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Advances in Molecular Pathology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238422. [PMID: 36500515 PMCID: PMC9739159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common syndrome that features a complex etiology and set of mechanisms. Here we summarized the molecular pathogenesis of OSA, especially the prospective mechanism of upper? airway dilator fatigue and the current breakthroughs. Additionally, we also introduced the molecular mechanism of OSA in terms of related studies on the main signaling pathways and epigenetics alterations, such as microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and DNA methylation. We also reviewed small molecular compounds, which are potential targets for gene regulations in the future, that are involved in the regulation of OSA. This review will be beneficial to point the way for OSA research within the next decade.
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miR-193a-3p increases glycolysis under hypoxia by facilitating Akt phosphorylation and PFKFB3 activation in human macrophages. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:89. [PMID: 35072776 PMCID: PMC8786749 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human macrophages infiltrating hypoxic regions alter their metabolism, because oxygen becomes limited. Increased glycolysis is one of the most common cellular adaptations to hypoxia and mostly is regulated via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and RAC-alpha serine/threonine–protein kinase (Akt) signaling, which gets activated under reduced oxygen content. We noticed that micro RNA (miR)-193a-3p enhances Akt phosphorylation at threonine 308 under hypoxia. In detail, miR-193a-3p suppresses the protein abundance of phosphatase PTC7 homolog (PPTC7), which in turn increases Akt phosphorylation. Lowering PPTC7 expression by siRNA or overexpressing miR-193a-3p increases Akt phosphorylation. Vice versa, inhibition of miR-193a-3p attenuates Akt activation and prevents a subsequent increase of glycolysis under hypoxia. Excluding effects of miR-193a-3p and Akt on HIF expression, stabilization, and function, we noticed phosphorylation of 6 phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase PFKFB3 in response to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade. Inhibition of PFKFB3 blocked an increased glycolytic flux under hypoxia. Apparently, miR-193a-3p balances Akt phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by affecting PPTC7 protein amount. Suppression of PPTC7 increases Akt activation and phosphorylation of PFKFB3, which culminates in higher rates of glycolysis under hypoxia.
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Chen L, Gao Y, Li Y, Wang C, Chen D, Gao Y, Ran X. Severe Intermittent Hypoxia Modulates the Macrophage Phenotype and Impairs Wound Healing Through Downregulation of HIF-2α. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:1511-1520. [PMID: 36068885 PMCID: PMC9441177 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s382275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea is prevalent in patients with diabetic foot ulcers, while the effect of intermittent hypoxia on wound healing is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of severe intermittent hypoxia on wound healing. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 5 weeks of severe intermittent hypoxia or normoxia. The wound healing rate were assessed. The gene expression of CD206 and HIF-2α was tested in vivo and in vitro. Inflammatory factors in RAW264.7 macrophages were measured to investigate the effect of intermittent hypoxia on macrophage polarization. The proliferation of HUVECs and HaCaT cells was also assessed after exposure to intermittent hypoxia. RESULTS Severe intermittent hypoxia decreased wound healing at day 3. The expression of CD206 and HIF-2α was significantly decreased after exposure to severe intermittent hypoxia. In vitro, severe intermittent hypoxia significantly promoted M1 phenotype polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of proinflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α). Severe intermittent hypoxia also decreased the proliferation of HUVECs cultured in endothelial cell medium and HaCaT cells cultured in high glucose DMEM. CONCLUSION Severe intermittent hypoxia could lead to M1 but not M2 macrophage polarization through downregulation of HIF-2α, and then lead to impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chen
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Department of Medical Affairs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Wang
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwu Ran
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
This review summarizes the available data about genetic factors which can link ischemic stroke and sleep. Sleep patterns (subjective and objective measures) are characterized by heritability and comprise up to 38-46%. According to Mendelian randomization analysis, genetic liability for short sleep duration and frequent insomnia symptoms is associated with ischemic stroke (predominantly of large artery subtype). The potential genetic links include variants of circadian genes, genes encoding components of neurotransmitter systems, common cardiovascular risk factors, as well as specific genetic factors related to certain sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Korostovtseva
- Sleep Laboratory, Research Department for Hypertension, Department for Cardiology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratov Str., Saint Petersburg, 197341, Russia.
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Chen J, Lin S, Zeng Y. An Update on Obstructive Sleep Apnea for Atherosclerosis: Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:647071. [PMID: 33898538 PMCID: PMC8060459 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.647071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of atherosclerosis could be influenced by intermittent hypoxia. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by intermittent hypoxia, is world-wide prevalence with increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Researches remain focused on the study of its mechanism and improvement of diagnosis and treatment. However, the underlying mechanism is complex, and the best practice for OSA diagnosis and treatment considering atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases is still debatable. In this review, we provided an update on research in OSA in the last 5 years with regard to atherosclerosis. The processes of inflammation, oxidative stress, autonomic nervous system activation, vascular dysfunction, platelet activation, metabolite dysfunction, small molecule RNA regulation, and the cardioprotective occurrence was discussed. Additionally, improved diagnosis such as, the utilized of portable device, and treatment especially with inconsistent results in continuous positive airway pressure and mandibular advancement devices were illustrated in detail. Therefore, further fundamental and clinical research should be carried out for a better understanding the deep interaction between OSA and atherosclerosis, as well as the suggestion of newer diagnostic and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Clinical Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Chen Q, Lin G, Chen Y, Li C, Wu L, Hu X, Lin Q. miR-3574 ameliorates intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury through inhibiting Axin1. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8068-8077. [PMID: 33582657 PMCID: PMC8034950 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: miRNAs play critical roles in the regulation of many cardiovascular diseases. However, its role and potential mechanism in cardiac injury caused by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remain poorly elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of miR-3574 on cardiomyocyte injury under intermittent hypoxia (IH). Results: We confirmed that IH inhibited cell viability, induced cell apoptosis and suppressed miR-3574 expression in the H9c2. miR-3574 overexpression could ameliorate the effects of IH on the cell viability and cell apoptosis in the H9c2. Axin1 was a target gene of miR-3574, and miR-3574 overexpression reduced the expression of Axin1. miR-3574 could inhibit the IH-induced cardiomyocyte injury via downregulating Axin1. However, Axin1 could partially reverse these effects of miR-3574. Conclusion: Our study first reveals that miR-3574 could alleviate IH-induced cardiomyocyte injury by targeting Axin1, which may function as a novel and promising therapy target for OSA-associated cardiovascular diseases. Methods: H9c2 were exposed to IH condition. CCK-8 assay was applied to determine cell viability of H9c2. qRT-PCR was conducted to measure the expression level of mRNA and miRNA. Western blot assay was then performed to detect the protein levels. Finally, we used dual-luciferase reporter assay identify the potential target of miR-3574.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fengze, Quanzhou 362000, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Taijiang, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Guofu Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Taijiang, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Yongfa Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Siming, Xiamen 361001, China
| | - Chaowei Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fengze, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Lizhen Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fengze, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fengze, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Qichang Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Taijiang, Fuzhou 350005, China
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De Sanctis P, Filardo G, Abruzzo PM, Astolfi A, Bolotta A, Indio V, Di Martino A, Hofer C, Kern H, Löfler S, Marcacci M, Marini M, Zampieri S, Zucchini C. Non-Coding RNAs in the Transcriptional Network That Differentiates Skeletal Muscles of Sedentary from Long-Term Endurance- and Resistance-Trained Elderly. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1539. [PMID: 33546468 PMCID: PMC7913629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, the whole transcriptome of the vastus lateralis muscle from sedentary elderly and from age-matched athletes with an exceptional record of high-intensity, life-long exercise training was compared-the two groups representing the two extremes on a physical activity scale. Exercise training enabled the skeletal muscle to counteract age-related sarcopenia by inducing a wide range of adaptations, sustained by the expression of protein-coding genes involved in energy handling, proteostasis, cytoskeletal organization, inflammation control, and cellular senescence. Building on the previous study, we examined here the network of non-coding RNAs participating in the orchestration of gene expression and identified differentially expressed micro- and long-non-coding RNAs and some of their possible targets and roles. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analyses of all non-coding RNAs were able to discriminate between sedentary and trained individuals, regardless of the exercise typology. Validated targets of differentially expressed miRNA were grouped by KEGG analysis, which pointed to functional areas involved in cell cycle, cytoskeletal control, longevity, and many signaling pathways, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which had been shown to be pivotal in the modulation of the effects of high-intensity, life-long exercise training. The analysis of differentially expressed long-non-coding RNAs identified transcriptional networks, involving lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs, affecting processes in line with the beneficial role of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Sanctis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Applied and Translational Research Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Provvidenza Maria Abruzzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Giorgio Prodi Interdepartimental Center for Cancer Research, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.A.); (V.I.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bolotta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Indio
- Giorgio Prodi Interdepartimental Center for Cancer Research, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.A.); (V.I.)
| | - Alessandro Di Martino
- Second Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Christian Hofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria; (C.H.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Helmut Kern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria; (C.H.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Stefan Löfler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria; (C.H.); (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Maurilio Marcacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marina Marini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Zampieri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Cinzia Zucchini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.D.S.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
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Guo H, Ding H, Yan Y, Chen Q, Zhang J, Chen B, Cao J. Intermittent hypoxia-induced autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway attenuates endothelial apoptosis and dysfunction in vitro. Sleep Breath 2021; 25:1859-1865. [PMID: 33483906 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine whether or not intermittent hypoxia (IH) upregulated autophagy and the contributions of autophagy to endothelial apoptosis and dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHOD HUVECs were incubated under normoxia and IH conditions. After 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h exposure, the autophagic vacuoles and autophagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy and monodansylcadaverine staining. The protein levels of autophagy-related biomarkers and AMPK/mTOR pathway were measured by Western blot. The apoptosis-related proteins and the percentage of apoptotic cells were evaluated by Western blot and flow cytometry, respectively, while the levels of endothelial function biomarkers were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS IH induced autophagy, as determined by the increased numbers of the autophagic vacuoles, autophagosomes, and by the elevated levels of Beclin-1 protein, the LC3II/LC3I ratio, and p62 degradation. IH-induced autophagic flux peaked at 12-h duration and weakened at 24 h. IH increased the ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK and decreased the ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR, while compound C restored the alteration. A significant decrease in the Bcl-2 level and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and a significant increase in the protein expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase 3 and in the percentage of apoptosis were observed under IH exposure. Moreover, the NO level was reduced, while the ET-1 and VEGF levels were raised under IH condition. These alterations were suppressed by the pretreatment of 3-methyladenine. CONCLUSIONS IH upregulates autophagy through AMPK/mTOR pathway in HUVECs in vitro, which might be protective against endothelial apoptosis and dysfunction caused by IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjuan Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yuxia Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Baoyuan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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