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Yang Y, He X, Li F, He S, Liu M, Li M, Xia F, Su W, Liu G. Animal-derived food allergen: A review on the available crystal structure and new insights into structural epitope. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13340. [PMID: 38778570 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy is a rapidly growing public health problem. The interaction between allergens and IgE is at the core of the allergic response. One of the best ways to understand this interaction is through structural characterization. This review focuses on animal-derived food allergens, overviews allergen structures determined by X-ray crystallography, presents an update on IgE conformational epitopes, and explores the structural features of these epitopes. The structural determinants of allergenicity and cross-reactivity are also discussed. Animal-derived food allergens are classified into limited protein families according to structural features, with the calcium-binding protein and actin-binding protein families dominating. Progress in epitope characterization has provided useful information on the structural properties of the IgE recognition region. The data reveals that epitopes are located in relatively protruding areas with negative surface electrostatic potential. Ligand binding and disulfide bonds are two intrinsic characteristics that influence protein structure and impact allergenicity. Shared structures, local motifs, and shared epitopes are factors that lead to cross-reactivity. The structural properties of epitope regions and structural determinants of allergenicity and cross-reactivity may provide directions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of food allergies. Experimentally determined structure, especially that of antigen-antibody complexes, remains limited, and the identification of epitopes continues to be a bottleneck in the study of animal-derived food allergens. A combination of traditional immunological techniques and emerging bioinformatics technology will revolutionize how protein interactions are characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xinrong He
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fajie Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shaogui He
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- College of Marine Biology, Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mengsi Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- School of Food Engineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fei Xia
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjin Su
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Zhang Z, Li XM, Wang H, Lin H, Xiao H, Li Z. Seafood allergy: Allergen, epitope mapping and immunotherapy strategy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:1314-1338. [PMID: 36825451 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2181755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Seafoods are fashionable delicacies with high nutritional values and culinary properties, while seafood belongs to worldwide common food allergens. In recent years, many seafood allergens have been identified, while the diversity of various seafood species give a great challenge in identifying and characterizing seafood allergens, mapping IgE-binding epitopes and allergen immunotherapy development, which are critical for allergy diagnostics and immunotherapy treatments. This paper reviewed the recent progress on seafood (fish, crustacean, and mollusk) allergens, IgE-binding epitopes and allergen immunotherapy for seafood allergy. In recent years, many newly identified seafood allergens were reported, this work concluded the current situation of seafood allergen identification and designation by the World Health Organization (WHO)/International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee. Moreover, this review represented the recent advances in identifying the IgE-binding epitopes of seafood allergens, which were helpful to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment for seafood allergy. Furthermore, the allergen immunotherapy could alleviate seafood allergy and provide promising approaches for seafood allergy treatment. This review represents the recent advances and future outlook on seafood allergen identification, IgE-binding epitope mapping and allergen immunotherapy strategies for seafood allergy prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Laboratory of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhenxing Li
- Laboratory of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Jeebhay MF, Baatjies R. Occupational inhalant allergy in food handling occupations. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 22:64-72. [PMID: 34923552 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Review article on recent developments on inhalant food allergens associated with occupational respiratory allergy and asthma. RECENT FINDINGS This review has found that occupational inhalant allergy in food handling occupations is a common and recognisable clinical entity (class 3 food allergy) in high-risk food occupations such as bakeries and seafood processing. Aerosolised food proteins from plant or animal food sources, additives and biological food contaminants cause occupational sensitization, rhinitis and asthma. The risk of allergy may be enhanced across the food value chain as a result of food processing techniques including the introduction of new food allergens in the food matrix. Occupational food allergy and asthma can be prevented by improved health-based exposure standards, workplace control measures, education and training activities, and early diagnosis accompanied with exposure reduction. SUMMARY Future studies need to focus on exposure-response studies to establish improved exposure limits especially for flour dust, the relevance of cooked vs raw foods in influencing risk, identifying and characterising major inhalant food allergens accompanied with component resolved diagnostic approaches, and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions for common high-risk food sensitizers causing occupational rhinitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Jeebhay
- Occupational Medicine Division and Centre for Environmental & Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Roslynn Baatjies
- Occupational Medicine Division and Centre for Environmental & Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), Cape Town, South Africa
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Sudharson S, Kalic T, Hafner C, Breiteneder H. Newly defined allergens in the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Database during 01/2019-03/2021. Allergy 2021; 76:3359-3373. [PMID: 34310736 PMCID: PMC9290965 DOI: 10.1111/all.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Database (http://allergen.org) provides up‐to‐date expert‐reviewed data on newly discovered allergens and their unambiguous nomenclature to allergen researchers worldwide. This review discusses the 106 allergens that were accepted by the Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee between 01/2019 and 03/2021. Information about protein family membership, patient cohorts, and assays used for allergen characterization is summarized. A first allergenic fungal triosephosphate isomerase, Asp t 36, was discovered in Aspergillus terreus. Plant allergens contained 1 contact, 38 respiratory, and 16 food allergens. Can s 4 from Indian hemp was identified as the first allergenic oxygen‐evolving enhancer protein 2 and Cic a 1 from chickpeas as the first allergenic group 4 late embryogenesis abundant protein. Among the animal allergens were 19 respiratory, 28 food, and 3 venom allergens. Important discoveries include Rap v 2, an allergenic paramyosin in molluscs, and Sal s 4 and Pan h 4, allergenic fish tropomyosins. Paramyosins and tropomyosins were previously known mainly as arthropod allergens. Collagens from barramundi, Lat c 6, and salmon, Sal s 6, were the first members from the collagen superfamily added to the database. In summary, the addition of 106 new allergens to the previously listed 930 allergens reflects the continuous linear growth of the allergen database. In addition, 17 newly described allergen sources were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidhi Sudharson
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital St. Poelten Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences St. Poelten Austria
- Division of Medical Biotechnology Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Tanja Kalic
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital St. Poelten Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences St. Poelten Austria
- Division of Medical Biotechnology Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital St. Poelten Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences St. Poelten Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Division of Medical Biotechnology Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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Ruethers T, Taki AC, Karnaneedi S, Nie S, Kalic T, Dai D, Daduang S, Leeming M, Williamson NA, Breiteneder H, Mehr SS, Kamath SD, Campbell DE, Lopata AL. Expanding the allergen repertoire of salmon and catfish. Allergy 2021; 76:1443-1453. [PMID: 32860256 DOI: 10.1111/all.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic tests for fish allergy are hampered by the large number of under-investigated fish species. Four salmon allergens are well-characterized and registered with the WHO/IUIS while no catfish allergens have been described so far. In 2008, freshwater-cultured catfish production surpassed that of salmon, the globally most-cultured marine species. We aimed to identify, quantify, and compare all IgE-binding proteins in salmon and catfish. METHODS Seventy-seven pediatric patients with clinically confirmed fish allergy underwent skin prick tests to salmon and catfish. The allergen repertoire of raw and heated protein extracts was evaluated by immunoblotting using five allergen-specific antibodies and patients' serum followed by mass spectrometric analyses. RESULTS Raw and heated extracts from catfish displayed a higher frequency of IgE-binding compared to those from salmon (77% vs 70% and 64% vs 53%, respectively). The major fish allergen parvalbumin demonstrated the highest IgE-binding capacity (10%-49%), followed by triosephosphate isomerase (TPI; 19%-34%) in raw and tropomyosin (6%-32%) in heated extracts. Six previously unidentified fish allergens, including TPI, were registered with the WHO/IUIS. Creatine kinase from salmon and catfish was detected by IgE from 14% and 10% of patients, respectively. Catfish L-lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase showed IgE-binding for 6%-13% of patients. In salmon, these proteins could not be separated successfully. CONCLUSIONS We detail the allergen repertoire of two highly farmed fish species. IgE-binding to fish tropomyosins and TPIs was demonstrated for the first time in a large patient cohort. Tropomyosins, in addition to parvalbumins, should be considered for urgently needed improved fish allergy diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Ruethers
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture Faculty of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Aya C. Taki
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Shaymaviswanathan Karnaneedi
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture Faculty of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Tanja Kalic
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Danyi Dai
- Allergy and Immunology Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI) Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Michael Leeming
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Sam S. Mehr
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Allergy and Immunology Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia
- Department of Allergy and Immunology Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Sandip D. Kamath
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture Faculty of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Dianne E. Campbell
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Allergy and Immunology Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Andreas L. Lopata
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture Faculty of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
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Klueber J, Schrama D, Rodrigues P, Dickel H, Kuehn A. Fish Allergy Management: From Component-Resolved Diagnosis to Unmet Diagnostic Needs. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-019-00235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of review
Fish is a common elicitor of IgE-mediated food allergy. Fish includes a large variety of foods, in terms of species and food processing, with marked distinction in local diets around the globe. Fish-allergic patients present with phenotypic diversity and major differences in levels of clinical cross-reactivity, features that pose an important challenge for the clinical diagnosis and management.
Recent findings
Parvalbumin is the major fish allergen. However, a single molecule is not sufficient but several homologs, allergens different from parvalbumin and allergen extracts, are needed for IgE-based diagnosis.
Summary
Parvalbumin-specific IgE are markers for clinical cross-reactions. Added value is provided by IgE typing to parvalbumin homologs from distantly related fish. IgE co-sensitization profiles (parvalbumin, enolase, aldolase) are referred as severity markers. The allergen panel seems to be not yet complete why fish extracts still play a crucial role in serum IgE analysis. Further clinical validation of a multiplex approach in molecular fish allergy diagnosis is needed for striving to avoid unnecessary food restrictions and in a further sense, improved patient care.
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Lee J, Kang YJ. Bermuda grass pollen allergen implicated in clinically relevant cross-reactivity to multiple grains: A case report. J Occup Health 2019; 61:128-134. [PMID: 30698335 PMCID: PMC6499365 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially fatal type of allergic reaction and is characterized by the rapid development of symptoms in the respiratory and circulatory systems, possibly leading to death if not treated properly. Occupational anaphylaxis, which does not exhibit significant differences in pathogenesis from the nonoccupational form, develops in response to work‐related triggers. However, the onset of occupational anaphylaxis can also be triggered by other factors. Therefore, an unexpected episode may occur due to exposure to a previously sensitized antigen or cross‐reaction in the occupational environment, even if the direct trigger has been removed. Accordingly, it is difficult to diagnosis and treat such cases and ensure avoidance of potential triggers. Case presentation An adult male patient developed anaphylaxis following exposure to grass antigens while replacing and burying sewer pipes at a theme park. He later developed cross‐reactivity to other grains. Despite symptomatic treatment, his total serum level of allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E (Ig E) antibodies continuously increased, and thus, he was admitted with severe hypersensitivity, at which time his serum levels of Ig E antibodies specific for Bermuda grass, wheat, and rice had also increased. Conclusion In Korea, Bermuda grass is rarely seen and is generally found in athletic fields or theme parks. Following exposure to this relatively rare grass, our patient exhibited new anaphylactic responses to various external antigens. Therefore, we attribute his severe anaphylaxis to sensitization caused by Bermuda grass exposure and cross‐reactive hypersensitivity to other grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joong Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, COMWEL Incheon Hospital, Korea Workers' Compensation & Welfare Service, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Seafood allergy: A comprehensive review of fish and shellfish allergens. Mol Immunol 2018; 100:28-57. [PMID: 29858102 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Seafood refers to several distinct groups of edible aquatic animals including fish, crustacean, and mollusc. The two invertebrate groups of crustacean and mollusc are, for culinary reasons, often combined as shellfish but belong to two very different phyla. The evolutionary and taxonomic diversity of the various consumed seafood species poses a challenge in the identification and characterisation of the major and minor allergens critical for reliable diagnostics and therapeutic treatments. Many allergenic proteins are very different between these groups; however, some pan-allergens, including parvalbumin, tropomyosin and arginine kinase, seem to induce immunological and clinical cross-reactivity. This extensive review details the advances in the bio-molecular characterisation of 20 allergenic proteins within the three distinct seafood groups; fish, crustacean and molluscs. Furthermore, the structural and biochemical properties of the major allergens are described to highlight the immunological and subsequent clinical cross-reactivities. A comprehensive list of purified and recombinant allergens is provided, and the applications of component-resolved diagnostics and current therapeutic developments are discussed.
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