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Lapidot M, Saladi SV, Salgia R, Sattler M. Novel Therapeutic Targets and Immune Dysfunction in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:806570. [PMID: 35069219 PMCID: PMC8776703 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.806570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) have been disappointing, despite the apparent need for new therapeutic options for this rare and devastating cancer. Drug resistance is common and surgical intervention has brought benefits only to a subset of patients. MPM is a heterogenous disease with a surprisingly low mutation rate and recent sequencing efforts have confirmed alterations in a limited number of tumor suppressors that do not provide apparent insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive this malignancy. There is increasing evidence that epigenetic regulation leads to immune evasion and transformation in MPM. Further, the low efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors is consistent with a suppression of genes involved in the anti-tumor immune response. We review three promising emerging therapeutic targets (STAT3, KDM4A, heparanase) and highlight their potential effects on the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Lapidot
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Srinivas Vinod Saladi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Martin Sattler
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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Koliesnik IO, Kuipers HF, Medina CO, Zihsler S, Liu D, Van Belleghem JD, Bollyky PL. The Heparan Sulfate Mimetic PG545 Modulates T Cell Responses and Prevents Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:132. [PMID: 32117279 PMCID: PMC7015948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 (pixatimod) is under evaluation as an inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastasis including in human clinical trials. We have examined the effects of PG545 on lymphocyte phenotypes and function. We report that PG545 treatment suppresses effector T cell activation and polarizes T cells away from Th17 and Th1 and toward Foxp3+ regulatory T cell subsets in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, PG545 inhibits Erk1/2 signaling, a pathway known to affect both T cell activation and subset polarization. Interestingly, these effects are also observed in heparanase-deficient T cells, indicating that PG545 has effects that are independent of its role in heparanase inhibition. Consistent with these findings, administration of PG545 in a Th1/Th17-dependent mouse model of a delayed-type hypersensitivity led to reduced footpad inflammation, reduced Th17 memory cells, and an increase in FoxP3+ Treg proliferation. PG545 also promoted Foxp3+ Treg induction by human T cells. Finally, we examined the effects of other heparan sulfate mimetics PI-88 and PG562 on lymphocyte polarization and found that these likewise induced Foxp3+ Treg in vitro but did not reduce Th17 numbers or improve delayed-type hypersensitivity in this model. Together, these data indicate that PG545 is a potent inhibitor of Th1/Th17 effector functions and inducer of FoxP3+ Treg. These findings may inform the adaptation of PG545 for clinical applications including in inflammatory pathologies associated with type IV hypersensitivity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgen O Koliesnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Svenja Zihsler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dan Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jonas D Van Belleghem
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Mulloy B. The non-anticoagulant promise of heparin and its mimetics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 46:50-54. [PMID: 31009826 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparin, the widely used anticoagulant and antithrombotic polysaccharide, has other potential therapeutic uses that arise from its similarity to heparan sulfate. This review provides a brief overview of the most recent developments in this field, paying particular respect to pulmonary and respiratory pharmacology. It has often been said that heparin, with its mimetics and derivatives, shows great promise in the treatment of inflammatory, infectious, and malignant conditions. Difficulties are encountered, however, in translating this promise into worthwhile treatment strategies for patients in some conditions. Several clinical trials of low molecular weight heparins as adjuvant therapy to standard treatment of lung cancers have recently provided no evidence to support the supposed beneficial effects of low molecular weight heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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