Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 30 training groups and 356 participants. Effect size and percentage differences were calculated for 13 out of 14 studies to compare the effects of different training interventions. All autoregulation training protocols resulted in an increase in 1-RM, from small ES to large ES. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that using both subjective autoregulation methods for intensity, such as repetitions in reserve rating of perceived exertion and flexible daily undulation periodisation, together with objective autoregulation methods for autoregulation intensity and volume, such as velocity targets and velocity loss, could be effective methods for enhancing maximal strength. It is speculated that this is because the implementation of autoregulation into a periodised plan may take into account the athletes’ daily fluctuations, such as fluctuations in fitness, fatigue, and readiness to train. When training with a validated measuring tool to monitor velocity, this may provide objective augmented intra- and interset feedback during the resistance exercise who could be beneficial for increasing maximal strength. Coaches, practitioners, and athletes are encouraged to implement such autoregulation methods into a periodised plan when the goal is to enhance maximal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Larsen
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Eirik Kristiansen
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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Minor B, Helms E, Schepis J. RE: Mesocycle Progression in Hypertrophy: Volume Versus Intensity. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Individualisation can improve resistance training prescription. This is accomplished via monitoring or autoregulating training. Autoregulation adjusts variables at an individualised pace per performance, readiness, or recovery. Many autoregulation and monitoring methods exist; therefore, this review’s objective was to examine approaches intended to optimise adaptation. Up to July 2019, PubMed, Medline, SPORTDiscus, Scopus and CINAHL were searched. Only studies on methods of athlete monitoring useful for resistance-training regulation, or autoregulated training methods were included. Eleven monitoring and regulation themes emerged across 90 studies. Some physiological, performance, and perceptual measures correlated strongly (r ≥ 0.68) with resistance training performance. Testosterone, cortisol, catecholamines, cell-free DNA, jump height, throwing distance, barbell velocity, isometric and dynamic peak force, maximal voluntary isometric contractions, and sessional, repetitions in reserve-(RIR) based, and post-set Borg-scale ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were strongly associated with training performance, respectively. Despite strong correlations, many physiological and performance methods are logistically restrictive or limited to lab-settings, such as blood markers, electromyography or kinetic measurements. Some practical performance tests such as jump height or throw distance may be useful, low-risk stand-ins for maximal strength tests. Performance-based individualisation of load progression, flexible training configurations, and intensity and volume modifications based on velocity and RIR-based RPE scores are practical, reliable and show preliminary utility for enhancing performance.
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14
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The Effects of Lifting Lighter and Heavier Loads on Subjective Measures. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:176-183. [PMID: 32805714 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the progress made in the study of subjective measures in resistance training, some questions remain unanswered. Here the authors investigated if ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) can predict task failure and bar velocity across exercises and loads as a primary outcome and whether a battery of subjective measures differ as a function of the lifted loads as a secondary outcome. METHODS In this preregistered study, 20 resistance-trained subjects (50% female) first completed a 1-repetition-maximum test of the barbell squat and bench press. In the second and third sessions, they completed 2 sets of squats followed by 2 sets of bench press to task failure, using 70% or 83% of 1-repetition maximum, while bar velocity was recorded. RPE scores were recorded after every repetition. In addition to RPE, rating of fatigue, affective valence, enjoyment, and load preferences were collected after set and session completion. RESULTS Across conditions, RPE was strongly correlated with reaching task failure (r = .86) and moderately correlated with bar velocity (r = -.58). The model indicates that an increase in 1 RPE unit is associated with an 11% shift toward task failure and a 4% reduction in bar velocity, with steeper slopes observed in the heavier condition. Negligible differences were observed between the load conditions in rating of fatigue, affective valence, enjoyment, and load preference. CONCLUSION RPE scores, collected on a repetition-by-repetition basis, accurately reflected reaching task failure across loads and conditions. Hence, RPE can be used to prescribe repetition numbers during ongoing sets. The negligible differences between load conditions in rating of fatigue, affective valence, enjoyment, and load preference indicate that when sets are taken to task failure, loads can be selected based on individual preferences.
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15
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Emanuel A, Rozen Smukas II, Halperin I. An analysis of the perceived causes leading to task-failure in resistance-exercises. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9611. [PMID: 33194334 PMCID: PMC7391967 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While reaching task-failure in resistance-exercises is a topic that attracts scientific and applied interest, the underlying perceived reasons leading to task-failure remain underexplored. Here, we examined the reasons subjects attribute to task-failure as they performed resistance-exercises using different loads. Methods Twenty-two resistance-trained subjects (11-females) completed one Repetition-Maximum (RM) tests in the barbell squat and bench-press. Then, in the next two counterbalanced sessions, subjects performed two sets to task-failure in both exercises, using either 70% or 83% of 1RM. Approximately 30 seconds after set-completion, subjects verbally reported the reasons they perceived to have caused them to reach task-failure. Their answers were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. The differences between the frequencies of the identified categories were then tested using a mixed logistic regression model. Results The most commonly reported reason was muscle fatigue (54%, p < 0.001), mostly of the target muscles involved in each exercise. However, remote muscles involved to a lesser extent in each exercise were also reported. Approximately half of the remaining reasons included general fatigue (26%), pain (12%), cardiovascular strain (11%), and negative affect (10%), with the latter three reported more often in the squat (p = 0.022). Conclusions In contrast to our expectations, task-failure was perceived to be caused by a range of limiting factors other than fatigue of the target muscles. It now remains to be established whether different perceived limiting factors of resistance-exercises lead to different adaptations, such as muscular strength and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Emanuel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Isaac Isur Rozen Smukas
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Israel Halperin
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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16
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Gomes RL, Lixandrão ME, Ugrinowitsch C, Moreira A, Tricoli V, Roschel H. Session Rating of Perceived Exertion as an Efficient Tool for Individualized Resistance Training Progression. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:971-976. [PMID: 32304519 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gomes, RL, Lixandrão, ME, Ugrinowitsch, C, Moreira, A, Tricoli, V, and Roschel, H. Session rating of perceived exertion as an efficient tool for individualized resistance training progression. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The present study aimed to investigate the effects of an individualized resistance training (RT) progression model based on the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) on gains in muscle mass and strength when compared with a conventional predetermined progression method (PP). Twenty previously trained young male subjects were randomly allocated to 1 of the 2 groups: RPE (n = 10) or PP (n = 10). Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum dynamic strength were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks. The RPE-based progression model resulted in a lower number of high-intensity sessions compared with the PP-based model. Despite this, both groups showed significant and similar increases in CSA (p < 0.0001; RPE = 6.55 ± 5.27% and PP = 9.65 ± 3.63%) and strength (p < 0.0001; RPE = 9.68 ± 4.57% and PP = 9.28 ± 4.01%) after the intervention period. No significant between-group difference was observed for total training volume (RPE = 45,366.00 ± 10,190.00 kg and PP = 47,779.00 ± 5,685.00 kg; p = 0.52). Our results showed that an RT progression model based on session-to-session physiological response assessments resulted in fewer high-intensity training sessions while allowing for similar gains in muscle strength and mass. Thus, trainees are encouraged to adopt session RPE as a potential tool to control workload progression throughout a training period and allowing the optimization of training stimulus on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo L Gomes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel E Lixandrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport and School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport and School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Martorelli AS, De Lima FD, Vieira A, Tufano JJ, Ernesto C, Boullosa D, Bottaro M. The interplay between internal and external load parameters during different strength training sessions in resistance-trained men. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:16-25. [PMID: 32008472 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1725646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
External load influences internal load in resistance training (RT). The purpose of the present study was to compare the total volume-load, perceptual and stress responses during three different RT protocols. Twelve resistance-trained men completed three different RT protocols with the back squat and bench press exercises: (1) power (POW) (5 sets of 6 repetitions at 50%1RM, 2-min of rest), (2) hypertrophy (HYP) (5 sets-to-failure at 75%1RM, 2-min of rest), and (3) strength (STR) (5 sets-to-failure at 90%1RM, 3-min of rest). Volume-load (kg × reps.), session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), training impulse (TRIMP; reps. × sRPE), cortisol, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactate, and creatine kinase (CK) were assessed before and/or after the sessions. HYP was the most demanding session in terms of volume-load (p < 0.001), TRIMP (p < 0.001), cortisol (p = 0.001), lactate (p < 0.001), and CK (p = 0.001). Despite POW exhibited a greater volume-load than STR (p = 0.016), the latter exhibiting a greater sRPE (p < 0.001), and a greater post-session CK (p = 0.05). However, the TRIMP of STR and POW were not statistically different (152 vs. 260 AU; p = 0.089). These specific responses could be meditated by the presence of muscular failure. When pooling all the sessions, significant correlations were revealed among external and internal stress markers (r = 0.35-0.80; p ≤ 0.05). The use of TRIMP could be recommended as a simple and valid monitoring tool which integrates into a single parameter the internal and the external loads of RT sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipe D De Lima
- College of Health Sciences, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Brazil.,College of Education and Health Sciences, University Center of Brasília - UniCEUB, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Amilton Vieira
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Brazil
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Ernesto
- Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília - UnB, Brasília, Brazil
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Ribeiro AS, Afonso C, Nascimento MAD, Oliveira MR, Teixeira DC. Effects of Different Dispositions of Resistance Exercises on Subjective Perception of Effort, Discomfort and Affectivity in Older Women. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n4p404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of the study was to verify the effect of two dispositions of resistance exercises on rate of perceived of effort (RPE), discomfort and affectivity in older women. Twenty older women (68.0±6.6 years, 69.8±12.7 kg, and 155.9±7.0 cm) performed in a balanced and randomized design two experimental conditions, namely: a circuit (CIRC) fashion and another in a traditional (TRAD) fashion. In both conditions, six resistance exercises in the following order were performed: push press with kettlebell, swing with kettlebell, plantar flexion, squatting, ladder displacement and shoulder flexion with naval rope, with the same load and three sets of 15 repetitions/exercise. In the CIRC condition, the exercises were performed in stations, with no interval among them, and at the end of the last exercise, a three-minute interval was performed. For the TRAD condition the exercises were performed in consecutive sets, with intervals of 90s between the sets and the exercises. After 15 min of the closure of each session, the RPE (OMNI), feeling (Hardy and Rejeski) and a discomfort scale were applied. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the sessions for PSE (TRAD = 6.0±1.2 vs. CIRC = 6.1±0.9), feeling (TRAD = 3.7±1.6 vs. CIRC = 3.6±1.2) and discomfort (TRAD = 5.2±1.4 vs. CIRC = 5.1±1.3). The results suggest that PSE, discomfort and affective response to resistance exercises are similar when performed in CIRC or TRAD in older women. Keywords: Exercise. Aging. Physical exertion. ResumoO objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito de duas diferentes disposições de execução de exercícios resistidos sobre a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE), o desconforto e a afetividade em mulheres idosas. Vinte mulheres idosas (68,0±6,6 anos, 69,8±12,7 kg e 155,9±7,0 cm) foram distribuídas de forma balanceada e aleatorizada para duas condições experimentais: disposição de circuito (CIRC) e disposição tradicional (TRAD). Em ambas as condições, seis exercícios resistidos foram executados na seguinte ordem: push press com kettlebell, swing com kettlebell, flexão plantar, agachamento, deslocamento em escada e flexão de ombros com corda naval, com mesma carga e três séries de 15 repetições/exercício. Na condição CIRC os exercícios foram executados em forma de estações, sem intervalo entre os exercícios e, ao final de cada série foi concedido intervalo de três minutos. Para condição TRAD os exercícios foram executados em séries consecutivas, com intervalos de 90s entre os exercícios e as séries. Após 15 min do termino de cada sessão foram aplicadas as escalas de PSE (OMNI), sentimento (Hardy e Rejeski) e desconforto. Não ocorreram diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre as sessões para PSE (TRAD = 6,0±1,2 vs CIRC = 6,1±0,9), sentimento (TRAD = 3,7±1,6 vs CIRC = 3,6±1,2) e desconforto (TRAD = 5,2±1,4 vs CIRC = 5,1±1,3). Os resultados sugerem que a PSE, o desconforto e a resposta afetiva aos exercícios resistidos são semelhantes quando realizados em CIRC ou TRAD em mulheres idosas. Palavras-chave: Exercício Físico. Envelhecimento. Esforço Físico.
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Blood-Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise Promotes Lower Pain and Ratings of Perceived Exertion Compared With Either High- or Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Performed to Muscular Failure. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 28:706-710. [PMID: 30040033 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Given the comparable muscle hypertrophy constantly observed between blood-flow restriction exercise (BFR-RE) and conventional resistance exercise, understanding their particular rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain may help to better prescribe exercise at a low-discomfort level, thus increasing its feasibility. DESIGN Randomized crossover study. OBJECTIVE To compare the RPE and pain response between conventional high- (HI-RE) and low-intensity resistance exercise (LI-RE) protocols to failure with a nonmuscular failure LI-RE associated with BFR-RE. PARTICIPANTS A total of 12 men (age: 20 [3] y; body mass: 73.5 [9] kg; height: 174 [6] cm). INTERVENTIONS Four sets of 45° leg-press exercises in 3 different conditions: (1) BFR-RE (15 repetitions; 30% 1-repetition maximum), (2) HI-RE (80% 1-repetition maximum to muscular failure), and (3) LI-RE (30% 1-repetition maximum to muscular failure). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES RPE and pain were assessed immediately before exercise session and after the end of each of the 4 sets. RESULTS RPE and pain levels increased throughout the exercise sets for all RE protocols (all, Ps < .05). HI-RE and LI-RE protocols showed similar increase in RPE and pain levels during all exercise sets (P < .05); however, both protocols demonstrated higher RPE and pain response compared with BFR-RE after each of the 4 sets (all Ps < .05 between-group comparisons). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that both HI-RE and LI-RE to muscular failure resulted in similar and significant increases in RPE and pain levels, regardless of exercise intensity. In addition, nonmuscular failure BFR-RE also increased RPE and pain response, however, to a lower extent compared with either HI-RE or LI-RE.
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20
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Associations between Perceptual Fatigue and Accuracy of Estimated Repetitions to Failure during Resistance Exercises. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4030056. [PMID: 33467371 PMCID: PMC7739315 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately identify proximity to momentary failure during a set of resistance exercise might be important to maximise training adaptations. This study examined the association between perceptual fatigue and the accuracy of the estimated repetitions to failure (ERF). Twenty-seven males and eleven females performed sets of 10 repetitions at specific loads for the chest press and leg-press. Following the completion of 10 repetitions, participants rated their fatigue and ERF and then proceeded to concentric failure (actual repetitions to failure) to determine the ERF accuracy (i.e., error-ERF). Small correlations were found between perceptual fatigue and error-ERF for the chest-press (r = -0.26, p = 0.001) and the leg-press (r = -0.18, p = 0.013). For actual repetitions to failure and error-ERF, a strong correlation was found for the chest-press (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and a very strong correlation was foundfor the leg-press (r = 0.73, p < 0.001). Moderate correlations were found between perceptual fatigue and actual repetitions to failure for the chest-press (r = -0.42, p < 0.001) and leg-press (r = -0.40, p < 0.001). Overall, findings suggest that the accuracy of the estimated repetitions to failure is more strongly associated with proximity to task repetition failure rather than subjective feelings of fatigue.
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21
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Ormsbee MJ, Carzoli JP, Klemp A, Allman BR, Zourdos MC, Kim JS, Panton LB. Efficacy of the Repetitions in Reserve-Based Rating of Perceived Exertion for the Bench Press in Experienced and Novice Benchers. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:337-345. [PMID: 28301439 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ormsbee, MJ, Carzoli, JP, Klemp, A, Allman, BR, Zourdos, MC, Kim, J-S, and Panton, LB. Efficacy of the repetitions in reserve-based rating of perceived exertion for the bench press in experienced and novice benchers. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 337-345, 2019-Autoregulation (AR) is the practice of adjusting training variables in response to athlete feedback. One component of AR postulated to enhance resistance training adaptations involves implementing a resistance training-specific rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale measuring repetitions in reserve (RIR). The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of this method using the bench press exercise. Twenty-seven college-aged men were assigned to one of 2 groups based on training age: experienced benchers (EB) (n = 14, training age: 4.7 ± 2.0 years) and novice benchers (NB) (n = 13, training age: 1.1 ± 0.6 years). Subjects performed 1 repetition maximum (1RM) followed by single-repetition sets with loads corresponding to 60, 75, and 90% of 1RM and an 8-repetition set at 70% of 1RM. Subjects reported a corresponding RPE, based on RIR, for every set. Average velocity was recorded for each single-repetition set along with the first and last repetitions of the 8-repetition set at 70% of 1RM. Average velocity at 100% of 1RM in EB was slower (0.14 ± 0.04 m·s) compared with NB (0.20 ± 0.05 m·s) (p < 0.001). Experienced benchers recorded greater RPE than NB at 1RM (EB: 9.86 ± 0.14 vs. NB: 9.35 ± 0.36) (p = 0.011). No between-group differences existed for average velocity or RPE at any other intensity. Both EB (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) and NB (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) had strong inverse significant correlations between average velocity and RPE at all intensities. Our findings suggest that the RIR-based RPE scale may be an efficacious approach for AR of bench press training load and volume in college-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Joseph P Carzoli
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Alex Klemp
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Brittany R Allman
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Michael C Zourdos
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Jeong-Su Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Lynn B Panton
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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Fisher J, Steele J, Smith D. High- and Low-Load Resistance Training: Interpretation and Practical Application of Current Research Findings. Sports Med 2018; 47:393-400. [PMID: 27480764 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our current state of knowledge regarding the load (lighter or heavier) lifted in resistance training programmes that will result in 'optimal' strength and hypertrophic adaptations is unclear. Despite this, position stands and recommendations are made based on, we propose, limited evidence to lift heavier weights. Here we discuss the state of evidence on the impact of load and how it, as a single variable, stimulates adaptations to take place and whether evidence for recommending heavier loads is available, well-defined, currently correctly interpreted or has been overlooked. Areas of discussion include electromyography amplitude, in vivo and in vitro methods of measuring hypertrophy, and motor schema and skill acquisition. The present piece clarifies to trainers and trainees the impact of these variables by discussing interpretation of synchronous and sequential motor unit recruitment and revisiting the size principle, poor agreement between whole-muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and biopsy-determined changes in myofibril CSA, and neural adaptations around task specificity. Our opinion is that the practical implications of being able to self-select external load include reducing the need for specific facility memberships, motivating older persons or those who might be less confident using heavy loads, and allowing people to undertake home- or field-based resistance training intervention strategies that might ultimately improve exercise adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Fisher
- Southampton Solent University, East Park Terrace, Southampton, SO14 0YN, UK.
| | - James Steele
- Southampton Solent University, East Park Terrace, Southampton, SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Dave Smith
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK
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23
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Hackett DA, Cobley SP, Halaki M. Estimation of Repetitions to Failure for Monitoring Resistance Exercise Intensity: Building a Case for Application. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1352-1359. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Helms ER, Byrnes RK, Cooke DM, Haischer MH, Carzoli JP, Johnson TK, Cross MR, Cronin JB, Storey AG, Zourdos MC. RPE vs. Percentage 1RM Loading in Periodized Programs Matched for Sets and Repetitions. Front Physiol 2018; 9:247. [PMID: 29628895 PMCID: PMC5877330 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate differences between rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and percentage one-repetition maximum (1RM) load assignment in resistance-trained males (19-35 years) performing protocols with matched sets and repetitions differentiated by load-assignment. Methods: Participants performed squats then bench press 3x/weeks in a daily undulating format over 8-weeks. Participants were counterbalanced by pre-test 1RM then assigned to percentage 1RM (1RMG, n = 11); load-assignment via percentage 1RMs, or RPE groups (RPEG, n = 10); participant-selected loads to reach target RPE ranges. Ultrasonography determined pre and post-test pectoralis (PMT), and vastus lateralis muscle thickness at 50 (VLMT50) and 70% (VLMT70) femur-length. Results: Bench press (1RMG +9.64 ± 5.36; RPEG + 10.70 ± 3.30 kg), squat (1RMG + 13.91 ± 5.89; RPEG + 17.05 ± 5.44 kg) and their combined-total 1RMs (1RMG + 23.55 ± 10.38; RPEG + 27.75 ± 7.94 kg) increased (p < 0.05) in both groups as did PMT (1RMG + 1.59 ± 1.33; RPEG +1.90 ± 1.91 mm), VLMT50 (1RMG +2.13 ± 1.95; RPEG + 1.85 ± 1.97 mm) and VLMT70 (1RMG + 2.40 ± 2.22; RPEG + 2.31 ± 2.27 mm). Between-group differences were non-significant (p > 0.05). Magnitude-based inferences revealed 79, 57, and 72% chances of mean small effect size (ES) advantages for squat; ES 90% confidence limits (CL) = 0.50 ± 0.63, bench press; ES 90% CL = 0.28 ± 0.73, and combined-total; ES 90% CL = 0.48 ± 0.68 respectively, in RPEG. There were 4, 14, and 6% chances 1RMG had a strength advantage of the same magnitude, and 18, 29, and 22% chances, respectively of trivial differences between groups. Conclusions: Both loading-types are effective. However, RPE-based loading may provide a small 1RM strength advantage in a majority of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryan K. Byrnes
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Daniel M. Cooke
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Michael H. Haischer
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Joseph P. Carzoli
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Trevor K. Johnson
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Matthew R. Cross
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B. Cronin
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Adam G. Storey
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael C. Zourdos
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
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25
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Steele J, Endres A, Fisher J, Gentil P, Giessing J. Ability to predict repetitions to momentary failure is not perfectly accurate, though improves with resistance training experience. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4105. [PMID: 29204323 PMCID: PMC5712461 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
‘Repetitions in Reserve’ (RIR) scales in resistance training (RT) are used to control effort but assume people accurately predict performance a priori (i.e. the number of possible repetitions to momentary failure (MF)). This study examined the ability of trainees with different experience levels to predict number of repetitions to MF. One hundred and forty-one participants underwent a full body RT session involving single sets to MF and were asked to predict the number of repetitions they could complete before reaching MF on each exercise. Participants underpredicted the number of repetitions they could perform to MF (Standard error of measurements [95% confidence intervals] for combined sample ranged between 2.64 [2.36–2.99] and 3.38 [3.02–3.83]). There was a tendency towards improved accuracy with greater experience. Ability to predict repetitions to MF is not perfectly accurate among most trainees though may improve with experience. Thus, RIR should be used cautiously in prescription of RT. Trainers and trainees should be aware of this as it may have implications for the attainment of training goals, particularly muscular hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Endres
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - James Fisher
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jürgen Giessing
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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26
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Scott BR, Duthie GM, Thornton HR, Dascombe BJ. Training Monitoring for Resistance Exercise: Theory and Applications. Sports Med 2017; 46:687-98. [PMID: 26780346 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance exercise is difficult to quantify owing to its inherent complexity with numerous training variables contributing to the training dose (type of exercise, load lifted, training volume, inter-set rest periods, and repetition velocity). In addition, the intensity of resistance training is often inadequately determined as the relative load lifted (% 1-repetition maximum), which does not account for the effects of inter-set recovery periods, repetition velocity, or the number of repetitions performed in each set at a given load. Methods to calculate the volume load associated with resistance training, as well as the perceived intensity of individual sets and entire training sessions have been shown to provide useful information regarding the actual training stimulus. In addition, questionnaires to subjectively assess how athletes are coping with the stressors of training and portable technologies to quantify performance variables such as concentric velocity may also be valuable. However, while several methods have been proposed to quantify resistance training, there is not yet a consensus regarding how these methods can be best implemented and integrated to complement each other. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide practical information for strength coaches to highlight effective methods to assess resistance training, and how they can be integrated into a comprehensive monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R Scott
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia. .,Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia.
| | - Grant M Duthie
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia.,Newcastle Knights Rugby League Club, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Heidi R Thornton
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia.,Newcastle Knights Rugby League Club, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben J Dascombe
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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27
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Steele J, Fisher J, Giessing J, Gentil P. Clarity in reporting terminology and definitions of set endpoints in resistance training. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:368-374. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Steele
- Centre for Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences; Southampton Solent University; East Park Terrace, Southampton Hampshire SO14 0YN UK
| | - James Fisher
- Centre for Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, School of Sport, Health and Social Sciences; Southampton Solent University; East Park Terrace, Southampton Hampshire SO14 0YN UK
| | - Jürgen Giessing
- Institute of Sport Science; University of Koblenz-Landau; Landau Germany
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance; Federal University of Goiás; Goiás Brazil
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28
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Mayo X, Iglesias-Soler E, Kingsley JD. Perceived Exertion Is Affected by the Submaximal Set Configuration Used in Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:426-432. [PMID: 28277430 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mayo, X, Iglesias-Soler, E, and Kingsley, JD. Perceived exertion is affected by the submaximal set configuration used in resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 426-432, 2019-Previously, perceived exertion in submaximal resistance exercise protocols was reported to be affected by the intensity of load followed by work-to-rest ratio. Nevertheless, the effect of set configuration, which entails the metabolic, hormonal, and neuromuscular implication of the session, is currently unknown, despite the fact that perceived exertion discriminates these differences. We aimed to analyze the effect of 3 submaximal set configurations on perceived exertion and their relationship with velocity as a mechanical measure of fatigue. Seventeen healthy subjects (23 ± 2 years) performed with the 10-repetition maximum load on the leg press (211 ± 45 kg) a total of 40 repetitions with 720 seconds of rest in 3 randomized experimental sessions with the same work-to-rest ratio. The sessions consisted of an interrepetition rest design performing individual repetitions, a cluster design performing groups of 4 repetitions, and a traditional design performing groups of 8 repetitions. At the end of the session, the nonparametric analysis of variance-type test revealed differences between protocols (p < 0.001), with lower values of perceived exertion in the interrepetition rest design in comparison with the cluster design (p = 0.003) and traditional design (p < 0.001). In addition, Spearman's rank correlations (p < 0.001) were observed for the interrepetition rest design (rho = -0.72) and traditional design (rho = -0.8) between perceived exertion and velocity. Our findings suggest that the submaximal set configuration is a determinant of perceived exertion by itself, and that perceived exertion represents similar mechanisms as velocity, such as fatigue and certain characteristics of the session and the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Mayo
- Center for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J Derek Kingsley
- Cardiovascular Dynamics Laboratory, Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
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29
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Hiscock DJ, Dawson B, Clarke M, Peeling P. Can changes in resistance exercise workload influence internal load, countermovement jump performance and the endocrine response? J Sports Sci 2017; 36:191-197. [PMID: 28282743 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1290270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of differing volume load and intensity (%1 repetition maximum[%1RM]) resistance exercise workouts on session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and endocrine responses. Twelve participants performed a workout comprising four exercises (bench press, back squat, deadlift and prone bench pull) in randomised order as either power (POW); 3 sets × 6 repetitions at 45%1RM × 3 min inter-set rest, strength (ST); 3 sets × 3 repetitions at 90%1RM × 3 min inter-set rest, or hypertrophy (HYP); 3 sets × 10 repetitions at 70%1RM × 1 min inter-set rest in a randomised-crossover design. CMJ performance and endocrine responses were measured immediately pre-, post-, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise. POW sRPE (3.0 ± 1.0) was lower than ST (4.5 ± 1.0) (P = 0.01), and both were lower than HYP (8.5 ± 1.0) (P = 0.01). Duration of CMJ decrement was longer (P ≤ 0.05) for HYP (72 h) compared to POW (12 h) and ST (24 h). Testosterone concentration was greater (P ≤ 0.05) immediately post-exercise in HYP compared to POW and ST. In conclusion, less inter-set rest, greater volume load and intensity (%1RM) may increase sRPE, duration of CMJ performance decrement and testosterone responses in resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hiscock
- a School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- a School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia
| | - Michael Clarke
- b Centre for Metabolomics, The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- a School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia
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30
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Gauche R, Ferreira-Júnior JB, Gadelha AB, Neri SGR, Bottaro M, Vianna LC, Lima RM. Session Perceived Exertion Following Traditional and Circuit Resistance Exercise Methods in Older Hypertensive Women. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 124:166-181. [PMID: 27932535 DOI: 10.1177/0031512516680436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared session ratings of perceived exertion (SRPE) between traditional multiple-set (TR) and circuit (CI) resistance exercise methods in treated hypertensive women. Fourteen volunteers (69.9 ± 5.6 years) performed two training sessions (TR and CI) in a random order, with the same number of sets, exercises, and loads. SRPE was obtained 30 minutes following each session using Foster's scale. OMNI-resistance exercise scale (OMNI-RES) measures were subsequently taken. Foster's SRPE was not significantly different between sessions (3.8 ± 0.9 TR vs. 3.4 ± 1.0 CI; p = .125), but OMNI-RES values were significantly higher following TR than following CI (5.2 ± 1.3 vs. 4.6 ± 1.5; p = .033). Total session duration was longer for TR (29.3 ± 1.2 vs. 20.0 ± 0.9 minutes; p < .001). Using moderate loads, the CI method did not elicit higher SRPE when compared with TR. Conversely, significantly lower OMNI-RES values follow CI. These results will be useful for prescribing exercise regimens for older hypertensive women.
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31
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Grisbrook TL, Gittings PM, Wood FM, Edgar DW. The effectiveness of session rating of perceived exertion to monitor resistance training load in acute burns patients. Burns 2016; 43:169-175. [PMID: 27515423 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Session-rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a method frequently utilised in exercise and sports science to quantify training load of an entire aerobic exercise session. It has also been demonstrated that session-RPE is a valid and reliable method to quantify training load during resistance exercise, in healthy and athletic populations. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of session-RPE as a method to quantify exercise intensity during resistance training in patients with acute burns. Twenty burns patients (mean age=31.65 (±10.09) years), with a mean TBSA of 16.4% (range=6-40%) were recruited for this study. Patients were randomly allocated to the resistance training (n=10) or control group (n=10). All patients completed a four week resistance training programme. Training load (session-RPE×session duration), resistance training session-volume and pre-exercise pain were recorded for each exercise session. The influence of; age, gender, %TBSA, exercise group (resistance training vs. control), pre-exercise pain, resistance training history and session-volume on training load were analysed using a multilevel mixed-effects linear regression. Session-volume did not influence training load in the final regression model, however training load was significantly greater in the resistance training group, compared with the control group (p<0.001). Pre-exercise pain significantly influenced training load, where increasing pain was associated with a higher session-RPE (p=0.004). Further research is indicated to determine the exact relationship between pain, resistance training history, exercise intensity and session-RPE and training load before it can be used as a method to monitor and prescribe resistance training load in acute burns patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Grisbrook
- Fiona Wood Foundation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Paul M Gittings
- Fiona Wood Foundation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; State Adult Burn Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Burn Injury Research Node, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Fiona Wood Foundation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; State Adult Burn Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dale W Edgar
- Fiona Wood Foundation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; State Adult Burn Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Burn Injury Research Node, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
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32
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Zourdos MC, Klemp A, Dolan C, Quiles JM, Schau KA, Jo E, Helms E, Esgro B, Duncan S, Garcia Merino S, Blanco R. Novel Resistance Training-Specific Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale Measuring Repetitions in Reserve. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:267-75. [PMID: 26049792 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to compare rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values measuring repetitions in reserve (RIR) at particular intensities of 1 repetition maximum (RM) in experienced (ES) and novice squatters (NS). Furthermore, this investigation compared average velocity between ES and NS at the same intensities. Twenty-nine individuals (24.0 ± 3.4 years) performed a 1RM squat followed by a single repetition with loads corresponding to 60, 75, and 90% of 1RM and an 8-repetition set at 70% 1RM. Average velocity was recorded at 60, 75, and 90% 1RM and on the first and last repetitions of the 8-repetition set. Subjects reported an RPE value that corresponded to an RIR value (RPE-10 = 0-RIR, RPE-9 = 1-RIR, and so forth). Subjects were assigned to one of the 2 groups: (a) ES (n = 15, training age: 5.2 ± 3.5 years) and (b) NS (n = 14, training age: 0.4 ± 0.6 years). The mean of the average velocities for ES was slower (p ≤ 0.05) than NS at 100% and 90% 1RM. However, there were no differences (p > 0.05) between groups at 60, 75%, or for the first and eighth repetitions at 70% 1RM. In addition, ES recorded greater RPE at 1RM than NS (p = 0.023). In ES, there was a strong inverse relationship between average velocity and RPE at all percentages (r = -0.88, p < 0.001), and a strong inverse correlation in NS between average velocity and RPE at all intensities (r = -0.77, p = 0.001). Our findings demonstrate an inverse relationship between average velocity and RPE/RIR. Experienced squatter group exhibited slower average velocity and higher RPE at 1RM than NS, signaling greater efficiency at high intensities. The RIR-based RPE scale is a practical method to regulate daily training load and provide feedback during a 1RM test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Zourdos
- 1Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida; 2Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California; 3Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; 4Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania; 5Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; and 6Department of Motricity, Human Performance and Sport Management, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Differentiation between perceived effort and discomfort during resistance training in older adults:Reliability of trainee ratings of effort and discomfort,and reliability and validity of trainer ratings of trainee effort. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17338/trainology.6.1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Genner KM, Weston M. A comparison of workload quantification methods in relation to physiological responses to resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:2621-7. [PMID: 24552797 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to (a) assess the usefulness of volume load (VL), session rate of perceived exertion (SRPE), RPE load (RPEL), and a modified RPEL (RPEL-2) to estimate internal load from resistance exercise (RE) and (b) further assess the interactions between SRPE, VL, and RE intensity. Twelve healthy men (25 ± 4 years) completed RE sessions at 55, 70, and 85 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Volume load, SRPE, RPEL, and RPEL-2 for each session were calculated, compared, and correlated with change values (Δ) for blood lactate and salivary cortisol. There were substantial increases in all measures of training load with progressive decreases in %1RM. There were clear substantial increases in Δ lactate and Δ cortisol after RE at 55% 1RM when compared with 70 and 85%. Within-subject correlations with Δ cortisol were small with SRPE (r = 0.25; 90% confidence limits; ±0.32), RPEL (r = 0.23; ±0.32), RPEL-2 (r = 0.19; ±0.32), and trivial for VL (r = 0.01; ±0.28). Correlations with Δ lactate were moderate with VL (r = 0.42; ±0.29) and RPEL-2 (r = 0.38; ±0.29), and small with SRPE (r = 0.25; ±0.32) and RPEL (r = 0.25; ±0.32). Correlation between SRPE and VL was large (r = 0.55; ±0.25). Although Δ lactate and Δ cortisol did not follow the same trends as measures of workload, VL may be superior to estimate internal load from RE, particularly when measured through Δ lactate. When viewing training load globally, RPEL-2 may offer the greatest advantage. Finally, our results suggest that SRPE seems to be more closely related to VL than %1RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Genner
- Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, School of Social Sciences & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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35
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Hiscock DJ, Dawson B, Donnelly CJ, Peeling P. Muscle activation, blood lactate, and perceived exertion responses to changing resistance training programming variables. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:536-44. [PMID: 26267339 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1071880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE: 0-10) during resistance training with varying programming demands were examined. Blood lactate (BLa) and muscle activation (using surface electromyography: EMG) were measured as potential mediators of RPE responses. Participants performed three sets of single arm (preferred side) bicep curls at 70% of 1 repetition maximum over 4 trials: Trial (A) 3 sets × 8 repetitions × 120 s recovery between sets; (B) 3 sets × 8 repetitions × 240 s recovery; (C) 3 sets × maximum number of repetitions (MNR) × 120 s recovery; (D) 3 sets × MNR × 240 s recovery. Overall body (RPE-O) and active muscle (RPE-AM) perceptual responses were assessed following each set in each trial. Biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscle EMG was measured during each set for each trial. RPE-O and RPE-AM were not different between Trial A (3.5 ± 1 and 6 ± 1, respectively) and Trial B (3.5 ± 1 and 5.5 ± 1, respectively) (p < .05). However, RPE-AM was significantly greater in Trial C (7.5 ± 1.5) and Trial D (7.5 ± 1.5) than in Trial B (p < .05). There were no significant differences in muscle activation or BLa between trials; however, work rate (tonnage/min) was greater in Trials C and D compared to Trial B. In conclusion, BLa and muscle activation were not related to RPE, but resistance training variables, such as work rate, may impact on RPE when intensity (%1RM) and the number of sets completed remain constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hiscock
- a School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- a School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia
| | - Cyril J Donnelly
- a School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- a School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Australia
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36
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Hiscock DJ, Dawson B, Peeling P. Perceived Exertion Responses to Changing Resistance Training Programming Variables. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1564-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Kraft JA, Green JM, Gast TM. Work Distribution Influences Session Ratings of Perceived Exertion Response During Resistance Exercise Matched for Total Volume. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:2042-6. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Kraft JA, Green JM, Thompson KR. Session Ratings of Perceived Exertion Responses During Resistance Training Bouts Equated for Total Work but Differing in Work Rate. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:540-5. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31829b569c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Overall and differentiated session ratings of perceived exertion at different time points following a circuit weight training workout. J Exerc Sci Fit 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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40
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Haile L, Goss FL, Robertson RJ, Andreacci JL, Gallagher M, Nagle EF. Session perceived exertion and affective responses to self-selected and imposed cycle exercise of the same intensity in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:1755-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Hackett DA, Johnson NA, Halaki M, Chow CM. A novel scale to assess resistance-exercise effort. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1405-13. [PMID: 22873691 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.710757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the validity of a novel subjective scale for assessing resistance-exercise effort. Seventeen male bodybuilders performed five sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one-repetition maximum, for the bench press and squat. At the completion of each set, participants quantified their effort via the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and novel estimated-repetitions-to-failure scales, and continued repetitions to volitional exhaustion to determine actual-repetitions-to-failure. There were high correlations between estimated- and actual-repetitions-to-failure across sets for the bench press and squat (r ≥ 0.93; P < 0.05). During sets 3, 4, and 5, estimated-repetitions-to-failure predicted the number of repetitions to failure for the bench press and squat, as indicated by smaller effect sizes for differences (ES = 0.37-0.0). The estimated-repetitions-to-failure scale was reliable as indicated by high intraclass correlation coefficients (≥0.92) and narrow 95% limits of agreement (≤0.63 repetitions) for both the bench press and squat. Despite high correlations between RPE and actual-repetitions-to-failure (P < 0.05), RPE at volitional fatigue was less than maximal for both exercises. Our results suggest that the estimated-repetitions-to-failure scale is valid for predicting onset of muscular failure, and can be used for the assessment and prescription of resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia.
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