1
|
Zeng L, Chen Y, Huang H, Wang J, Zhao D, Ji L, Chao H. Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Anthraquinone Complexes Exhibit Strong Anticancer Activity in Hypoxic Tumor Cells. Chemistry 2015; 21:15308-19. [PMID: 26338207 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is the critical feature of the tumor microenvironment that is known to lead to resistance to many chemotherapeutic drugs. Six novel ruthenium(II) anthraquinone complexes were designed and synthesized; they exhibit similar or superior cytotoxicity compared to cisplatin in hypoxic HeLa, A549, and multidrug-resistant (A549R) tumor cell lines. Their anticancer activities are related to their lipophilicity and cellular uptake; therefore, these physicochemical properties of the complexes can be changed by modifying the ligands to obtain better anticancer candidates. Complex 1, the most potent member of the series, is highly active against hypoxic HeLa cancer cells (IC50 =0.53 μM). This complex likely has 46-fold better activity than cisplatin (IC50 =24.62 μM) in HeLa cells. This complex tends to accumulate in the mitochondria and the nucleus of hypoxic HeLa cells. Further mechanistic studies show that complex 1 induced cell apoptosis during hypoxia through multiple pathways, including those of DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the inhibition of DNA replication and HIF-1α expression, making it an outstanding candidate for further in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leli Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 (P. R. China)
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 (P. R. China)
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 (P. R. China)
| | - Jinquan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 (P. R. China)
| | - Donglei Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 (P. R. China)
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 (P. R. China)
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 (P. R. China).
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niedziałkowski P, Ossowski T, Majewski R, Nowakowska Z, Schroeder G. Thiol-functionalized anthraquinones: mass spectrometry and electrochemical studies. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011; 142:1121-1129. [PMID: 26166853 PMCID: PMC4494848 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In this work, the synthesis of various thiol-functionalized anthraquinone compounds is presented. The studied compounds were characterized by mass spectrometry and the main fragmentation pathways are discussed. The compounds studied formed stable self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in the gold surface. The parameters for the reduction processes in the gold surface of the studied new anthraquinones were determined by cyclic voltamperometry tests. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Niedziałkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ossowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Radosław Majewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zdzisława Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Schroeder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo-nan X, Gui-Zhao L, Zhi-liang L, Juan W, Peng Z. Three-dimensional holographic vector of atomic interaction field for quantitative structure–activity relationship of Aza-bioisosteres of anthrapyrazoles (Aza-APs). J Mol Graph Model 2008; 26:1252-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Slavov S, Atanassova M, Galabov B. QSAR Analysis of the Anticancer Activity of 2,5-Disubstituted 9-Aza-Anthrapyrazoles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200530216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
5
|
Kostakis IK, Pouli N, Marakos P, Skaltsounis AL, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D. Design and synthesis of novel amino-substituted xanthenones and benzo[b]xanthenones: Evaluation of their antiproliferative activity and their ability to overcome multidrug resistance toward MES-SA/D×5 cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2910-34. [PMID: 16376546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of new xanthenone and benzo[b]xanthenone amino derivatives and their pyrazole-fused counterparts have been designed and synthesized possessing structural analogy to the potent anticancer agent 9-methoxypyrazoloacridine. The synthesis of the compounds proceeds through nucleophilic substitution of 1-chloro-4-nitroxanthenone or the corresponding benzo[b]xanthenone by the appropriately substituted amine or hydrazine, reduction of the nitro group, and conversion into the suitable dialkylaminoacetamides. This method cannot be applied for synthesis of the pyrazole-fused benzo[b]xanthenones, consequently a different, simple, and high-yielding synthetic procedure was developed for the preparation of the target molecules. In vitro cytotoxic potencies of the new derivatives toward the murine leukemia L1210 cell line, human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and human uterine sarcoma (MES-SA and its 100-fold resistant to doxorubicin variant MES-SA/D x 5) cell lines are described and compared to those of reference drugs. The compounds exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against the tested cell lines and in addition they retain activity against the multidrug resistant MES-SA/D x 5 subline, showing resistant factors close to 1. A number of derivatives were found to possess DNA binding capacity, according to a standard ethidium bromide displacement assay. The majority of the studied compounds induce a G2/M arrest, although among them some G1 or S blockers have also been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis K Kostakis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kolokythas G, Pouli N, Marakos P, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D. Design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity of some new azapyranoxanthenone aminoderivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:71-9. [PMID: 16300857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Some novel aminosubstituted azapyranoxanthenones, bearing structural similarity to the acridone alkaloid acronycine, have been designed and synthesized. Their in vitro cytotoxicities against the murine L1210 leukemia and the human solid tumor HT-29 cell lines have been investigated. Their eventual selective effect on a phase of the cell cycle was evaluated, using HT-29 cells. A number of the new derivatives exhibited interesting cytotoxic activity against the human solid tumor cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Kolokythas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kostakis IK, Tenta R, Pouli N, Marakos P, Skaltsounis AL, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D. Design, synthesis, and antiproliferative activity of some novel aminosubstituted xanthenones, able to overcome multidrug resistance toward MES-SA/Dx5 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5057-60. [PMID: 16169719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel xanthenone aminoderivatives and their pyrazole-fused counterparts possessing structural analogy to the potent anticancer agent 9-methoxypyrazoloacridine (PZA) reported. These compounds exhibited an interesting cytotoxic activity against a panel of cell lines. Most noticeably, they retain activity against the multidrug resistant MES-SA/Dx5 subline, showing resistant factors close to 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis K Kostakis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin G, You Y, Ahn B. Esters of 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones with melphalan as multifunctional anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1473-6. [PMID: 11378380 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eight esters of 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone with melphalan were prepared and tested for their antitumor activity (S-180) and cytotoxicity. 2-[1-[4-(p-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-aminophenyl)-butanoyloxy]methyl]-1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone and 2-[1-[4-(p-bis(2-chloroethyl)-aminophenyl)-butanoyloxy]ethyl]-1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone showed remarkable antitumor activity (T/C, 265 and 272%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, Jilin, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kamei H, Koide T, Kojima T, Hashimoto Y, Hasegawa M. Inhibition of cell growth in culture by quinones. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 1998; 13:185-8. [PMID: 10850354 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.1998.13.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinones were studied for their growth inhibitory effect on cultured malignant cells. HCT-15 cells derived from human colon carcinoma were used for these experiments. Quinones used were arbutin in the benzoquinone group, juglone and lawsone in the naphthaquinone group, alizarin, emodin, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, and anthraquinone in the anthraquinone group, and xanthone. Cultured cells were incubated with various concentrations of the quinones for four days in a 5% CO2 incubator, after which cell numbers were counted and significance of differences was analyzed by Student's t test. Anthraquinones and naphthaquinones used in these experiments were more effective than the monocyclic quinone. The 50% suppression dose was less than 12.5 micrograms/ml for them. The number of OH groups seemed to play an important role in the degree of the cell growth inhibition: anthraquinones with 2 or 3 OH groups were more effective than those with no OH group like, 9,10-dioxoanthracene and xanthone. In fact, anthraquinones with no OH group and xanthone were not significantly effective. Flow cytometric histograms revealed a specific pattern; that is, lawsone and juglone in the naphthaquinone group and alizarin and 1,8-dihydroxy-anthraquinone in the anthraquinone group blocked mainly the S phase, and emodin in the anthraquinone group blocked the G1 to S phase of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kamei
- Department of Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin University Hospital, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liwo A, Dyl D, Jeziorek D, Nowacka M, Ossowski T, Wo?nicki W. MCSCF study of singlet oxygen addition to ethenol?a model of photooxidation reactions of unsaturated and aromatic compounds bearing hydroxy groups. J Comput Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-987x(199710)18:13<1668::aid-jcc9>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
11
|
Liwo A, Jeziorek D, Dyl D, Ossowski T, Chmurzyński L. Theoretical study of the role of hydrogen bonding and proton transfer in oxygen reduction by semiquinones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(96)05010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|