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miR-145-5p Targets Sp1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells and Links to BMI1 Induced Pemetrexed Resistance and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315352. [PMID: 36499676 PMCID: PMC9741456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemetrexed is a folic acid inhibitor used as a second-line chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for 85% of lung cancers. However, prolonged treatment with pemetrexed may cause cancer cells to develop resistance. In this study, we found increased expressions of BMI1 (B Lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog) and Sp1 and a decreased expression of miR-145-5p was found in pemetrexed-resistant A400 cells than in A549 cells. Direct Sp1 targeting activity of miR-145-5p was demonstrated by a luciferase based Sp1 3'-UTR reporter. Changed expression of miR-145-5p in A400 or A549 cells by transfection of miR-145-5p mimic or inhibitor affected the sensitivity of the cells to pemetrexed. On the other hand, the overexpression of Sp1 in A549 cells caused the decreased sensitivity to pemetrexed, induced cell migratory capability, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related transcription factors such as Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 1 and Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1. In addition, the overexpression of BMI1 in the A549 cells resulted in an increase in Sp1 and a decrease in miR-145-5p accompanied by the elevations of cell proliferation and EMT transcription factors, which could be reduced by the overexpression of miR-145-5p or by treatment with the Sp1 inhibitor of mithramycin A. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the downregulation of miR-145-5p by BMI1 overexpression could lead to the enhanced expression of Sp1 to induce the EMT process in pemetrexed-resistant NSCLC cells. These results suggest that increasing miR-145-5p expression by delivering RNA drugs may serve as a sensitizing agent for pemetrexed-resistant NSCLC patients.
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Xu L, Zou C, Zhang S, Chu TSM, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhao C, Yang L, Xu Z, Dong S, Yu H, Li B, Guan X, Hou Y, Kong FM. Reshaping the systemic tumor immune environment (STIE) and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in solid tumors. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:87. [PMID: 35799264 PMCID: PMC9264569 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of combination immunotherapy based on the mediation of regulatory mechanisms of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is promising. However, a deep understanding of tumor immunology must involve the systemic tumor immune environment (STIE) which was merely illustrated previously. Here, we aim to review recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics and spatial transcriptomics for the studies of STIE, TIME, and their interactions, which may reveal heterogeneity in immunotherapy responses as well as the dynamic changes essential for the treatment effect. We review the evidence from preclinical and clinical studies related to TIME, STIE, and their significance on overall survival, through different immunomodulatory pathways, such as metabolic and neuro-immunological pathways. We also evaluate the significance of the STIE, TIME, and their interactions as well as changes after local radiotherapy and systemic immunotherapy or combined immunotherapy. We focus our review on the evidence of lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, aiming to reshape STIE and TIME to enhance immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - Chang Zou
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China.,Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Education Ministry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life and Marine Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Timothy Shun Man Chu
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caining Zhao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - Shaowei Dong
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xinyuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, Guangdong, 528200, China.
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Feng-Ming Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Chung Y, Min KW, Kim DH, Son BK, Do SI, Chae SW, Kwon MJ. High BMI1 Expression with Low CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Activity Could Promote Breast Cancer Cell Survival: A Machine Learning Approach. J Pers Med 2021; 11:739. [PMID: 34442383 PMCID: PMC8399090 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BMI1 is known to play a key role in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal in both endogenous and cancer stem cells. High BMI1 expression has been associated with poor prognosis in a variety of human tumors. The aim of this study was to reveal the correlations of BMI1 with survival rates, genetic alterations, and immune activities, and to validate the results using machine learning. We investigated the survival rates according to BMI1 expression in 389 and 789 breast cancer patients from Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center (KBSMC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas, respectively. We performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) with pathway-based network analysis, investigated the immune response, and performed in vitro drug screening assays. The survival prediction model was evaluated through a gradient boosting machine (GBM) approach incorporating BMI1. High BMI1 expression was correlated with poor survival in patients with breast cancer. In GSEA and in in silico flow cytometry, high BMI1 expression was associated with factors indicating a weak immune response, such as decreased CD8+ T cell and CD4+ T cell counts. In pathway-based network analysis, BMI1 was directly linked to transcriptional regulation and indirectly linked to inflammatory response pathways, etc. The GBM model incorporating BMI1 showed improved prognostic performance compared with the model without BMI1. We identified telomerase inhibitor IX, a drug with potent activity against breast cancer cell lines with high BMI1 expression. We suggest that high BMI1 expression could be a therapeutic target in breast cancer. These results could contribute to the design of future experimental research and drug development programs for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Chung
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.-I.D.); (S.W.C.)
| | - Kyueng-Whan Min
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri 11923, Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.-I.D.); (S.W.C.)
| | - Byoung Kwan Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu 11749, Korea;
| | - Sung-Im Do
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.-I.D.); (S.W.C.)
| | - Seoung Wan Chae
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.-I.D.); (S.W.C.)
| | - Mi Jung Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea;
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Spiegel JL, Jakob M, Kruizenga M, Freytag S, Bertlich M, Canis M, Ihler F, Haubner F, Kitz J, Weiss BG. Cancer stem cell markers in adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands - reliable prognostic markers? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:2517-2528. [PMID: 33009929 PMCID: PMC8165058 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands is of low incidence and a broad range of histopathological subtypes. Cancer stem cell markers (CSC) might serve as novel prognostic parameters. To date, only a few studies examined the expression of CSC in adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands with diverging results. To further investigate the reliability in terms of prognostic value, a histopathological analysis of CSCs on a cohort of patients with adenocarcinomas of the major salivary glands was performed. Methods Tumor samples of 40 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the major salivary gland treated with curative intend at one tertiary center were stained with the CSCs ALDH1, BMI-1, CD44, Nanog, and SOX2. Expression of these markers was correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival estimates. Results Correlation of high expression of ALDH1 with higher grading (p < 0.001) and high expression of CD44 with the localization of the neoplasm (p = 0.05), larger tumor size (p = 0.006), positive pN-category (p = 0.023), and advanced UICC stage (p = 0.002) was found. Furthermore, high expression of SOX2 correlated with a negative perineural invasion (p = 0.02). No significant correlation of any investigated marker with survival estimates was observed. Conclusion In conclusion, our study did not find a significant correlation of the investigated CSCs with survival estimates in adenocarcinoma of the major salivary glands. Recapitulating the results of our study in conjunction with data in the literature, the CSCs ALDH1, BMI-1, CD44, Nanog, and SOX2 do not seem to serve as reliable prognostic parameters in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00405-020-06389-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Spiegel
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mark Jakob
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Kruizenga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Georg August University, University Hospital Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Molecular Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mattis Bertlich
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Ihler
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Vertigo and Balance 508 Disorders, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Haubner
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Kitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40,, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard G Weiss
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
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