SET mediates TCE-induced liver cell apoptosis through dephosphorylation and upregulation of nucleolin

Kupffer cell inactivation ameliorates immune liver injury via TNF-α/TNFR1 signal pathway in trichloroethylene sensitized mice

METHODS

36 female BALB/c mice were selected and randomly divided the mice into four groups. We established a BALB/c mouse model of TCE sensitization and pretreatment with GdCl3 (40 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection during the during the 17th and 19th days.

RESULTS

We found F4/80, the marker of Kupffer cell, was increased in TCE positive group. GdCl3 treatment successfully blocked the activation of Kupffer cell. TNF-α was increased significantly in liver of TCE sensitized mice and decreased significantly when low-dose GdCl3 was used. We found TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) was increased significantly and GdCl3 treatment resumed the expression of TNFR1 to normal level, as well as the F4/80, TNF-α and TNFR1 mRNA. We also found both caspase-8 and caspase-3 increased in TCE positive group and decreased in TCE + GdCl3 positive group. The number of apoptotic cells in TCE sensitized mice increased by TUNEL staining, and GdCl3 treatment alleviated this increase. Some cells showed edema and inflammatory cell aggregation in liver of TCE positive group, while in the TCE + GdCl3 positive group, the cytoplasm became loose and vacuole-like degeneration occurred.

CONCLUSION

Our study unveils cross-talk between Kupffer cell activation and TNFR1 which mediate apoptosis in liver of TCE sensitized mice.

Proteomic Analysis of Brain Region and Sex-Specific Synaptic Protein Expression in the Adult Mouse Brain

Genetic disruption of synaptic proteins results in a whole variety of human neuropsychiatric disorders including intellectual disability, schizophrenia or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a wide range of these so-called synaptopathies a sex bias in prevalence and clinical course has been reported. Using an unbiased proteomic approach, we analyzed the proteome at the interaction site of the pre- and postsynaptic compartment, in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum of male and female adult C57BL/6J mice. We were able to reveal a specific repertoire of synaptic proteins in different brain areas as it has been implied before. Additionally, we found a region-specific set of novel synaptic proteins differentially expressed between male and female individuals including the strong ASD candidates DDX3X, KMT2C, MYH10 and SET. Being the first comprehensive analysis of brain region-specific synaptic proteomes from male and female mice, our study provides crucial information on sex-specific differences in the molecular anatomy of the synapse. Our efforts should serve as a neurobiological framework to better understand the influence of sex on synapse biology in both health and disease.