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Antinozzi C, Duranti G, Ceci R, Lista M, Sabatini S, Caporossi D, Di Luigi L, Sgrò P, Dimauro I. Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulates Dihydrotestosterone Release in C2C12 Myotubes: A New Perspective for Exercise-Related Muscle Steroidogenesis? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126566. [PMID: 35743011 PMCID: PMC9223901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a tissue that has recently been recognized for its ability to produce androgens under physiological conditions. The steroidogenesis process is known to be negatively influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in reproductive Leydig and ovary cells, while their effect on muscle steroidogenesis is still an unexplored field. Muscle cells are continuously exposed to ROS, resulting from both their metabolic activity and the surrounding environment. Interestingly, the regulation of signaling pathways, induced by mild ROS levels, plays an important role in muscle fiber adaptation to exercise, in a process that also elicits a significant modulation in the hormonal response. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ROS could influence steroidogenesis in skeletal muscle cells by evaluating the release of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), as well as the evaluation of the relative expression of the key steroidogenic enzymes 5α-reductase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD, and aromatase. C2C12 mouse myotubes were exposed to a non-cytotoxic concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a condition intended to reproduce, in vitro, one of the main stimuli linked to the process of homeostasis and adaptation induced by exercise in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the influence of tadalafil (TAD), a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) originally used to treat erectile dysfunction but often misused among athletes as a "performance-enhancing" drug, was evaluated in a single treatment or in combination with H2O2. Our data showed that a mild hydrogen peroxide exposure induced the release of DHT, but not T, and modulated the expression of the enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, while TAD treatment significantly reduced the H2O2-induced DHT release. This study adds a new piece of information about the adaptive skeletal muscle cell response to an oxidative environment, revealing that hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in activating muscle steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antinozzi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.L.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Guglielmo Duranti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Marco Lista
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.L.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Stefania Sabatini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Laboratory of Biology and Human Genetic, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (D.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.L.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.L.); (L.D.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Laboratory of Biology and Human Genetic, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (D.C.); (I.D.)
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Sgrò P, Ceci R, Lista M, Patrizio F, Sabatini S, Felici F, Sacchetti M, Bazzucchi I, Duranti G, Di Luigi L. Quercetin Modulates IGF-I and IGF-II Levels After Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle-Damage: A Placebo-Controlled Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:745959. [PMID: 34803913 PMCID: PMC8595302 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.745959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged or unaccustomed eccentric exercise may cause muscle damage and depending from its extent, this event negatively affects physical performance. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate, in humans, the effect of the flavonoid quercetin on circulating levels of the anabolic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-II), produced during the recovery period after an eccentric-induced muscle damage (EIMD). METHODS A randomized, double-blind, crossover study has been performed; twelve young men ingested quercetin (1 g/day) or placebo for 14 days and then underwent an eccentric-induced muscle damaging protocol. Blood samples were collected, and cell damage markers [creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myoglobin (Mb)], the inflammatory responsive interleukin 6 (IL-6), IGF-I and IGF-II levels were evaluated before the exercise and at different recovery times from 24 hours to 7 days after EIMD. RESULTS We found that, in placebo treatment the increase in IGF-I (72 h) preceded IGF-II increase (7 d). After Q supplementation there was a more marked increase in IGF-I levels and notably, the IGF-II peak was found earlier, compared to placebo, at the same time of IGF-I (72 h). Quercetin significantly reduced plasma markers of cell damage [CK (p<0.005), LDH (p<0.001) and Mb (p<0.05)] and the interleukin 6 level [IL-6 (p<0.05)] during recovery period following EIMD compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS Our data are encouraging about the use of quercetin as dietary supplementation strategy to adopt in order to mitigate and promote a faster recovery after eccentric exercise as suggested by the increase in plasma levels of the anabolic factors IGF-I and IGF-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sgrò
- Endocrinology Unit - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paolo Sgrò, ; Guglielmo Duranti,
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Lista
- Endocrinology Unit - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Patrizio
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Sabatini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Felici
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
| | - Ilenia Bazzucchi
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Duranti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paolo Sgrò, ; Guglielmo Duranti,
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Endocrinology Unit - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Roma, Italy
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