Impact of incarceration on nutritional status and oral health among male inmates of central jail of Jaipur city, India

Oral health status of prisoners in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIMS

Given the high prevalence of oral health problems among prisoners, the goal of this systematic review is to provide a better knowledge of the scope of this problem.

METHODS

Electronic searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar were performed. Studies that investigated inmates aged 18 or older with oral health problems were eligible. Variables reported in four or less studies were described narratively. Conversely, for variables reported in more than four studies, a meta-analysis was performed using random effect model. Furthermore, meta-regression and sensitivity analysis is also performed to evaluate moderator effect on outcome. Doi and LFT index is applied to assess publication bias.

RESULTS

Out of 494 results, 12 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of caries among prisoners is 78.42% (59.48%-92.58%). On meta-regression, the prevalence of caries appears to be lower in studies with a higher male percentage; however, non-significant (p = .079) due to small sample size. Community periodontal index (CPI) scores revealed periodontal disease, with scores of 3 and 4. Moreover, a significant need for oral hygiene instruction, prosthesis, extraction, and tooth ache, periodontal disease, oral mucosal lesions, leucoplakia, attrition, abrasion, bruxism, and smoking behaviors were also reported.

CONCLUSION

Poor oral health status in the incarcerated population highlights the urgent need for comprehensive oral health intervention in prisons.

Oral health services in prison settings: A global scoping review of availability, accessibility, and model of delivery

This review aimed at evaluating the state of availability, accessibility and model of delivery of oral health services in prisons, globally. Five databases of peer-reviewed literature and potential sources of grey literature were systematically searched. Inclusion criteria encompassed oral health papers related to prisons globally, with exclusion of certain article types. Selection involved independent evaluations by two researchers, followed by quality assessment. Data on the availability of oral health interventions in prisons came from 18 countries, while information on the model of delivery of the services is scarce. In addition, two sets of individual and organizational barriers toward oral health service uptake in prisons were revealed and discussed in the text. Lack of oral health services in prisons affects people living in prisons and jeopardizes their reintegration. Urgent and concrete international actions are required to ensure the availability, accessibility, and quality of oral health services among people living in prisons.

Prevalence and associated factors of self‐reported halitosis among institutionalized adolescents: cross‐sectional study

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence and associated factors of self-reported halitosis in institutionalized adolescents in a city in southern Brazil.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study involved male institutionalized adolescents, aged 15-19 years old, at the Socio-Educational Assistance Center in the city of Passo Fundo, Brazil. Data collection was performed by a research team composed of two interviewers, two clinical examiners of oral health and two examiners of salivary flow. A structured questionnaire was applied, which included demographical, socioeconomical, general health behaviour, presence of health problems and oral health self-perception variables. Decayed, Missing, Filled Index was used for the clinical examination. The salivary flow collection was performed using the mechanically stimulated total saliva method, in which only the liquid component was measured.

RESULTS

The prevalence of self-reported halitosis in this sample was 51.5% (n = 35). In the final multivariate analysis, halitosis was significantly associated with the non-white racial group (prevalence ratio [RP]:1.703; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]:1.101-2.634), use of crack (RP:1.857; 95%CI:1.270-2.714) and number of decayed teeth (PR: 1.123; 95%CI:1.008-1.252). The use of alcohol and access to dental care in the last 12 months were not significantly associated with self-reported halitosis.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that non-white and crack-user youngsters had a high occurrence of self-reported halitosis. Higher rates of dental caries are also associated with halitosis.

Oral health among prisoners of District Jail, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India - A cross-sectional study

AIM

Prisoners are at risk from a range of health related problems, caused by a number of factors. This study was conducted to assess the impact of incarceration on oral health among the prisoners of Haridwar District Jail, Uttarakhand state.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

A total of 573 inmates (534 males and 39 females) comprised the total study population. Oral health was examined with the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, and by measuring pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL).

RESULTS

The age of the study participants ranged between 18 to 90 years with a mean age of 46.14 ± 15.29 years. The overall mean DMFT score was 5.40±6.49, with a prevalence of 77%. A significant difference (P=0.001) was found when the mean score of DMFT was compared to the period of incarceration, where the highest mean score was 6.97±7.69 for 5-10 years.

DISCUSSION

There was a significant difference found for DMFT among inmates based on a period of incarceration. Gender and period of incarceration had no significant impact on the severity of periodontal diseases among jail inmates. Longitudinal studies are required to find out the causal association between incarceration and oral health. Comprehensive and timely oral health care is required for this vulnerable population.

CONCLUSION

The level of oral disease among jail inmates was high. There was a significant difference for DMFT among inmates based on the period of incarceration.