Plasma levels of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in HIV-1 patients with oral candidiasis

A high concentration of TGF-β correlates with opportunistic infection in liver and kidney transplantation

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been associated with numerous human infections, but its role in the occurrence of opportunistic infection (OI) after solid organ transplantation remains unexplored. This study aimed to assess the utility of the TGF-β following in vitro stimulation of whole peripheral blood (WPB) as a surrogate biomarker of post-transplant OI in a cohort of liver and kidney recipients. Thirty liver and thirty-one kidney transplant recipients were recruited to be prospectively monitored for one-year post-transplantation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to calculate IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10 and TGF-β concentration in the supernatant from the activated WPB. Recipients showed higher TGF-β concentrations compared to IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10 at baseline, although these differences were not significant between INF and NoINF. However, recipients who developed an OI within the first sixth months had a higher concentration of TGF-β than those without OI. A concentration of TGF-β > 363.25 pg/ml in liver and TGF-β > 808.51 pg/ml in kidney recipients were able to stratify patients at high risk of OI with a sensitivity and specificity above 70% in both types of solid organ transplantations. TGF-β could provide valuable information for the management of liver and kidney recipients at risk of post-transplant infection.