Fibroblast growth factor-10 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer

Mammary Gland Reactive Stroma Characterization at Aging After Bisphenol A Exposure During Hormonal Susceptibility Windows

Mammary glands development is influenced by endocrine signaling, which remodels epithelial and stromal compartments. Reactive stroma phenotype is observed when stromal disturbances occur, leading to changes in extracellular matrix composition and occurrence of reactive cell types. One of the triggers of these alterations is endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure, such as bisphenol A (BPA). Studies suggest that BPA acts on receptor binding sites of several hormones interfering the endocrine response. The aim of this study was to investigate the reactive stroma features on mammary glands of aged female gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) exposed to BPA during windows of susceptibility. Thus, the analysis of cellular profile and growth factor expressions was provided. Fibroblastic population changed in BPA-exposed mammary glands, with a remarkable increase of myofibroblasts (vimentin+/α-SMA+) and active fibroblasts (FAP+). Normal fibroblasts (vimentin+/α-SMA-) were decreased mainly associated with the increase of FGF-10, an inductor of fibroblastic polarization. CD34+ stromal cells were also identified and detected among epithelial cells after BPA-induction disruption. Angiogenesis was supported by VEGF increasing in the gland tissue, which promoted an increase in blood vessel density. Thus, our results demonstrated that reactive stroma was raised in the mammary gland after BPA exposure. This profile was supported by changes in the fibroblastic population due to an induction to synthetic phenotypes and the expression of FGF-10, as well as the angiogenic activity that could corroborate with the malignancy and aggressiveness induced by BPA exposure.

Modelling the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment: 3D tumor spheroids as an evolving tool

Cancer remains a serious burden in society and while the pace in the development of novel and more effective therapeutics is increasing, testing platforms that faithfully mimic the tumor microenvironment are lacking. With a clear shift from animal models to more complex in vitro 3D systems, spheroids emerge as strong options in this regard. Years of development have allowed spheroid-based models to better reproduce the biomechanical cues that are observed in the tumor-associated extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular interactions that occur in both a cell-cell and cell-ECM manner. Here, we summarize some of the key cellular interactions that drive tumor development, progression and invasion, and how successfully are these interactions recapitulated in 3D spheroid models currently in use in the field. We finish by speculating on future advancements in the field and on how these can shape the relevance of spherical 3D models for tumor modelling.

The Role of Bmp- and Fgf Signaling Modulating Mouse Proepicardium Cell Fate

Bmp and Fgf signaling are widely involved in multiple aspects of embryonic development. More recently non coding RNAs, such as microRNAs have also been reported to play essential roles during embryonic development. We have previously demonstrated that microRNAs, i.e., miR-130, play an essential role modulating Bmp and Fgf signaling during early stages of cardiomyogenesis. More recently, we have also demonstrated that microRNAs are capable of modulating cell fate decision during proepicardial/septum transversum (PE/ST) development, since over-expression of miR-23 blocked while miR-125, miR-146, miR-223 and miR-195 enhanced PE/ST-derived cardiomyogenesis, respectively. Importantly, regulation of these microRNAs is distinct modulated by Bmp2 and Fgf2 administration in chicken. In this study, we aim to dissect the functional role of Bmp and Fgf signaling during mouse PE/ST development, their implication regulating post-transcriptional modulators such as microRNAs and their impact on lineage determination. Mouse PE/ST explants and epicardial/endocardial cell cultures were distinctly administrated Bmp and Fgf family members. qPCR analyses of distinct microRNAs, cardiomyogenic, fibrogenic differentiation markers as well as key elements directly epithelial to mesenchymal transition were evaluated. Our data demonstrate that neither Bmp2/Bmp4 nor Fgf2/Fgf8 signaling is capable of inducing cardiomyogenesis, fibrogenesis or inducing EMT in mouse PE/ST explants, yet deregulation of several microRNAs is observed, in contrast to previous findings in chicken PE/ST. RNAseq analyses in mouse PE/ST and embryonic epicardium identified novel Bmp and Fgf family members that might be involved in such cell fate differences, however, their implication on EMT induction and cardiomyogenic and/or fibrogenic differentiation is limited. Thus our data support the notion of species-specific differences regulating PE/ST cardiomyogenic lineage commitment.

A Network-Based Methodology to Identify Subnetwork Markers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer

The development of reliable methods for identification of robust biomarkers for complex diseases is critical for disease diagnosis and prognosis efforts. Integrating multi-omics data with protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to investigate diseases may help better understand disease characteristics at the molecular level. In this study, we developed and tested a novel network-based method to detect subnetwork markers for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). We performed an integrated omics analysis using whole-genome gene expression profiling and copy number alterations (CNAs) datasets followed by building a gene interaction network for the significantly altered genes. We then clustered the constructed gene network into subnetworks and assigned a score for each significant subnetwork. We developed a support vector machine (SVM) classifier using these scores as feature values and tested the methodology in independent CRC transcriptomic datasets. The network analysis resulted in 15 subnetwork markers that revealed several hub genes that may play a significant role in colorectal cancer, including PTP4A3, FGFR2, PTX3, AURKA, FEN1, INHBA, and YES1. The 15-subnetwork classifier displayed over 98 percent accuracy in detecting patients with CRC. In comparison to individual gene biomarkers, subnetwork markers based on integrated multi-omics and network analyses may lead to better disease classification, diagnosis, and prognosis.

Tumour growth rate of carcinoma of the colon and rectum: retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

The growth pattern of colorectal cancer is seldom investigated. This cohort study aimed to explore tumour growth rate in colorectal cancers managed non-surgically or deemed not resectable, and to determine its implication for prognosis.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with colonic or rectal adenocarcinoma were identified through the colorectal multidisciplinary team database at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust over a 2-year interval. Patients who received no treatment (surgery, stenting, colonic defunctioning procedures, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) and who underwent CT twice more than 5 weeks apart were included. Multidetector CT/three-dimensional image analysis was performed independently by three experienced radiologists.

RESULTS

Of 804 patients reviewed, 43 colorectal cancers were included in the final analysis. Median age at first CT was 80 (73-85) years and the median interval between scans was 150 (i.q.r. 72-471) days. An increase in T category was demonstrated in 31 of 43 tumours, with a median doubling time of 211 (112-404) days. The median percentage increase in tumour volume was 34·1 (13·3-53·9) per cent per 62 days. The all-cause 3-year mortality rate was 81 per cent (35 of 43) with a median survival time of 1·1 (0·4-2·2) years after the initial diagnostic scan. In those obstructed, the relative risk of death from subsequent perforation was 1·26 (95 per cent c.i. 1·07 to 1·49; P = 0·005).

CONCLUSION

This study documented a median doubling time of 211 days, with a concerning suggestion of tumour progression, which has implications for the current management standard.