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Tu KJ, Stewart CE, Hendrickson PG, Regal JA, Kim SY, Ashley DM, Waitkus MS, Reitman ZJ. Pooled genetic screens to identify vulnerabilities in TERT-promoter-mutant glioblastoma. Oncogene 2023; 42:3274-3286. [PMID: 37741952 PMCID: PMC10615780 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Pooled genetic screens represent a powerful approach to identify vulnerabilities in cancer. Here we used pooled CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches to identify vulnerabilities associated with telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations (TPMs) found in >80% of glioblastomas. We first developed a platform to detect perturbations that cause long-term growth defects in a TPM-mutated glioblastoma cell line. However, we could not detect dependencies on either TERT itself or on an E-twenty six transcription (ETS) factor known to activate TPMs. To explore this finding, we cataloged TPM status for 441 cell lines and correlated this with genome-wide screening data. We found that TPM status was not associated with differential dependency on TERT, but that E-twenty six (ETS) transcription factors represent key dependencies in both TPM+ and TPM- lines. Further, we found that TPMs are associated with expression of gene programs regulated by a wide array of ETS-factors in both cell lines and primary glioblastoma tissues. This work contributes a unique TPM cell line reagent, establishes TPM status for many deeply-profiled cell lines, and catalogs TPM-associated vulnerabilities. The results highlight challenges in executing genetic screens to detect TPM-specific vulnerabilities, and suggest redundancy in the genetic network that regulates TPM function with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Tu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 21044, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Connor E Stewart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Peter G Hendrickson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Joshua A Regal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - David M Ashley
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Matthew S Waitkus
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Ly KI, Richardson LG, Liu M, Muzikansky A, Cardona J, Lou K, Beers AL, Chang K, Brown JM, Ma X, Reardon DA, Arrillaga-Romany IC, Forst DA, Jordan JT, Lee EQ, Dietrich J, Nayak L, Wen PY, Chukwueke U, Giobbie-Hurder A, Choi BD, Batchelor TT, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Curry WT, Gerstner ER. Bavituximab Decreases Immunosuppressive Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3017-3025. [PMID: 37327319 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the efficacy of bavituximab-a mAb with anti-angiogenic and immunomodulatory properties-in newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma (GBM) who also received radiotherapy and temozolomide. Perfusion MRI and myeloid-related gene transcription and inflammatory infiltrates in pre-and post-treatment tumor specimens were studied to evaluate on-target effects (NCT03139916). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-three adults with IDH--wild-type GBM received 6 weeks of concurrent chemoradiotherapy, followed by 6 cycles of temozolomide (C1-C6). Bavituximab was given weekly, starting week 1 of chemoradiotherapy, for at least 18 weeks. The primary endpoint was proportion of patients alive at 12 months (OS-12). The null hypothesis would be rejected if OS-12 was ≥72%. Relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and vascular permeability (Ktrans) were calculated from perfusion MRIs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumor tissue were analyzed pre-treatment and at disease progression using RNA transcriptomics and multispectral immunofluorescence for myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and macrophages. RESULTS The study met its primary endpoint with an OS-12 of 73% (95% confidence interval, 59%-90%). Decreased pre-C1 rCBF (HR, 4.63; P = 0.029) and increased pre-C1 Ktrans were associated with improved overall survival (HR, 0.09; P = 0.005). Pre-treatment overexpression of myeloid-related genes in tumor tissue was associated with longer survival. Post-treatment tumor specimens contained fewer immunosuppressive MDSCs (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Bavituximab has activity in newly diagnosed GBM and resulted in on-target depletion of intratumoral immunosuppressive MDSCs. Elevated pre-treatment expression of myeloid-related transcripts in GBM may predict response to bavituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ina Ly
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leland G Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mofei Liu
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Department of Biostatistics Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Cardona
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin Lou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Beers
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Chang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James M Brown
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoyue Ma
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isabel C Arrillaga-Romany
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah A Forst
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin T Jordan
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eudocia Q Lee
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lakshmi Nayak
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ugonma Chukwueke
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anita Giobbie-Hurder
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William T Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth R Gerstner
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kaynak A, Davis HW, Kogan AB, Lee JH, Narmoneva DA, Qi X. Phosphatidylserine: The Unique Dual-Role Biomarker for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2536. [PMID: 35626139 PMCID: PMC9139557 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. In recent years, many cancer-associated biomarkers have been identified that are used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, screening, and early detection, as well as for predicting and monitoring carcinogenesis and therapeutic effectiveness. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a negatively charged phospholipid which is predominantly located in the inner leaflet of the cell membrane. In many cancer cells, PS externalizes to the outer cell membrane, a process regulated by calcium-dependent flippases and scramblases. Saposin C coupled with dioleoylphosphatidylserine (SapC-DOPS) nanovesicle (BXQ-350) and bavituximab, (Tarvacin, human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibodies) are cell surface PS-targeting drugs being tested in clinical trial for treating a variety of cancers. Additionally, a number of other PS-selective agents have been used to trigger cytotoxicity in tumor-associated endothelial cells or cancer cells in pre-clinical studies. Recent studies have demonstrated that upregulation of surface PS exposure by chemodrugs, radiation, and external electric fields can be used as a novel approach to sensitize cancer cells to PS-targeting anticancer drugs. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview of a unique dual-role of PS as a biomarker/target for cancer imaging and therapy, and to discuss PS-based anticancer strategies that are currently under active development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kaynak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (J.-H.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Harold W. Davis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Andrei B. Kogan
- Physics Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Jing-Huei Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (J.-H.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Daria A. Narmoneva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (J.-H.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (J.-H.L.); (D.A.N.)
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
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Kaynak A, Davis HW, Vallabhapurapu SD, Pak KY, Gray BD, Qi X. SapC-DOPS as a Novel Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agent for Glioblastoma Therapy and Detection: Alternative to Old Drugs and Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1193. [PMID: 34832975 PMCID: PMC8619974 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common type of brain cancer, is extremely aggressive and has a dreadful prognosis. GBM comprises 60% of adult brain tumors and the 5 year survival rate of GBM patients is only 4.3%. Standard-of-care treatment includes maximal surgical removal of the tumor in combination with radiation and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. TMZ is the "gold-standard" chemotherapy for patients suffering from GBM. However, the median survival is only about 12 to 18 months with this protocol. Consequently, there is a critical need to develop new therapeutic options for treatment of GBM. Nanomaterials have unique properties as multifunctional platforms for brain tumor therapy and diagnosis. As one of the nanomaterials, lipid-based nanocarriers are capable of delivering chemotherapeutics and imaging agents to tumor sites by enhancing the permeability of the compound through the blood-brain barrier, which makes them ideal for GBM therapy and imaging. Nanocarriers also can be used for delivery of radiosensitizers to the tumor to enhance the efficacy of the radiation therapy. Previously, high-atomic-number element-containing particles such as gold nanoparticles and liposomes have been used as radiosensitizers. SapC-DOPS, a protein-based liposomal drug comprising the lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS), and the protein, saposin C (SapC), has been shown to be effective for treatment of a variety of cancers in small animals, including GBM. SapC-DOPS also has the unique ability to be used as a carrier for delivery of radiotheranostic agents for nuclear imaging and radiotherapeutic purposes. These unique properties make tumor-targeting proteo-liposome nanocarriers novel therapeutic and diagnostic alternatives to traditional chemotherapeutics and imaging agents. This article reviews various treatment modalities including nanolipid-based delivery and therapeutic systems used in preclinical and clinical trial settings for GBM treatment and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kaynak
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (H.W.D.); (S.D.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Harold W. Davis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (H.W.D.); (S.D.V.)
| | - Subrahmanya D. Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (H.W.D.); (S.D.V.)
| | - Koon Y. Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, PA 19380, USA; (K.Y.P.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Brian D. Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, PA 19380, USA; (K.Y.P.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (H.W.D.); (S.D.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Sharoar MG, Palko S, Ge Y, Saido TC, Yan R. Accumulation of saposin in dystrophic neurites is linked to impaired lysosomal functions in Alzheimer's disease brains. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:45. [PMID: 34215298 PMCID: PMC8254260 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains refer to β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques surrounded by dystrophic neurites (DNs), activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Most recently, we showed that DNs form sequentially in three layers during plaque growth. Although lysosomal proteins such as LAMP1 are found in DNs, it is not clear how many and how early lysosomal proteins are involved in forming neuritic plaques. To answer this unmet question, we examined APP knock-in (APPNL-G-F), 5xFAD and APP/PS1ΔE9 mouse brains and found that the lysosomal activator proteins saposins (SAPs) and LAMP1 were accumulated to surround Aβ plaques at the earliest stage, namely the 1st layer of DNs. Noticeably, lysosomal hydrolases were not detectable in these early DNs, suggesting that DNs at this early stage likely enrich dysfunctional lysosomes. In old AD mouse brains and in the later stage of human AD brains, SAP-C+-DNs and LAMP1+-DNs were gradually reduced in concomitant with the growth of amyloid plaques. Remarkably, the observed LAMP1 immunoreactivity near plaques in aged AD mouse and human brains were actually associated with disease-associated microglia rather than neuronal sources, likely reflecting more severely impaired lysosomal functions in neurons. Western blot analyses showed increased levels of SAP-C in AD mouse brains, and Aβ oligomers induced elevated levels of SAP-C in cellular assays. The elevated protein levels of SAP-C in AD mouse brains during plaque growth potentially contributed lysosomal membrane leakage and loss of hydrolases. Together, our study indicates that lysosomal functions are impaired by being entrapped in DNs early during plaque growth, and this may viciously facilitate growth of amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golam Sharoar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Sarah Palko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Yingying Ge
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
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Davis HW, Kaynak A, Vallabhapurapu SD, Qi X. Targeting of elevated cell surface phosphatidylserine with saposin C-dioleoylphosphatidylserine nanodrug as individual or combination therapy for pancreatic cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:550-559. [PMID: 34163572 PMCID: PMC8204355 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i6.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest of cancers with a five-year survival of roughly 8%. Current therapies are: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Surgery is curative only if the cancer is caught very early, which is rare, and the latter two modalities are only marginally effective and have significant side effects. We have developed a nanosome comprised of the lysosomal protein, saposin C (SapC) and the acidic phospholipid, dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS). In the acidic tumor microenvironment, this molecule, SapC-DOPS, targets the phosphatidylserine cancer-biomarker which is predominantly elevated on the surface of cancer cells. Importantly, SapC-DOPS can selectively target pancreatic tumors and metastases. Furthermore, SapC-DOPS has exhibited an impressive safety profile with only a few minor side effects in both preclinical experiments and in phase I clinical trials. With the dismal outcomes for pancreatic cancer there is an urgent need for better treatments and SapC-DOPS is a good candidate for addition to the oncologist’s toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold W Davis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Ahmet Kaynak
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Subrahmanya D Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
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Koehler A, Karve A, Desai P, Arbiser J, Plas DR, Qi X, Read RD, Sasaki AT, Gawali VS, Toukam DK, Bhattacharya D, Kallay L, Pomeranz Krummel DA, Sengupta S. Reuse of Molecules for Glioblastoma Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:99. [PMID: 33525329 PMCID: PMC7912673 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain tumor. The current standard of care for GBM is the Stupp protocol which includes surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy concomitant with the DNA alkylator temozolomide; however, survival under this treatment regimen is an abysmal 12-18 months. New and emerging treatments include the application of a physical device, non-invasive 'tumor treating fields' (TTFs), including its concomitant use with standard of care; and varied vaccines and immunotherapeutics being trialed. Some of these approaches have extended life by a few months over standard of care, but in some cases are only available for a minority of GBM patients. Extensive activity is also underway to repurpose and reposition therapeutics for GBM, either alone or in combination with the standard of care. In this review, we present select molecules that target different pathways and are at various stages of clinical translation as case studies to illustrate the rationale for their repurposing-repositioning and potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Koehler
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.G.); (D.K.T.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (D.A.P.K.)
| | - Aniruddha Karve
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Pankaj Desai
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Jack Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - David R. Plas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (X.Q.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Renee D. Read
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Atsuo T. Sasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (X.Q.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Vaibhavkumar S. Gawali
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.G.); (D.K.T.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (D.A.P.K.)
| | - Donatien K. Toukam
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.G.); (D.K.T.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (D.A.P.K.)
| | - Debanjan Bhattacharya
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.G.); (D.K.T.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (D.A.P.K.)
| | - Laura Kallay
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.G.); (D.K.T.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (D.A.P.K.)
| | - Daniel A. Pomeranz Krummel
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.G.); (D.K.T.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (D.A.P.K.)
| | - Soma Sengupta
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (V.S.G.); (D.K.T.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (D.A.P.K.)
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Biotherapy of Brain Tumors with Phosphatidylserine-Targeted Radioiodinated SapC-DOPS Nanovesicles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091960. [PMID: 32854321 PMCID: PMC7565346 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a common type of brain cancer, has a very poor prognosis. In general, viable GBM cells exhibit elevated phosphatidylserine (PS) on their membrane surface compared to healthy cells. We have developed a drug, saposin C-dioleoylphosphatidylserine (SapC-DOPS), that selectively targets cancer cells by honing in on this surface PS. To examine whether SapC-DOPS, a stable, blood–brain barrier-penetrable nanovesicle, could be an effective delivery system for precise targeted therapy of radiation, we iodinated several carbocyanine-based fluorescent reporters with either stable iodine (127I) or radioactive isotopes (125I and 131I). While all of the compounds, when incorporated into the SapC-DOPS delivery system, were taken up by human GBM cell lines, we chose the two that best accumulated in the cells (DiI (22,3) and DiD (16,16)). Pharmacokinetics were conducted with 125I-labeled compounds and indicated that DiI (22,3)-SapC-DOPS had a time to peak in the blood of 0.66 h and an elimination half-life of 8.4 h. These values were 4 h and 11.5 h, respectively, for DiD (16,16)-SapC-DOPS. Adult nude mice with GBM cells implanted in their brains were treated with 131I-DID (16,16)-SapC-DOPS. Mice receiving the radionuclide survived nearly 50% longer than the control groups. These data suggest a potential novel, personalized treatment for a devastating brain disease.
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Jacobs KA, Maghe C, Gavard J. Lysosomes in glioblastoma: pump up the volume. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2094-2104. [PMID: 32723137 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1796016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic, dynamic organelles that supervise catabolism, integrate signaling cascades, and tune cellular trafficking. Moreover, the loss of their integrity may jeopardize cell viability. In cancer cells, lysosomes are qualitatively and quantitatively modified for the tumor's own benefit. For all these reasons, these organelles emerge as appealing intracellular targets to manipulate non-oncogene addiction. This is of particular interest for brain diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, in which stem cells are exhausted and transformed, respectively. Recent publications had demonstrated that stem cells displayed disarmed lysosomes in terms of number and functions during aging and oncogenic progression. Likewise, our laboratory identified that the arginine protease MALT1, normally dedicated to the assembly of proper NF-kB activation and processing a number of substrates, arbitrates lysosome biogenesis and mTOR signaling in glioblastoma stem-like cells. Indeed, blocking either the expression or the activity of this enzyme leads to an aberrant increase of lysosomes, alongside of the down-regulation of the mTOR signaling. This surge of lysosomes eradicates glioblastoma stem-like cells. Targeting lysosomes might thus inspire the design of new strategies to face this devastating human cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the lysosome as well as its role as a cell death initiator, to highlight the potential of lysosomal drugs for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Jacobs
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université De Nantes, Université d'Angers , Nantes, France
| | - Clément Maghe
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université De Nantes, Université d'Angers , Nantes, France
| | - Julie Gavard
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université De Nantes, Université d'Angers , Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology, ICO , St. Herblain, France
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10
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N'Guessan KF, Davis HW, Chu Z, Vallabhapurapu SD, Lewis CS, Franco RS, Olowokure O, Ahmad SA, Yeh JJ, Bogdanov VY, Qi X. Enhanced Efficacy of Combination of Gemcitabine and Phosphatidylserine-Targeted Nanovesicles against Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1876-1886. [PMID: 32516572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is often externalized in viable pancreatic cancer cells and is therapeutically targetable using PS-selective drugs. One of the first-line treatments for advanced pancreatic cancer disease, gemcitabine (GEM), provides only marginal benefit to patients. We therefore investigated the therapeutic benefits of combining GEM and the PS-targeting drug, saposin C-dioleoylphosphatidylserine (SapC-DOPS), for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Using cell-cycle analyses and a cell surface PS-based sorting method in vitro, we observed an increase in surface PS as cells progress through the cell cycle from G1 to G2/M. We also observed that GEM treatment preferentially targets G1 phase cells that have low surface PS, resulting in an increased median surface PS level of PDAC cells. Inversely, SapC-DOPS preferentially targets high surface PS cells that are predominantly in the G2/M phase. Finally, combination therapy in subcutaneous and orthotopic PDAC tumors in vivo with SapC-DOPS and GEM or Abraxane (Abr)/GEM (one of the current standards of care) significantly inhibits tumor growth and increases survival compared with individual treatments. Our studies confirm a surface PS and cell cycle-based enhancement of cancer cytotoxicity following SapC-DOPS treatment in combination with GEM or Abr/GEM. Thus, PDAC patients treated with Abr/GEM may benefit from concurrent administration of SapC-DOPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kombo F N'Guessan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Harold W Davis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Subrahmanya D Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Clayton S Lewis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Robert S Franco
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Olugbenga Olowokure
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Syed A Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vladimir Y Bogdanov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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11
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N'Guessan KF, Patel PH, Qi X. SapC-DOPS - a Phosphatidylserine-targeted Nanovesicle for selective Cancer therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:6. [PMID: 31918715 PMCID: PMC6950924 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kombo F N'Guessan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Priyankaben H Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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12
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Ghosh Roy S. TAM receptors: A phosphatidylserine receptor family and its implications in viral infections. TAM RECEPTORS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2020; 357:81-122. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Rao CY, Sun XY, Ouyang JM. Effects of physical properties of nano-sized hydroxyapatite crystals on cellular toxicity in renal epithelial cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109807. [PMID: 31349397 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is not only a common component of most idiopathic CaOx stones, but also the core of Randall's plaque. HAP is a nest that can induce the formation of Randall's plaques and even kidney stones. We studied the toxic effects and mechanisms of four different types of nano-HAP crystals (H-Sphere, 72.5 nm × 72.5 nm; H-Needle, 37.2 nm × 162.7 nm; H-Rod, 42.3 nm × 115.3 nm; and H-Plate, 145.5 nm × 272.9 nm) on human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). HAP crystals could cause oxidative stress that triggered a series of cell dysfunction problems, resulting in decreased cell viability, loss of cell membrane integrity, cell swelling, and cell necrosis. The toxic effect of HAP was mainly attributed to its entry into cell by endocytosis and its accumulation in the lysosomes, causing the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to rise, the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) to decrease, the lysosomal integrity to be destroyed, and the cell cycle blocked during the G0/G1 phase. The cytotoxicity of the four kinds of HAP crystals was ranked as follows: H-Sphere > H-Needle > H-Rod > H-Plate. The cytotoxicity of each crystal was positively correlated with low absolute zeta potential, conduciveness to internalized morphology, large specific surface area and aspect ratio, and small particle size. These results indicated that nano-HAP could damage HK-2 cells, and the physical properties of HAP crystals play a vital effect in their cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ying Rao
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Sun
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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14
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Davis HW, Vallabhapurapu SD, Chu Z, Vallabhapurapu SL, Franco RS, Mierzwa M, Kassing W, Barrett WL, Qi X. Enhanced phosphatidylserine-selective cancer therapy with irradiation and SapC-DOPS nanovesicles. Oncotarget 2019; 10:856-868. [PMID: 30783515 PMCID: PMC6368238 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal living cells exhibit phosphatidylserine (PS) primarily within the intracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane. In contrast, viable cancer cells have high levels of PS on the external surface, and exhibit a broad range of surface PS, even within specific types of cancer. Agents that target surface PS have recently been developed to treat tumors and are expected to be more effective with higher surface PS levels. In this context, we examined whether surface PS is increased with irradiation. In vitro irradiation of cancer cell lines selected surviving cells that had higher surface PS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This was more pronounced if surface PS was initially in the lower range for cancer cells. Radiation also increased the surface PS of tumor cells in subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice. We found an inverse relationship between steady state surface PS level of cancer cell lines and their sensitivity to radiation-induced cell death. In addition, serial irradiation, which selected surviving cells with higher surface PS, also increased resistance to radiation and to some chemotherapeutic drugs, suggesting a PS-dependent mechanism for development of resistance to therapy. On the other hand, fractionated radiation enhanced the effect of a novel anti-cancer, PS-targeting drug, SapC-DOPS, in some cancer cell lines. Our data suggest that we can group cancer cells into cells with low surface PS, which are sensitive to radiation, and high surface PS, which are sensitive to SapC-DOPS. Combination of these interventions may provide a potential new combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold W Davis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Subrahmanya D Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Swarajya L Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert S Franco
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michelle Mierzwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William Kassing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William L Barrett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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15
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Sharma B, Kanwar SS. Phosphatidylserine: A cancer cell targeting biomarker. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Fan J, Wang S, Zhang X, Chen W, Li Y, Yang P, Cao Z, Wang Y, Lu W, Ju D. Quantum Dots Elicit Hepatotoxicity through Lysosome-Dependent Autophagy Activation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1418-1427. [PMID: 33418671 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Fan
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Shaofei Wang
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Li
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zhonglian Cao
- Instrumental Analysis Center, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University/Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy and Key Lab of Smart Drug Delivery MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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17
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Blanco VM, Chu Z, LaSance K, Gray BD, Pak KY, Rider T, Greis KD, Qi X. Optical and nuclear imaging of glioblastoma with phosphatidylserine-targeted nanovesicles. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32866-75. [PMID: 27096954 PMCID: PMC5078058 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal tumor imaging with targeted nanoparticles potentially offers both enhanced specificity and sensitivity, leading to more precise cancer diagnosis and monitoring. We describe the synthesis and characterization of phenol-substituted, lipophilic orange and far-red fluorescent dyes and a simple radioiodination procedure to generate a dual (optical and nuclear) imaging probe. MALDI-ToF analyses revealed high iodination efficiency of the lipophilic reporters, achieved by electrophilic aromatic substitution using the chloramide 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenyl glycoluril (Iodogen) as the oxidizing agent in an organic/aqueous co-solvent mixture. Upon conjugation of iodine-127 or iodine-124-labeled reporters to tumor-targeting SapC-DOPS nanovesicles, optical (fluorescent) and PET imaging was performed in mice bearing intracranial glioblastomas. In addition, tumor vs non-tumor (normal brain) uptake was compared using iodine-125. These data provide proof-of-principle for the potential value of SapC-DOPS for multimodal imaging of glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Blanco
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Kathleen LaSance
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Brian D Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, USA
| | - Koon Yan Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, USA
| | - Therese Rider
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Kenneth D Greis
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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18
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Puduvalli VK, Chaudhary R, McClugage SG, Markert J. Beyond Alkylating Agents for Gliomas: Quo Vadimus? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017; 37:175-186. [PMID: 28561663 PMCID: PMC5803081 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_175003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in therapies have yielded notable success in terms of improved survival in several cancers. However, such treatments have failed to improve outcome in patients with gliomas for whom surgery followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy with alkylating agents remain the standard of care. Genetic and epigenetic studies have helped identify several alterations specific to gliomas. Attempts to target these altered pathways have been unsuccessful due to various factors, including tumor heterogeneity, adaptive resistance of tumor cells, and limitations of access across the blood-brain barrier. Novel therapies that circumvent such limitations have been the focus of intense study and include approaches such as immunotherapy, targeting of signaling hubs and metabolic pathways, and use of biologic agents. Immunotherapeutic approaches including tumor-targeted vaccines, immune checkpoint blockade, antibody-drug conjugates, and chimeric antigen receptor-expressing cell therapies are in various stages of clinical trials. Similarly, identification of key metabolic pathways or converging hubs of signaling pathways that are tumor specific have yielded novel targets for therapy of gliomas. In addition, the failure of conventional therapies against gliomas has led to a growing interest among patients in the use of alternative therapies, which in turn has necessitated developing evidence-based approaches to the application of such therapies in clinical studies. The development of these novel approaches bears potential for providing breakthroughs in treatment of more meaningful and improved outcomes for patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Puduvalli
- From The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rekha Chaudhary
- From The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Samuel G McClugage
- From The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - James Markert
- From The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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19
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PIG7 promotes leukemia cell chemosensitivity via lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4841-59. [PMID: 26716897 PMCID: PMC4826247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PIG7 localizes to lysosomal membrane in leukemia cells. Our previous work has shown that transduction of pig7 into a series of leukemia cell lines did not result in either apoptosis or differentiation of most tested cell lines. Interestingly, it did significantly sensitize these cell lines to chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we further investigated the mechanism underlying pig7-induced improved sensitivity of acute leukemia cells to chemotherapy. Our results demonstrated that the sensitization effect driven by exogenous pig7 was more effective in drug-resistant leukemia cell lines which had lower endogenous pig7 expression. Overexpression of pig7 did not directly activate the caspase apoptotic pathway, but decreased the lysosomal stability. The expression of pig7 resulted in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and lysosomal protease (e.g. cathepsin B, D, L) release. Moreover, we also observed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) induced by pig7. Some autophagy markers such as LC3I/II, ATG5 and Beclin-1, and necroptosis maker MLKL were also stimulated. However, intrinsic antagonism such as serine/cysteine protease inhibitors Spi2A and Cystatin C prevented downstream effectors from triggering leukemia cells, which were only on the "verge of apoptosis". When combined with chemotherapy, LMP increased and more proteases were released. Once this process was beyond the limit of intrinsic antagonism, it induced programmed cell death cooperatively via caspase-independent and caspase-dependent pathways.
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20
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Vallabhapurapu SD, Blanco VM, Sulaiman MK, Vallabhapurapu SL, Chu Z, Franco RS, Qi X. Variation in human cancer cell external phosphatidylserine is regulated by flippase activity and intracellular calcium. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34375-88. [PMID: 26462157 PMCID: PMC4741459 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viable cancer cells expose elevated levels of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the exoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. However, the mechanisms leading to elevated PS exposure in viable cancer cells have not been defined. We previously showed that externalized PS may be used to monitor, target and kill tumor cells. In addition, PS on tumor cells is recognized by macrophages and has implications in antitumor immunity. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular details of PS exposure on cancer cells in order to improve therapeutic targeting. Here we explored the mechanisms regulating the surface PS exposure in human cancer cells and found that differential flippase activity and intracellular calcium are the major regulators of surface PS exposure in viable human cancer cells. In general, cancer cell lines with high surface PS exhibited low flippase activity and high intracellular calcium, whereas cancer cells with low surface PS exhibited high flippase activity and low intracellular calcium. High surface PS cancer cells also had higher total cellular PS than low surface PS cells. Together, our results indicate that the amount of external PS in cancer cells is regulated by calcium dependent flippase activity and may also be influenced by total cellular PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrahmanya D Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Víctor M Blanco
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mahaboob K Sulaiman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Swarajya Lakshmi Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Divison of Human Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert S Franco
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Divison of Human Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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21
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Geng F, Cheng X, Wu X, Yoo JY, Cheng C, Guo JY, Mo X, Ru P, Hurwitz B, Kim SH, Otero J, Puduvalli V, Lefai E, Ma J, Nakano I, Horbinski C, Kaur B, Chakravarti A, Guo D. Inhibition of SOAT1 Suppresses Glioblastoma Growth via Blocking SREBP-1-Mediated Lipogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5337-5348. [PMID: 27281560 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevated lipogenesis regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), a transcription factor playing a central role in lipid metabolism, is a novel characteristic of glioblastoma (GBM). The aim of this study was to identify effective approaches to suppress GBM growth by inhibition of SREBP-1. As SREBP activation is negatively regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cholesterol, we sought to determine whether suppression of sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT), a key enzyme converting ER cholesterol to cholesterol esters (CE) to store in lipid droplets (LDs), effectively suppressed SREBP-1 and blocked GBM growth. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The presence of LDs in glioma patient tumor tissues was analyzed using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and electronic microscopy. Western blotting and real-time PCR were performed to analyze protein levels and gene expression of GBM cells, respectively. Intracranial GBM xenografts were used to determine the effects of genetically silencing SOAT1 and SREBP-1 on tumor growth. RESULTS Our study unraveled that cholesterol esterification and LD formation are signature of GBM, and human patients with glioma possess elevated LDs that correlate with GBM progression and poor survival. We revealed that SOAT1 is highly expressed in GBM and functions as a key player in controlling the cholesterol esterification and storage in GBM. Targeting SOAT1 suppresses GBM growth and prolongs survival in xenograft models via inhibition of SREBP-1-regulated lipid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol esterification and storage in LDs are novel characteristics of GBM, and inhibiting SOAT1 to block cholesterol esterification is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat GBM by suppressing SREBP-1. Clin Cancer Res; 22(21); 5337-48. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Geng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey Yunhua Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Peng Ru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Hurwitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery at University Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jose Otero
- Department of Pathology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vinay Puduvalli
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Etienne Lefai
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA 1397, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, University de Lyon, Oullins, France
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery at University Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Deliang Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Arthur G James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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22
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Bagalkot V, Deiuliis JA, Rajagopalan S, Maiseyeu A. "Eat me" imaging and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:2-11. [PMID: 26826436 PMCID: PMC4865253 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic debris is a vital role of the innate immune system. Drawing upon principles of apoptotic clearance, convenient delivery vehicles including intrinsic anti-inflammatory characteristics and specificity to immune cells can be engineered to aid in drug delivery. In this article, we examine the use of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), the well-known "eat-me" signal, in nanoparticle-based therapeutics making them highly desirable "meals" for phagocytic immune cells. Use of PtdSer facilitates engulfment of nanoparticles allowing for imaging and therapy in various pathologies and may result in immunomodulation. Furthermore, we discuss the targeting of the macrophages and other cells at sites of inflammation in disease. A thorough understanding of the immunobiology of "eat-me" signals is requisite for the successful application of "eat-me"-bearing materials in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Bagalkot
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Deiuliis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Andrei Maiseyeu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States.
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23
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Welker AM, Jaros BD, Puduvalli VK, Imitola J, Kaur B, Beattie CE. Standardized orthotopic xenografts in zebrafish reveal glioma cell-line-specific characteristics and tumor cell heterogeneity. Dis Model Mech 2015; 9:199-210. [PMID: 26659251 PMCID: PMC4770147 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly brain cancer, for which few effective drug treatments are available. Several studies have used zebrafish models to study GBM, but a standardized approach to modeling GBM in zebrafish was lacking to date, preventing comparison of data across studies. Here, we describe a new, standardized orthotopic xenotransplant model of GBM in zebrafish. Dose-response survival assays were used to define the optimal number of cells for tumor formation. Techniques to measure tumor burden and cell spread within the brain over real time were optimized using mouse neural stem cells as control transplants. Applying this standardized approach, we transplanted two patient-derived GBM cell lines, serum-grown adherent cells and neurospheres, into the midbrain region of embryonic zebrafish and analyzed transplanted larvae over time. Progressive brain tumor growth and premature larval death were observed using both cell lines; however, fewer transplanted neurosphere cells were needed for tumor growth and lethality. Tumors were heterogeneous, containing both cells expressing stem cell markers and cells expressing markers of differentiation. A small proportion of transplanted neurosphere cells expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or vimentin, markers of more differentiated cells, but this number increased significantly during tumor growth, indicating that these cells undergo differentiation in vivo. By contrast, most serum-grown adherent cells expressed GFAP and vimentin at the earliest times examined post-transplant. Both cell types produced brain tumors that contained Sox2+ cells, indicative of tumor stem cells. Transplanted larvae were treated with currently used GBM therapeutics, temozolomide or bortezomib, and this resulted in a reduction in tumor volume in vivo and an increase in survival. The standardized model reported here facilitates robust and reproducible analysis of glioblastoma tumor cells in real time and provides a platform for drug screening. Summary: This zebrafish xenotransplant model of glioblastoma enables in vivo imaging of tumor cells and rapid screening for anti-glioma agents. It provides standardization of a model that is easily replicated across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M Welker
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian D Jaros
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vinay K Puduvalli
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christine E Beattie
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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24
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Imaging and Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer with Phosphatidylserine-Targeted Nanovesicles. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:196-203. [PMID: 26055177 PMCID: PMC4486738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most intractable cancers, with a dismal prognosis reflected by a 5-year survival of ~6%. Since early disease symptoms are undefined and specific biomarkers are lacking, about 80% of patients present with advanced, inoperable tumors that represent a daunting challenge. Despite many clinical trials, no single chemotherapy agent has been reliably associated with objective response rates above 10% or median survival longer than 5 to 7 months. Although combination chemotherapy regimens have in recent years provided some improvement, overall survival (8-11 months) remains very poor. There is therefore a critical need for novel therapies that can improve outcomes for pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we present a summary of the current therapies used in the management of advanced pancreatic cancer and review novel therapeutic strategies that target tumor biomarkers. We also describe our recent research using phosphatidylserine-targeted saposin C-coupled dioleoylphosphatidylserine nanovesicles for imaging and therapy of pancreatic cancer.
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25
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Blanco VM, Curry R, Qi X. SapC-DOPS nanovesicles: a novel targeted agent for the imaging and treatment of glioblastoma. Oncoscience 2015; 2:102-110. [PMID: 25859553 PMCID: PMC4381703 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as grade IV astrocytoma, GBMs are extremely aggressive, almost always recur, and despite our best efforts, remain incurable. This review describes the traditional treatment approaches that led to moderate successes in GBM patients, discusses standard imaging modalities, and presents data supporting the use of SapC-DOPS, a novel proteoliposomal formulation with tumoricidal activity, as a promising diagnostic imaging tool and an innovative anti-cancer agent against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M. Blanco
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Curry
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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