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The Role of Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in Mediating Genetic Susceptibility via MC4R s17782313 Genotypes to Affect Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Apparently Healthy Obese Individuals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3044545. [PMID: 36440355 PMCID: PMC9683967 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3044545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The association of genetic and dietary factors with occurrence and progression of chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) has long been addressed but there is a lack of evidence for complex interrelationships, including direct and indirect effects of these variables. Hence, this study is aimed at evaluating the mediating role of glycemic indices in the association of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) rs17782313 polymorphism, sociodemographic, and psychological factors with the risk of MetS in obese adults using structural equation modeling. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from 287 apparently healthy adults. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were calculated from a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). MC4R s17782313 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Structural equation modeling was used to explore direct and indirect effects of genetic and nongenetic factors on MetS. Results MC4R gene variant was directly associated with the risk of MetS (B = 0.010; P = 0.023). On the other hand, this variant was found to be indirectly and positively associated with LDL-C (B = 6.589; P = 0.042) through mediatory effects of GI and GL. Moreover, GI and GL also mediated indirect positive effects of sex and age on LDL-C (B = 3.970; P ≤ 0.01; B = 0.878; P ≤ 0.01, respectively) and HDL (B = 2.203; P ≤ 0.01; B = 0.129; P ≤ 0.01, respectively). MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism had positive effects on GI (B = 1.577; P ≤ 0.01) and GL (B = 1.235; P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion Our data may state a hypothesis of the mediating effect of quantity and quality of carbohydrates consumed in relationship between genetic susceptibility to obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Further analyses should be carried out in high-quality cohort studies in order to confirm the findings.
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Gholamalizadeh M, Mokhtari Z, Doaei S, Jalili V, Davoodi SH, Jonoush M, Akbari ME, Hajipour A, Bahar B, Tabesh GA, Omidi S, Mosavi Jarrahi SA. The association between fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genotype and serum vitamin D level in breast cancer patients. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9627-9633. [PMID: 34490746 PMCID: PMC8505832 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The preventive effect of vitamin D against breast cancer can be influenced by gene polymorphisms. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D and FTO genotype in breast cancer patients. A cross‐sectional study was carried out on 180 newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer in Tehran, Iran. The blood samples were collected from the participants in order to assess the FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism by the tetra‐primer amplification refractory mutation system (Tetra‐ARMS) PCR method. The serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D was measured using the direct competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The association between vitamin D and the FTO genotype in patients with breast cancer was assessed after adjustment for cofounders. The frequency of TT, AT and AA genotypes in the breast cancer patients were 43% (n = 77), 49% (n = 89) and 8% (n = 14), respectively. All patients with higher than 40 ng/dl of serum 25(OH) vitamin D had one or two copies of FTO rs9939609 risk allele (p = 0.019). No linear association was found between the number of FTO risk allele and the level of serum vitamin D. All patients with high serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D had one or two copies of FTO rs9939609 risk allele. FTO gene polymorphisms may counteract the beneficial effects of vitamin D in breast cancer prevention. Further studies can help to better understand the genetic factors predisposing to breast cancer and their effect on the association between vitamin D and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mokhtari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Vahideh Jalili
- Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sayed Hossein Davoodi
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Jonoush
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashahd University of Medical Sciences, Mashahad, Iran
| | | | - Azadeh Hajipour
- School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- Nutrition Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, Research Centre for Global Development, School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Ghasem Azizi Tabesh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Omidi
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Research Center of Health and Environment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Wei H, Li Z, Liu F, Wang Y, Ding S, Chen Y, Liu J. The Role of FTO in Tumors and It's Research Progress. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:924-933. [PMID: 34269659 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210714153046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A malignant tumor is a disease that seriously threatens human health. At present, more and more research results show that the pathogenesis of different tumors is very complicated, and the methods of clinical treatment are also diverse. This review analyzes and summarizes the role of fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genes in different tumors and provides a reference value for research and drug treatment methods. METHOD We conducted a comprehensive literature search using the database. According to the article's primary purpose, irrelevant articles were excluded from the research summary and included in the relevant articles. Finally, the relevant information of the article was summarized. RESULT In this article, the relationship between malignant tumors and FTO is introduced by citing many documents. In addition, the inhibitors that act on FTO are listed. CONCLUSION This article has shown that FTO protein is a demethylase that can regulate N6-methyladenosine (m6A) levels in mRNA and plays a crucial role in the progression and resistance of various tumors such as leukemia, breast cancer, and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Shi Ding
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Ye Chen
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
| | - Ju Liu
- College of Pharmacy of Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 10036. China
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Structural characteristics of small-molecule inhibitors targeting FTO demethylase. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:1475-1489. [PMID: 34240624 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that the FTO gene is closely related to obesity and weight gain in humans. FTO is an N6-methyladenosine demethylase and is linked to an increased risk of obesity and a variety of diseases, such as acute myeloid leukemia, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, glioblastoma and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. In light of the significant role of FTO, the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the FTO protein provides not only a powerful tool for grasping the active site of FTO but also a theoretical basis for the design and synthesis of drugs targeting the FTO protein. This review focuses on the structural characteristics of FTO inhibitors and discusses the occurrence of obesity and cancer caused by FTO gene overexpression.
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Özgöz A, Mutlu Içduygu F, Yükseltürk A, Samli H, Hekimler Öztürk K, Baskan Z, Tütüncü I. Postmenopausal estrogen receptor positive breast cancer and obesity associated gene variants. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:1133-1144. [PMID: 34345232 PMCID: PMC8326496 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most important health risks in postmenopausal women. Molecular pathways that are connected with obesity are believed to interact with the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC). The aim of this research was to study the polymorphisms of two obesity-associated genes ADIPOQ and FTO that are also related to the pathogenesis of BC. Obesity-associated gene polymorphisms ADIPOQ rs1501299 and rs2241766, and FTO rs1477196, rs7206790, rs8047395, and rs9939609 were studied in 101 Turkish postmenopausal estrogen receptor-positive BC patients and 100 healthy control individuals. ADIPOQ rs1501299 was detected to be associated with protection against BC. The ADIPOQ rs1501299 TT genotype, the rs2241766 GT genotype and the G allele were found to be significantly higher in the control group. In addition, ADIPOQ rs1501299 polymorphism was protective in the recessive model and rs2241766 polymorphism was protective in the dominant model. While none of the FTO gene polymorphisms were found to be associated with BC, the frequencies of rs9939609 A allele and rs7206790 G allele were correlated with body mass index (BMI) in BC patients. ADIPOQ rs1501299 TT genotype, rs2241766 GT genotype, and G allele might be protective against BC in the Turkish population but this conclusion needs to be further verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuman Özgöz
- Kastamonu School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Fadime Mutlu Içduygu
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Aysegül Yükseltürk
- Fazil Boyner Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Hale Samli
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Kuyas Hekimler Öztürk
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Baskan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Acibadem Bursa Hospital, 16110 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Tütüncü
- Fazil Boyner Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Variable expression quantitative trait loci analysis of breast cancer risk variants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7192. [PMID: 33785833 PMCID: PMC8009949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 180 variants associated with breast cancer risk, however the underlying functional mechanisms and biological pathways which confer disease susceptibility remain largely unknown. As gene expression traits are under genetic regulation we hypothesise that differences in gene expression variability may identify causal breast cancer susceptibility genes. We performed variable expression quantitative trait loci (veQTL) analysis using tissue-specific expression data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Common Fund Project. veQTL analysis identified 70 associations (p < 5 × 10–8) consisting of 60 genes and 27 breast cancer risk variants, including 55 veQTL that were observed in breast tissue only. Pathway analysis of genes associated with breast-specific veQTL revealed an enrichment of four genes (CYP11B1, CYP17A1 HSD3B2 and STAR) involved in the C21-steroidal biosynthesis pathway that converts cholesterol to breast-related hormones (e.g. oestrogen). Each of these four genes were significantly more variable in individuals homozygous for rs11075995 (A/A) breast cancer risk allele located in the FTO gene, which encodes an RNA demethylase. The A/A allele was also found associated with reduced expression of FTO, suggesting an epi-transcriptomic mechanism may underlie the dysregulation of genes involved in hormonal biosynthesis leading to an increased risk of breast cancer. These findings provide evidence that genetic variants govern high levels of expression variance in breast tissue, thus building a more comprehensive insight into the underlying biology of breast cancer risk loci.
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Doaei S, Bourbour F, Rastgoo S, Akbari ME, Gholamalizadeh M, Hajipour A, Moslem A, Ghorat F, Badeli M, Bagheri SE, Alizadeh A, Mokhtari Z, Pishdad S, JavadiKooshesh S, Azizi Tabesh G, Montazeri F, Joola P, Rezaei S, Dorosti M, Mosavi Jarrahi SA. Interactions of anthropometric indices, rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism and breast cancer: A case-control study. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3252-3257. [PMID: 33634577 PMCID: PMC8034447 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contradictory results were reported on the effect of fat mass‐ and obesity‐associated (FTO) gene and anthropometric measurements on breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to assess the interactions between rs9939609 polymorphism of FTO gene, anthropometric indices and BC risk in Iranian women. This case‐control study was performed on 540 women including 180 women with BC and 360 healthy women in Tehran, Iran. Physical activity and dietary intakes were assessed by validated questionnaires. Data on sociodemographic and pathologic factors of the participants as well as their blood samples were collected. The rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism was genotyped using the tetra‐primer amplification refractory mutation system‐polymerase chain reaction (T‐ARMS‐PCR). No significant association was found between BC and risk allele of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism after adjustments for the confounders. However, there was a significant association between rs9939609 polymorphism risk allele and BC risk in females with overweight, even after adjusting for age, family history of BC, abortion, BMI and the number of pregnancies (P < .05). The association was disappeared after further adjustments for lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, calorie and macronutrients intake, and physical activity. The FTO gene polymorphism was associated with the risk of BC in overweight individuals. This association was influenced by environmental factors including diet, alcohol consumption and smoking. Future studies are required to confirm the association between the FTO gene and BC in overweight females and to identify the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Doaei
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bourbour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rastgoo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hajipour
- Department of Health Sciences in Nutrition, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Alireza Moslem
- Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ghorat
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mostafa Badeli
- Department of Nutrition, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Atieh Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mokhtari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Pishdad
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sepehr JavadiKooshesh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Azizi Tabesh
- Genomic Research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Montazeri
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Joola
- Department of non-communicable diseases, deputy of health services, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Shahla Rezaei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dorosti
- Department of Nutrition, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
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Wang JY, Chen LJ, Qiang P. The Potential Role of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Demethylase Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene (FTO) in Human Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12845-12856. [PMID: 33364780 PMCID: PMC7751723 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s283417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated gene(FTO), previously recognized to be related with obesity and diabetes, was gradually discovered to be dysregulated in multiple cancers and plays an oncogenic or tumor-suppressive role. However, the specific expression and pro- or anti-cancer role of FTO in various cancers remained controversial. In this review, through summarizing the available literature, we found that FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were closely related with cancer risk. Additionally, the dysregulation of FTO was implicated in multiple biological processes, such as cancer cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, cell-cycle, differentiation, stem cell self-renewal and so on. These modulations mostly relied on the communications between FTO and specific signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK and mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, FTO had great potential for clinical application by serving as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Zhangjiagang Jiangsu 215600, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Juan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Zhangjiagang Jiangsu 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Qiang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Zhangjiagang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, People's Republic of China
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Zeng T, Zhao J, Kang Y, Wang X, Xie H. Association between polymorphism near the MC4R gene and cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22003. [PMID: 32899047 PMCID: PMC7478401 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), gene which are associated with risk of obesity. Since obesity is an established risk factor of cancer, several studies have examined the association between SNPs near the MC4R gene and cancer risk, but the findings are inconsistent. The present study aimed to perform a meta-analysis to clarify the association between SNPs near MC4R and cancer risk. METHODS The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for potentially eligible publications. All studies that evaluated the association between MC4R rs17782313 SNP (or its proxy rs12970134) and cancer risk were included. The pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model. And subgroup analysis by cancer type (colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer and breast cancer) was conducted for further investigate the association. RESULTS A total of 6 eligible studies (6517 cases and 16,886 controls) were included in the present meta-analysis. The results indicated that MC4R rs17782313 SNP was moderately associated with cancer risk (odds ratio = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01-1.24). However, the subgroup analysis between different cancer types shows that rs17782313 is only associated with colorectal cancer but not the endometrial cancer and breast cancer. Risk factor in colorectal cancer was both significantly associated with rs17782313 with and without adjustment for body mass index; while the risk factor of the endometrial cancer and breast cancer were both not associated with the rs17782313 with and without adjustment for body mass index. There was no publication bias for the association between MC4R rs17782313 and cancer risk. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis confirmed the moderate association between MC4R rs17782313 and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjun Xie
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
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Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Sawada N, Shimazu T, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Fat mass and obesity-associated gene polymorphisms, pre-diagnostic plasma adipokine levels and the risk of colorectal cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229005. [PMID: 32053666 PMCID: PMC7017986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although their functional outcomes remain largely unknown, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) may interact with adipokines, especially leptin and adiponectin, to modify the risk of colorectal cancer. We conducted a prospective study of 375 colorectal cancer cases and 750 matched controls to examine the effects of SNPs in the FTO, either alone or in interaction with pre-diagnostic plasma adipokine levels. Using a conditional logistic regression model, we obtained odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of colorectal cancer. Seven SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium demonstrated a similarly positive association with colorectal cancer, and most evidently for rs1558902, rs8050136, rs3751812, and rs9939609 (Ptrend = 0.02). Of interest, we observed a statistically significant interaction of rs8050136 with plasma total adiponectin levels (Pinteraction = 0.03). Compared to non-carriers in the lowest quintile of plasma total adiponectin, A allele carriers in the same quintile showed a considerably elevated risk of colorectal cancer, with a body mass index-adjusted OR of 2.54 (95% CI, 1.36-4.75). This investigation of the interaction between SNPs in the FTO and pre-diagnostic plasma adipokine levels has revealed the importance of both genetic and hormonal factors associated with adiposity in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Melstrom L, Chen J. RNA N 6-methyladenosine modification in solid tumors: new therapeutic frontiers. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:625-633. [PMID: 31956264 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mRNA modification is an evolving field. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most frequent internal transcriptional modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This review will discuss the functions of the m6A mRNA machinery, including its "writers" that are components of the methyltransferase complex, its "readers" and its "erasers" (specifically FTO and ALKBH5) in cancer. The writers deposit the m6A and include METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, VIRMA, and RBM15. M6A methylation is removed by the m6A demethylases (FTO and ALKBH5). Lastly, the most diverse members are the readers that can contribute to mRNA splicing, stability, translation, and nuclear export. Many of these functions continue to be elucidated. The dysregulation of this machinery in various malignancies and the associated impact on tumorigenesis and drug response will be discussed herein with a focus on solid tumors. It is clear that, by contributing to either mRNA stability or translation, there are downstream targets that are impacted, contributing to cancer progression and the self-renewal ability of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Melstrom
- Department of Surgery and Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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12
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Rajecka V, Skalicky T, Vanacova S. The role of RNA adenosine demethylases in the control of gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1862:343-355. [PMID: 30550773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RNA modifications are being recognized as an essential factor in gene expression regulation. They play essential roles in germ line development, differentiation and disease. In eukaryotic mRNAs, N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) is the most prevalent internal chemical modification identified to date. The m6A pathway involves factors called writers, readers and erasers. m6A thus offers an interesting concept of dynamic reversible modification with implications in fine-tuning the cellular metabolism. In mammals, FTO and ALKBH5 have been initially identified as m6A erasers. Recently, FTO m6A specificity has been debated as new reports identify FTO targeting N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am). The two adenosine demethylases have diverse roles in the metabolism of mRNAs and their activity is involved in key processes, such as embryogenesis, disease or infection. In this article, we review the current knowledge of their function and mechanisms and discuss the existing contradictions in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: mRNA modifications in gene expression control edited by Dr. Soller Matthias and Dr. Fray Rupert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Rajecka
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Skalicky
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Stepanka Vanacova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
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Novel positioning from obesity to cancer: FTO, an m 6A RNA demethylase, regulates tumour progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:19-29. [PMID: 30465076 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene on chromosome 16q12.2 shows an intimate association with obesity and body mass index. Recently, research into the FTO gene and its expression product has attracted widespread interest due to the identification of FTO as an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase. FTO primarily regulates the m6A levels of downstream targets via their 3' untranslated regions. FTO not only plays a critical role in obesity-related diseases but also is involved in the occurrence, development and prognosis of many types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukaemia, glioblastoma and breast cancer. Currently, studies indicate that FTO is a crucial component of m6A modification, it regulates cancer stem cell function, and promotes the growth, self-renewal and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we summarized and analysed the data regarding the structural features and biological functions of FTO as well as its association with different cancers and possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS We systematically reviewed the related literatures regarding FTO and its demethylation activity in many pathologic and physiological processes, especially in cancer-related diseases based on PubMed databases in this article. RESULTS Mounting evidence indicated that FTO plays a critical role in occurrence, progression and treatment of various cancers, even acting as a cancer oncogene in acute myeloid leukaemia, research on which is no longer restricted to metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. CONCLUSION Considering FTO's critical role in many diseases, FTO may become a new promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases in the near future, especially for specific types of cancers, such as acute myeloid leukaemia, glioblastoma and breast cancer.
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He L, Li J, Wang X, Ying Y, Xie H, Yan H, Zheng X, Xie L. The dual role of N6-methyladenosine modification of RNAs is involved in human cancers. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4630-4639. [PMID: 30039919 PMCID: PMC6156243 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant and reversible RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, m6A triggers a new layer of epi‐transcription. M6A modification occurs through a methylation process modified by “writers” complexes, reversed by “erasers”, and exerts its role depending on various “readers”. Emerging evidence shows that there is a strong association between m6A and human diseases, especially cancers. Herein, we review bi‐aspects of m6A in regulating cancers mediated by the m6A‐associated proteins, which exert vital and specific roles in the development of various cancers. Generally, the m6A modification performs promotion or inhibition functions (dual role) in tumorigenesis and progression of various cancers, which suggests a new concept in cancer regulations. In addition, m6A‐targeted therapies including competitive antagonists of m6A‐associated proteins may provide a new tumour intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujia He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufan Ying
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyun Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaqing Yan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Deng X, Su R, Stanford S, Chen J. Critical Enzymatic Functions of FTO in Obesity and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:396. [PMID: 30105001 PMCID: PMC6077364 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to increased body mass and obesity in humans by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) since 2007. Although some recent studies suggest that the obesity-related SNPs in FTO influence obesity susceptibility likely through altering the expression of the adjacent genes such as IRX3 and RPGRIP1L, rather than FTO itself, a solid link between the SNP risk genotype and the increased FTO expression in both human blood cells and fibroblasts has been reported. Moreover, multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that FTO does play a critical role in the regulation of fat mass, adipogenesis, and body weight. Epidemiology studies also showed a strong association of FTO SNPs and overweight/obesity with increased risk of various types of cancers. As the first identified messenger RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase, FTO has been shown recently to play m6A-dependent roles in adipogenesis and tumorigenesis (especially in the development of leukemia and glioblastoma). Given the critical roles of FTO in cancers, the development of selective and effective inhibitors targeting FTO holds potential to treat cancers. This mini review discusses the roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of FTO in both obesity and cancers, and also summarizes recent advances in the development of FTO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Deng
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of HopeMonrovia, CA, United States
- School of PharmacyChina Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of HopeMonrovia, CA, United States
| | - Savanna Stanford
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of HopeMonrovia, CA, United States
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology and The Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of HopeMonrovia, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jianjun Chen
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