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Kubat GB, Bouhamida E, Ulger O, Turkel I, Pedriali G, Ramaccini D, Ekinci O, Ozerklig B, Atalay O, Patergnani S, Nur Sahin B, Morciano G, Tuncer M, Tremoli E, Pinton P. Mitochondrial dysfunction and skeletal muscle atrophy: Causes, mechanisms, and treatment strategies. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:33-58. [PMID: 37451353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight, is one of the most dynamic and plastic tissues in the human body and plays a vital role in movement, posture and force production. More than just a component of the locomotor system, skeletal muscle functions as an endocrine organ capable of producing and secreting hundreds of bioactive molecules. Therefore, maintaining healthy skeletal muscles is crucial for supporting overall body health. Various pathological conditions, such as prolonged immobilization, cachexia, aging, drug-induced toxicity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), can disrupt the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributing mechanism to skeletal muscle atrophy, as it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolic flexibility, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and regulation of apoptosis. In this review, we critically examine recent knowledge regarding the causes of muscle atrophy (disuse, cachexia, aging, etc.) and its contribution to CVDs. Additionally, we highlight the mitochondrial signaling pathways involvement to skeletal muscle atrophy, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and mitophagy, mitochondrial fission-fusion, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss current strategies, including exercise, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, in vivo transfection of PGC-1α, and the potential use of mitochondrial transplantation as a possible therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Burcin Kubat
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Oner Ulger
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Turkel
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaia Pedriali
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Daniela Ramaccini
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Ozgur Ekinci
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkay Ozerklig
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozbeyen Atalay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beyza Nur Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Meltem Tuncer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Packer M. Foetal recapitulation of nutrient surplus signalling by O-GlcNAcylation and the failing heart. Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:1199-1212. [PMID: 37434410 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the foetal heart is driven by increased glucose uptake and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which drives glycolysis. In contrast, the healthy adult heart is governed by sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which promote fatty-acid oxidation and the substantial mitochondrial ATP production required for survival in a high-workload normoxic environment. During cardiac injury, the heart recapitulates the foetal signalling programme, which (although adaptive in the short term) is highly deleterious if sustained for long periods of time. Prolonged increases in glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes under stress leads to increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway; its endproduct - uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) - functions as a critical nutrient surplus sensor. UDP-GlcNAc drives the post-translational protein modification known as O-GlcNAcylation, which rapidly and reversibly modifies thousands of intracellular proteins. Both O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation act at serine/threonine residues, but whereas phosphorylation is regulated by hundreds of specific kinases and phosphatases, O-GlcNAcylation is regulated by only two enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which adds or removes GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine), respectively, from target proteins. Recapitulation of foetal programming in heart failure (regardless of diabetes) is accompanied by marked increases in O-GlcNAcylation, both experimentally and clinically. Heightened O-GlcNAcylation in the heart leads to impaired calcium kinetics and contractile derangements, arrhythmias related to activation of voltage-gated sodium channels and Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, mitochondrial dysfunction, and maladaptive hypertrophy, microvascular dysfunction, fibrosis and cardiomyopathy. These deleterious effects can be prevented by suppression of O-GlcNAcylation, which can be achieved experimentally by upregulation of AMPK and SIRT1 or by pharmacological inhibition of OGT or stimulation of OGA. The effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on the heart are accompanied by reduced O-GlcNAcylation, and their cytoprotective effects are reportedly abrogated if their action to suppress O-GlcNAcylation is blocked. Such an action may represent one of the many mechanisms by which enhanced AMPK and SIRT1 signalling following SGLT2 inhibition leads to cardiovascular benefits. These observations, taken collectively, suggest that UDP-GlcNAc functions as a critical nutrient surplus sensor (which acting in concert with mTOR and HIF-1α) can promote the development of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Imperial College, London, UK
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The Impact of Different Oxygen Delivery Methods on Corneal Epithelial Repair after Injury. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:3260087. [PMID: 36225607 PMCID: PMC9550470 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3260087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperbaric oxygen therapy is often used in the management of acid and base burns of the eyes. However, oxygen is rarely supplied locally through goggles or face mask in ophthalmology. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate how oxygen delivery affects eye recovery after injury. We used a rabbit model with corneal epithelial injury to examine the effects of local oxygen supply via goggles or face mask on the recovery of cornea. A total of 75 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, A, B, and C, with 25 rabbits in each group. Then, on each rabbit eye (150 eyes in total), a circle of corneal epithelium with 5 mm in diameter was scraped off from the center of the cornea with a corneal epithelial scraper. Group A was given oxygen goggles every day (the oxygen flow rate was 3 L/min, once a day, 2 hours each time); group B was given nasal inhalation of oxygen every day (the oxygen flow rate was 3 L/min, once a day, 2 hours each time); and group C did not receive any treatment and was healed naturally. We found that the group A, which received oxygen supply via goggles, showed the best eye recovery. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cornea with local oxygen supply via goggles or face mask exhibited intact capillary structure and obvious desmosome/hemidesmosome connections between cells. Moreover, the protein and RNA levels of hypoxia-related genes were lower in group A and B, suggesting that the hypoxia factor is a sensitive and early regulator in the low oxygen environment.
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HIF-1-Dependent Induction of β3 Adrenoceptor: Evidence from the Mouse Retina. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081271. [PMID: 35455951 PMCID: PMC9029465 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major player in the homeostatic response to hypoxia is the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 that transactivates a number of genes involved in neovessel proliferation in response to low oxygen tension. In the retina, hypoxia overstimulates β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs) which play a key role in the formation of pathogenic blood vessels. Among β-ARs, β3-AR expression is increased in proliferating vessels in concomitance with increased levels of HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Whether, similarly to VEGF, hypoxia-induced β3-AR upregulation is driven by HIF-1 is still unknown. We used the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), an acknowledged model of retinal angiogenesis, to verify the hypothesis of β3-AR transcriptional regulation by HIF-1. Investigation of β3-AR regulation over OIR progression revealed that the expression profile of β3-AR depends on oxygen tension, similar to VEGF. The additional evidence that HIF-1α stabilization decouples β3-AR expression from oxygen levels further indicates that HIF-1 regulates the expression of the β3-AR gene in the retina. Bioinformatics predicted the presence of six HIF-1 binding sites (HBS #1-6) upstream and inside the mouse β3-AR gene. Among these, HBS #1 has been identified as the most suitable HBS for HIF-1 binding. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR demonstrated an effective binding of HIF-1 to HBS #1 indicating the existence of a physical interaction between HIF-1 and the β3-AR gene. The additional finding that β3-AR gene expression is concomitantly activated indicates the possibility that HIF-1 transactivates the β3-AR gene. Our results are indicative of β3-AR involvement in HIF-1-mediated response to hypoxia.
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Energy metabolism homeostasis in cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2021; 18:1044-1057. [PMID: 35136399 PMCID: PMC8782763 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the general population. Energy metabolism disturbance is one of the early abnormalities in CVDs, such as coronary heart disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. To explore the role of myocardial energy homeostasis disturbance in CVDs, it is important to understand myocardial metabolism in the normal heart and their function in the complex pathophysiology of CVDs. In this article, we summarized lipid metabolism/lipotoxicity and glucose metabolism/insulin resistance in the heart, focused on the metabolic regulation during neonatal and ageing heart, proposed potential metabolic mechanisms for cardiac regeneration and degeneration. We provided an overview of emerging molecular network among cardiac proliferation, regeneration, and metabolic disturbance. These novel targets promise a new era for the treatment of CVDs.
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Ross JA, Vissers JPC, Nanda J, Stewart GD, Husi H, Habib FK, Hammond DE, Gethings LA. The influence of hypoxia on the prostate cancer proteome. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 58:980-993. [PMID: 31940282 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer accounts for around 15% of male deaths in Western Europe and is the second leading cause of cancer death in men after lung cancer. Mounting evidence suggests that prostate cancer deposits exist within a hypoxic environment and this contributes to radio-resistance thus hampering one of the major therapies for this cancer. Recent reports have shown that nitric oxide (NO) donating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduced tumour hypoxia as well as maintaining a radio-sensitising/therapeutic effect on prostate cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hypoxia on the proteome of the prostate and to establish whether NO-NSAID treatment reverted the protein profiles back to their normoxic status. To this end an established hormone insensitive prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, was cultured under hypoxic and normoxic conditions before and following exposure to NO-NSAID in combination with selected other common prostate cancer treatment types. The extracted proteins were analysed by ion mobility-assisted data independent acquisition mass spectrometry (MS), combined with multivariate statistical analyses, to measure hypoxia-induced alterations in the proteome of these cells. The analyses demonstrated that under hypoxic conditions there were well-defined, significantly regulated/differentially expressed proteins primarily involved with structural and binding processes including, for example, TUBB4A, CIRP and PLOD1. Additionally, the exposure of hypoxic cells to NSAID and NO-NSAID agents, resulted in some of these proteins being differentially expressed; for example, both PCNA and HNRNPA1L were down-regulated, corresponding with disruption in the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Ross
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jyoti Nanda
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Prostate Research Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holger Husi
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fouad K Habib
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Prostate Research Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dean E Hammond
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lee A Gethings
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Cerychova R, Pavlinkova G. HIF-1, Metabolism, and Diabetes in the Embryonic and Adult Heart. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:460. [PMID: 30158902 PMCID: PMC6104135 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is able to metabolize any substrate, depending on its availability, to satisfy its energy requirements. Under normal physiological conditions, about 95% of ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation and the rest by glycolysis. Cardiac metabolism undergoes reprograming in response to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) mediates the metabolic adaptation to hypoxia and ischemia, including the transition from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism. During embryonic development, HIF-1 protects the embryo from intrauterine hypoxia, its deletion as well as its forced expression are embryonically lethal. A decrease in HIF-1 activity is crucial during perinatal remodeling when the heart switches from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism. In the adult heart, HIF-1 protects against hypoxia, although its deletion in cardiomyocytes affects heart function even under normoxic conditions. Diabetes impairs HIF-1 activation and thus, compromises HIF-1 mediated responses under oxygen-limited conditions. Compromised HIF-1 signaling may contribute to the teratogenicity of maternal diabetes and diabetic cardiomyopathy in adults. In this review, we discuss the function of HIF-1 in the heart throughout development into adulthood, as well as the deregulation of HIF-1 signaling in diabetes and its effects on the embryonic and adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Cerychova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Pavlinkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Gabriela Pavlinkova
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