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Souto EP, Dobrolecki LE, Villanueva H, Sikora AG, Lewis MT. In Vivo Modeling of Human Breast Cancer Using Cell Line and Patient-Derived Xenografts. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:211-230. [PMID: 35697909 PMCID: PMC9433358 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, human breast cancer has been modeled largely in vitro using long-established cell lines primarily in two-dimensional culture, but also in three-dimensional cultures of varying cellular and molecular complexities. A subset of cell line models has also been used in vivo as cell line-derived xenografts (CDX). While outstanding for conducting detailed molecular analysis of regulatory mechanisms that may function in vivo, results of drug response studies using long-established cell lines have largely failed to translate clinically. In an attempt to address this shortcoming, many laboratories have succeeded in developing clinically annotated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of human cancers, including breast, in a variety of host systems. While immunocompromised mice are the predominant host, the immunocompromised rat and pig, zebrafish, as well as the chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) have also emerged as potential host platforms to help address perceived shortcomings of immunocompromised mice. With any modeling platform, the two main issues to be resolved are criteria for "credentialing" the models as valid models to represent human cancer, and utility with respect to the ability to generate clinically relevant translational research data. Such data are beginning to emerge, particularly with the activities of PDX consortia such as the NCI PDXNet Program, EuroPDX, and the International Breast Cancer Consortium, as well as a host of pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations (CRO). This review focuses primarily on these important aspects of PDX-related research, with a focus on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Souto
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lacey E Dobrolecki
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hugo Villanueva
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM-600; Room N1210, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Establishing an immunocompromised porcine model of human cancer for novel therapy development with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and irreversible electroporation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7584. [PMID: 33828203 PMCID: PMC8027815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapies to treat pancreatic cancer are direly needed. However, efficacious interventions lack a strong preclinical model that can recapitulate patients’ anatomy and physiology. Likewise, the availability of human primary malignant tissue for ex vivo studies is limited. These are significant limitations in the biomedical device field. We have developed RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs using CRISPR/Cas9 as a large animal model with the novel application of cancer xenograft studies of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In this proof-of-concept study, these pigs were successfully generated using on-demand genetic modifications in embryos, circumventing the need for breeding and husbandry. Human Panc01 cells injected subcutaneously into the ears of RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs demonstrated 100% engraftment with growth rates similar to those typically observed in mouse models. Histopathology revealed no immune cell infiltration and tumor morphology was highly consistent with the mouse models. The electrical properties and response to irreversible electroporation of the tumor tissue were found to be similar to excised human pancreatic cancer tumors. The ample tumor tissue produced enabled improved accuracy and modeling of the electrical properties of tumor tissue. Together, this suggests that this model will be useful and capable of bridging the gap of translating therapies from the bench to clinical application.
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Chen B, Gu P, Jia J, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu W, Xu T, Lin X, Lin T, Liu Y, Chen H, Xu M, Yuan J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xiao D, Gu W. Optimization Strategy for Generating Gene-edited Tibet Minipigs by Synchronized Oestrus and Cytoplasmic Microinjection. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2719-2732. [PMID: 31754342 PMCID: PMC6854383 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tibet minipig is a rare highland pig breed worldwide and has many applications in biomedical and agricultural research. However, Tibet minipigs are not like domesticated pigs in that their ovulation number is low, which is unfavourable for the collection of zygotes. Partly for this reason, few studies have reported the successful generation of genetically modified Tibet minipigs by zygote injection. To address this issue, we described an efficient way to generate gene-edited Tibet minipigs, the major elements of which include the utilization of synchronized oestrus instead of superovulation to obtain zygotes, optimization of the preparation strategy, and co-injection of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat sequences associated protein 9 (Cas9) mRNA and single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) into the cytoplasm of zygotes. We successfully obtained allelic TYR gene knockout (TYR-/-) Tibet minipigs with a typical albino phenotype (i.e., red-coloured eyes with light pink-tinted irises and no pigmentation in the skin and hair) as well as TYR-/-IL2RG-/- and TYR-/-RAG1-/- Tibet minipigs with typical phenotypes of albinism and immunodeficiency, which was characterized by thymic atrophy and abnormal immunocyte proportions. The overall gene editing efficiency was 75% for the TYR single gene knockout, while for TYR-IL2RG and TYR-RAG1 dual gene editing, the values were 25% and 75%, respectively. No detectable off-target mutations were observed. By intercrossing F0 generation minipigs, targeted genetic mutations can also be transmitted to gene-edited minipigs' offspring through germ line transmission. This study is a valuable exploration for the efficient generation of gene-edited Tibet minipigs with medical research value in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangzhu Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Peng Gu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Junshuang Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yumin Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaolin Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Taoyan Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hengwei Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mingchen Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weiwang Gu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China.,School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Carey K, Ryu J, Uh K, Lengi AJ, Clark-Deener S, Corl BA, Lee K. Frequency of off-targeting in genome edited pigs produced via direct injection of the CRISPR/Cas9 system into developing embryos. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:25. [PMID: 31060546 PMCID: PMC6501304 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CRISPR/Cas9 system can effectively introduce site-specific modifications to the genome. The efficiency is high enough to induce targeted genome modifications during embryogenesis, thus increasing the efficiency of producing genetically modified animal models and having potential clinical applications as an assisted reproductive technology. Because most of the CRISPR/Cas9 systems introduce site-specific double-stranded breaks (DSBs) to induce site-specific modifications, a major concern is its potential off-targeting activity, which may hinder the application of the technology in clinics. In this study, we investigated off-targeting events in genome edited pigs/fetuses that were generated through direct injection of the CRISPR/Cas9 system into developing embryos; off-targeting activity of four different sgRNAs targeting RAG2, IL2RG, SCD5, and Ig Heavy chain were examined. Results First, bioinformatics analysis was applied to identify 27 potential off-targeting genes from the sgRNAs. Then, PCR amplification followed by sequencing analysis was used to verify the presence of off-targeting events. Off-targeting events were only identified from the sgRNA used to disrupt Ig Heavy chain in pigs; frequency of off-targeting was 80 and 70% on AR and RBFOX1 locus respectively. A potential PAM sequence was present in both of the off-targeting genes adjacent to probable sgRNA binding sites. Mismatches against sgRNA were present only on the 5′ side of AR, suggesting that off-targeting activities are systematic events. However, the mismatches on RBFOX1 were not limited to the 5′ side, indicating unpredictability of the events. Conclusions The prevalence of off-targeting is low via direct injection of CRISPR/Cas9 system into developing embryos, but the events cannot be accurately predicted. Off-targeting frequency of each CRISPR/Cas9 system should be deliberately assessed prior to its application in clinics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-019-0517-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Carey
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Junghyun Ryu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Kyungjun Uh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Andrea J Lengi
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Corl
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Kaneko H, Kikuchi K, Nakai M, Fuchimoto D, Suzuki S, Sembon S, Noguchi J, Onishi A. Establishment of a strain of haemophilia-A pigs by xenografting of foetal testicular tissue from neonatally moribund cloned pigs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17026. [PMID: 29208927 PMCID: PMC5717049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting of testicular tissue into immunodeficient mice makes it possible to obtain functional sperm from immature donor animals that cannot be used for reproduction. We have developed a porcine model of human haemophilia A (haemophilia-A pigs) by nuclear transfer cloning from foetal fibroblasts after disruption of the X-linked coagulation factor VIII (F8) gene. Despite having a recessive condition, female F8+/- cloned pigs died of severe bleeding at an early age, as was the case for male F8-/Y cloned pigs, thus making it impossible to obtain progeny. In this study, therefore, we produced sperm from F8-/Y cloned pigs by grafting their foetal testicular tissue into nude mice. Two F8+/- female pigs were generated from oocytes injected with xenogeneic sperm. Unlike the F8+/- cloned pigs, they remained asymptomatic, and delivered five F8-/Y and four F8+/- pigs after being crossed with wild-type boars. The descendant F8-/Y pigs conserved the haemophilia phenotype. Thus, the present F8+/- pigs show resolution of the phenotypic abnormality, and will facilitate production of F8-/Y pigs as founders of a strain of haemophilia-A pigs for the development of new therapeutics for haemophilia A. This strategy will be applicable to other genetically modified pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaneko
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Kikuchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.,NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8517, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Fuchimoto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Shunichi Suzuki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Shoichiro Sembon
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.,NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8517, Japan
| | - Junko Noguchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Onishi
- Nihon University, College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
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Choi YJ, Kim E, Reza AMMT, Hong K, Song H, Park C, Cho SK, Lee K, Prather RS, Kim JH. Recombination activating gene-2 null severe combined immunodeficient pigs and mice engraft human induced pluripotent stem cells differently. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69398-69407. [PMID: 29050212 PMCID: PMC5642487 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study comparatively investigated the transcriptional, physiological, and phenotypic differences of the immune disorder between severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse and pig models. We discovered that the recombination activating gene-2 (Rag-2) SCID mice, but not RAG-2 SCID pigs, showed intense, infrequent, and mild cluster of CD3+-, CD4+-, and CD8+ signals respectively, suggesting that distinct species-specific effects exist. Furthermore, the expression of six relevant genes (NFATC1, CD79B, CD2, BLNK, FOXO1, and CD40) was more downregulated than that in the Rag-2 SCID mice, which provides a partial rationale for the death of T/B cells in the lymphoid organs of RAG-2 SCID pigs but not in Rag-2 SCID mice. Further, NK cell maturation-related gene expression was significantly lower in RAG-2 SCID pigs than in Rag-2 SCID mice. Consistently, the RAG-2 SCID pigs, but not Rag-2 SCID mice, developed human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived teratomas that were the same as those of perforin/Rag-2 SCID mice. Therefore, these unexpected findings indicate the superiority of RAG-2 SCID pigs over Rag-2 SCID mice as a suitable model for investigating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jung Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - EunSu Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abu Musa Md Talimur Reza
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Randall S. Prather
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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