1
|
Seigner S, Weber K, Dorsch R. [Urinalysis in dogs and cats, part 2: Urine sediment analysis]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2023; 51:336-350. [PMID: 37956665 DOI: 10.1055/a-2122-5324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Examination of the urine sediment is part of a routine urinalysis and is undertaken in order to identify insoluble particles in the urine. This procedure is mainly used in the context of diagnostic evaluation of urinary tract diseases, but may also be useful for the diagnosis of systemic diseases and intoxications. Analysis of fresh urine is recommended as changes in cell morphology, cell lysis and in vitro crystal formation may occur in the course of its storage. Manual urine sediment analysis is still performed in many veterinary practices. Native wet-mount preparations are suitable for the identification and quantification of urine sediment particles. The examination of stained wet-mount preparations or air-dried smears may be necessary to further differentiate cells and to identify bacteria. For several years, automatic urine sediment analyzers have been available in veterinary medicine. These save considerable time and staff resources, however verification of the automatically generated results by an experienced observer remains necessary. Urine sediment particles that are frequently identified and clinically relevant include red blood cells, white blood cells, different types of epithelial cells, crystals, and casts as well as bacteria. Furthermore, parasite eggs, fungal hyphae, lipid droplets, spermatozoa, fibres, hair, mucus, plant parts or environmental contaminations may be found in the urine sediment and result in a complication of the result interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Seigner
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München
| | - Karin Weber
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rhew SY, Park SM, Li Q, An JH, Chae HK, Lee JH, Ahn JO, Song WJ, Youn HY. Efficacy and safety of allogenic canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in four dogs: A pilot study. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:592-600. [PMID: 33551441 PMCID: PMC8111340 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess regenerative and immunomodulatory properties and
can control the immune dysregulation that leads to β-cell destruction. Stem-cell
transplantation could thus manage insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in dogs. In
this pilot study, we aimed to assess canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs)
transplantation as a treatment for canine diabetes mellitus. This study included four dogs
with over a year of insulin treatment for IDDM, following diagnosis at the Veterinary
Medicine Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University. Allogenic cAT-MSCs were infused
intravenously three or five times monthly to dogs with IDDM. Blood and urine samples were
obtained monthly. General clinical symptoms, including changes in body weight, vitality,
appetite, and water intake were assessed. Three of the four owners observed improvement of
vitality after stem cell treatment. Two of the four dogs showed improvement in appetite
and body weight, polyuria, and polydipsia. C-peptide has increased by about 5–15% in three
of the cases, and fructosamine and HbA1c levels have improved in two of the cases.
Hyperlipidemia was resolved in two of the dogs, and there was no concurrent bacterial
cystitis in any of the dogs. C-peptide secretion and lipid metabolism are associated with
diabetic complications. Improvement in these parameters following the treatment suggests
that cAT-MSC transplantation in dogs with IDDM might help to improve their insulin
secretory capacity and prevent diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yong Rhew
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, YanBian University, YanJi, JiLin, 133000, China
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K, Speck S, Truyen U, Zablotski Y, Mayr M, Wehner A. Antibody Response to Canine Parvovirus Vaccination in Dogs with Hyperadrenocorticism Treated with Trilostane. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E547. [PMID: 32961758 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) respond to vaccination. This study measured antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) in dogs with HAC treated with trilostane before and after CPV vaccination, and compared the immune response to that from healthy dogs. Eleven dogs with HAC, and healthy age-matched control dogs (n = 31) received a modified-live CPV vaccine. Antibodies were determined on days 0, 7, and 28 by hemagglutination inhibition. Univariate analysis was used to compare the immune response of dogs with HAC and healthy dogs. Pre-vaccination antibodies (≥10) were detected in 100% of dogs with HAC (11/11; 95% CI: 70.0–100) and in 93.5% of healthy dogs (29/31; 95% CI: 78.3–99.2). No ≥4-fold increase in antibody titer was observed in dogs with HAC while in 22.6% of healthy dogs, a ≥4-fold titer increase was observed (7/31; 95% CI: 11.1–40.1). Mild vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs) were detected in 54.5% of dogs with HAC (6/11; 95% CI: 28.0–78.8) and in 29.0% of healthy dogs (9/31; 95% CI: 15.9–46.8). There was neither a significant difference in presence of pre-vaccination antibodies (p = 1.000), or response to vaccination (p = 0.161), nor in the occurrence of VAAEs (p = 0.158). Immune function of dogs with HAC treated with trilostane seems comparable to that of healthy dogs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Grimes M, Heseltine JC, Nabity MB, Lawhon SD, Wheeler L, Cigarroa A, Lidbury JA. Characteristics associated with bacterial growth in urine in 451 proteinuric dogs (2008-2018). J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:770-776. [PMID: 31951043 PMCID: PMC7096599 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urine cultures are frequently recommended to rule out infection as a postrenal cause of proteinuria. Objective Identify characteristics associated with bacterial growth in urine in proteinuric dogs. Animals Four hundred and fifty‐one dogs admitted to a teaching hospital between January 2008 and January 2018 with urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratios (UPCs) >0.5. Methods Retrospective study included dogs with a UPC, urinalysis, and quantitative urine culture (QUC) performed within a 72‐hour period by searching electronic records. Dogs with recent antimicrobial therapy, urine collected by methods other than cystocentesis, or UPC ≤0.5 were excluded. Signalment, comorbidities, serum BUN and creatinine concentrations, urinalysis findings, and QUC results were recorded. The association between these characteristics and presence of bacterial growth in urine was assessed by univariable and multivariable analysis. Results Thirty of four hundred fifty‐one dogs (6.7%) had bacterial growth in urine. Of these, 18 (60.0%) had active urine sediment. Bacterial growth in urine was associated with pyuria (odd ratio [OR] 25.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.9‐79.6, P < .001), bacteriuria (OR 11.1, 95% CI 3.2‐39.1, P < .001), and lower urinary tract disease (OR 6.7, 95% CI 1.9‐23.0; P = .0028). If QUC was prompted based on these criteria, 8/451 (1.8%) of proteinuric dogs would have had undetected bacterial growth. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The proportion of proteinuric dogs with both inactive urine sediment and bacterial growth in urine was low, suggesting that QUC might not be necessary in the evaluation of all proteinuric dogs. An active urine sediment or lower urinary tract disease should prompt QUC for proteinuric dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Millie Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Johanna C Heseltine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Mary B Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Lance Wheeler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Annalis Cigarroa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lamoureux A, Da Riz F, Cappelle J, Boulouis HJ, Benchekroun G, Cadoré JL, Krafft E, Maurey C. Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study of 201 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:640-647. [PMID: 30767319 PMCID: PMC6430954 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown an increased prevalence of positive urine culture (PUC) in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD); no information is available in dogs. Objectives To document the PUC frequency in a cohort of dogs with CKD, determine risk factors for PUC, and identify associations between clinicopathologic data and PUC. Animals Two hundred one client‐owned dogs with CKD. Methods Retrospective, observational study. Dogs recruited from 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were included if they were diagnosed with CKD and had a culture performed on urine collected by cystocentesis. The PUC frequency was calculated, multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors, and associations with clinicopathologic data were investigated. Results Sixty‐five dogs (32%) with CKD had PUC, including 8 (28%) in International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1; only 8% showed signs of a urinary tract infection. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (67%). A PUC was more likely in females (odds ratio [OR], 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67‐6.37; P < .001) than males and in dogs with isosthenuria (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.24‐5.03; P = .01) than in dogs with urine‐specific gravity 1.013‐1.024. A positive leukocyte esterase test and microorganisms found by urine sediment analysis were significantly associated with PUC (both P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with CKD, even IRIS stage 1, have a high frequency of PUC and most cases are asymptomatic. A urine culture could be considered in the routine evaluation of dogs with CKD, but the clinical relevance of a PUC remains unknown and needs further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Lamoureux
- Département des Animaux de Compagnie de Loisir et de Sport, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Fiona Da Riz
- Unité de Médecine Interne, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,UMR EpiA, INRA, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Henri-Jean Boulouis
- BioPôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Ghita Benchekroun
- Unité de Médecine Interne, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Luc Cadoré
- Département des Animaux de Compagnie de Loisir et de Sport, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Emilie Krafft
- Département des Animaux de Compagnie de Loisir et de Sport, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Christelle Maurey
- Unité de Médecine Interne, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
LeCuyer TE, Byrne BA, Daniels JB, Diaz-Campos DV, Hammac GK, Miller CB, Besser TE, Davis MA. Population Structure and Antimicrobial Resistance of Canine Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e00788-18. [PMID: 29997200 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00788-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of human and canine urinary tract infection (UTI). Clonal groups, often with high levels of antimicrobial resistance, are a major component of the E. coli population that causes human UTI. While little is known about the population structure of E. coli that causes UTI in dogs, there is evidence that dogs and humans can share fecal strains of E. coli and that human-associated strains can cause disease in dogs. In order to better characterize the E. coli strains that cause canine UTI, we analyzed 295 E. coli isolates obtained from canine urine samples from five veterinary diagnostic laboratories and analyzed their multilocus sequence types, phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, and virulence-associated gene repertoires. Sequence type 372 (ST372), an infrequent human pathogen, was the predominant sequence type in dogs at all locations. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing isolates with blaCTX-M genes were uncommon in canine isolates but when present were often associated with sequence types that have been described in human infections. This provides support for occasional cross-host-species sharing of strains that cause extraintestinal disease and highlights the importance of understanding the role of companion animals in the overall transmission patterns of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli.
Collapse
|
7
|
Thornton LA, Burchell RK, Burton SE, Lopez-Villalobos N, Pereira D, MacEwan I, Fang C, Hatmodjo AC, Nelson MA, Grinberg A, Velathanthiri N, Gal A. The Effect of Urine Concentration and pH on the Growth of Escherichia Coli in Canine Urine In Vitro. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:752-756. [PMID: 29469957 PMCID: PMC5866962 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower urinary tract infections are common in dogs, and Escherichia coli is the most common bacterial pathogen isolated. The literature has conflicting evidence regarding the inhibitory effects of urine concentration and pH on E. coli growth. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the effect of different pH and urine concentrations on E. coli growth in vitro. Animals Voided urine samples from 10 apparently healthy spayed female dogs were used. Methods A matrix of 9 urine specific gravity (USG; 1.010, 1.020, and 1.030) and pH (5.5, 7.0, and 8.5) combinations was prepared by diluting and titrating filtered voided urine samples. Three E. coli isolates were obtained from urine of female dogs with signs of lower urinary tract infection and cultured at different urine pH and USG combinations in wells of a microtiter plate. The number of E. coli colony‐forming units (CFU) per mL of urine was calculated after aerobic incubation of the urine at 37°C for 18 hours, and statistically compared. Results Significant differences were identified in the mean log CFU/mL among different combinations of pH and USG. The lowest log CFU/mL were observed in alkaline concentrated urine (pH 8.5 and USG 1.030). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Escherichia coli in vitro growth was higher in neutral to acidic and diluted urine compared to alkaline and concentrated urine. The impact of non‐alkalizing diluting diets on the incidence of E. coli lower urinary tract infections should be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Thornton
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - R K Burchell
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - S E Burton
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - N Lopez-Villalobos
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - D Pereira
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - I MacEwan
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - C Fang
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - A C Hatmodjo
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - M A Nelson
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - A Grinberg
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - N Velathanthiri
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - A Gal
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
White JD, Cave NJ, Grinberg A, Thomas DG, Heuer C. Subclinical Bacteriuria in Older Cats and its Association with Survival. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 30:1824-1829. [PMID: 27859751 PMCID: PMC5115191 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial urinary tract infections are uncommon in cats in general but the prevalence increases to 29% in older cats with comorbidities (Veterinary Clinical Pathology 2008, 37, 317; Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 2007, 9, 124; Veterinary Microbiology 2009, 136, 130). Frequently, the infections are subclinical. The clinical relevance of subclinical bacteriuria (SB) is uncertain, and the optimal treatment requires clarification. Objective Prospective, observational study to: (i) identify the prevalence and incidence count of SB in older (≥7 years), nonazotemic cats, (ii) evaluate specific risk factors for SB, and (iii) investigate the potential relationship between untreated SB and survival. Animals Sixty‐seven, nonazotemic cats were tested on 5 occasions over 3 years. Methods Urine samples were obtained by cystocentesis for quantitative urine culture and blood samples for measurement of serum creatinine concentration. Episodes of SB were not treated. Serum creatinine concentration, body weight, urine specific gravity, sex, and age were evaluated as potential risk factors for a positive urine culture. The association between urine culture results and survival was evaluated with Cox's proportional hazard model. Results A total of 256 urine samples was obtained. The prevalence of SB varied between 10 and 13%, and incident infections were uncommon. Female cats were 21 times more likely to have a positive urine culture than were male cats (odds ratio [OR], 21.2; confidence interval [CI], 4.1–110; P = .00028). Subclinical bacteriuria was not significantly associated with survival. Conclusion and clinical importance Subclinical bacteriuria is common in nonazotemic, older cats. Although antimicrobial treatment was withheld, the presence of SB was not adversely associated with survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D White
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N J Cave
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A Grinberg
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D G Thomas
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- EpiCentre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bouillon J, Snead E, Caswell J, Feng C, Hélie P, Lemetayer J. Pyelonephritis in Dogs: Retrospective Study of 47 Histologically Diagnosed Cases (2005-2015). J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:249-259. [PMID: 29197113 PMCID: PMC5787179 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinicopathologic aspects of pyelonephritis have not been reported in companion animals. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of pyelonephritis diagnosed in dogs in a academic referral population, describe the clinical signs and the diagnostic test results in dogs with pyelonephritis, and identify concurrent disorders in order to determine potential risk factors for pyelonephritis. Animals Forty‐seven dogs with a histopathologic diagnosis of pyelonephritis from the teaching hospitals of three Canadian veterinary colleges. Methods Retrospective case series. Review of medical records and renal histologic sections. Results Pyelonephritis was diagnosed in 0.4–1.3% of the cases at necropsy. Clinical signs included anorexia or inappetence (n = 27, 57%), lethargy (n = 24, 51%), vomiting (n = 17, 36%), and dehydration (n = 12, 25%). Thirty‐five dogs (75%) had concomitant disease(s). Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen isolated (37%). Pyelonephritis was classified as acute (n = 12, 26%), subacute (n = 9, 19%), and chronic (n = 26, 55%) disease; and mild (n = 7, 15%), moderate (n = 11, 24%), and severe (n = 28, 61%). Fever was significantly associated with histopathologically subacute pyelonephritis (P = 0.01). Conclusions In referral hospitals, pyelonephritis has a very low prevalence at necropsy. Nonspecific clinical presentation, concomitant diseases, and high variability in the diagnostic tests results make the antemortem diagnosis of pyelonephritis challenging. Neither the histopathologic stage nor the severity of the pyelonephritis was associated with fever, lumbar pain, or signs of a urinary tract infection (ie, lower urinary tract infection, upper urinary tract infection, or both) except for subacute pyelonephritis which was associated with fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bouillon
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - E Snead
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J Caswell
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C Feng
- School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building E-Wing, 104 Clinic Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,, Canada
| | - P Hélie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - J Lemetayer
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nagata N, Kojima K, Yuki M. Comparison of Survival Times for Dogs with Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism in a Primary-Care Hospital: Treated with Trilostane versus Untreated. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:22-28. [PMID: 27906457 PMCID: PMC5259634 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs, the effects of withholding treatment on survival time in dogs with PDH remain unclear. Hypothesis/Objectives The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of treatment in dogs with PDH by comparing survival times between dogs treated with trilostane and untreated dogs. Animals Forty‐three dogs diagnosed with PDH at a primary‐care hospital in Japan between June 2009 and January 2014. Methods Retrospective cohort study. The medical records of dogs with PDH treated with trilostane (n = 17) or left untreated (n = 26) were reviewed retrospectively. Survival analysis at 2 years after diagnosis of PDH was performed. Results Median survival time for the trilostane group was not reached (95% confidence interval [CI], 443 days–not applicable) and was significantly longer than the 506 days (95% CI, 292–564 days; P = .016) for the untreated group. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis (including age at diagnosis, basal cortisol concentration at diagnosis, and treatment group) only identified assignment to the untreated group (hazard ratio, 5.01; 95% CI, 1.63–15.44) as associated with increased mortality. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The results of this retrospective cohort study suggest that withholding treatment for dogs with PDH might be associated with a higher risk of death. This represents the largest study to date to report survival times of untreated dogs with PDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Nagata
- Yuki Animal Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - K Kojima
- Kojima Animal Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,The Asunaro Animal Hospital, Aikougun, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Yuki
- Yuki Animal Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oda H, Mori A, Shono S, Onozawa E, Sako T. The effect of 1 year of trilostane treatment on peripheral lymphocyte subsets in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:851-4. [PMID: 26782012 PMCID: PMC4905842 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the changes in lymphocyte subsets during the trilostane
medication of Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) dogs. The cortisol level and
lymphocyte subsets of eight dogs with PDH were monitored 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after
the initiation of trilostane treatment. White blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes,
CD3+ (T lymphocyte), CD4+ (helper T lymphocyte), CD8+
(cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and CD21+ (B lymphocyte) cells were measured. Although
the post-ACTH stimulation test cortisol level was significantly lower during trilostane
treatment, changes in the CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and
CD21+ counts were not observed. Meanwhile, significant decrease was observed
in WBC counts during trilostane treatment. These indicate that long-term trilostane
treatment has little effect on the lymphocyte subsets in PDH dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Oda
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wong C, Epstein SE, Westropp JL. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs (2010-2013). J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1045-52. [PMID: 26133165 PMCID: PMC4895361 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in dogs. The responsible bacterial populations have evolved with increasing resistance to many antimicrobials. Objective To characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of canine urinary tract isolates over a 51‐month period. Animals One thousand six hundred and thirty‐six bacterial isolates from 1,028 dogs. Methods Aerobic bacterial isolate growth and susceptibility data from urine cultures of dogs were identified, retrospectively. Medical records were reviewed to obtain signalment, comorbidities, and antimicrobial use in the previous 30 days. The UTIs were further categorized as uncomplicated, complicated, or pyelonephritis. Results Common bacterial isolates identified were Escherichia coli (52.5%), Staphylococcus spp. (13.6%), and Enterococcus spp. (13.3%). In vitro susceptibility among all isolates varied for commonly prescribed antimicrobials (amoxicillin [59%], amoxicillin/clavulanic acid [76%], cephalexin [66%], enrofloxacin [74%] and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole [86%]). For all antimicrobials tested (except aminoglycosides), in vitro susceptibility was higher in uncomplicated versus complicated infections (P < .05). Uncomplicated infection isolate susceptibility rates remained ≤90% for PO administered antimicrobials. Administration of amoxicillin, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin, but not amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the previous 30 days was associated with resistance to that antimicrobial. Multidrug resistant isolates of E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. were more common in dogs with complicated than uncomplicated UTIs (36% versus 21%, P < .0001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance In vitro susceptibility was highly variable and no PO administered antimicrobial had >90% efficacy among isolates tested. Multidrug resistance was frequent among isolates tested suggesting that routine culture and susceptibility testing is indicated. Previously prescribed antimicrobials may affect empirical choices made pending susceptibility testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wong
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - S E Epstein
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radio-logical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - J L Westropp
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
This study determined the
antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from dogs
with a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). Urine samples from 201 dogs
with UTI diagnosed through clinical examination and urinalysis were processed for
isolation of Escherichia coli. Colonies from pure cultures were
identified by biochemical reactions (n=114) and were tested for susceptibility to 18
antimicrobials. The two most frequent antimicrobials showing resistance in Urinary
E. coli isolates were oxytetracycline and ampicillin. Among the
resistant isolates, 17 resistance patterns were observed, with 12 patterns involving
multidrug resistance (MDR). Of the 69 tetracycline-resistant E. coli
isolates, tet(B) was the predominant resistance determinant and was
detected in 50.9% of the isolates, whereas the remaining 25.5% isolates carried the
tet(A) determinant. Most ampicillin and/or amoxicillin-resistant
E. coli isolates carried blaTEM-1 genes.
Class 1 integrons were prevalent (28.9%) and contained previously described gene cassettes
that are implicated primarily in resistance to aminoglycosides and trimethoprim
(dfrA1, dfrA17-aadA5). Of the 44 quinolone-resistant
E. coli isolates, 38 were resistant to nalidixic acid, and 6 were
resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. Chromosomal point mutations
were found in the GyrA (Ser83Leu) and ParC (Ser80Ile) genes. Furthermore, the
aminoglycoside resistance gene aacC2, the chloramphenicol resistant gene
cmlA and the florfenicol resistant gene floR were also
identified. This study revealed an alarming rate of antimicrobial resistance among
E. coli isolates from dogs with UTIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Kuang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cho KD, Paek J, Kang JH, Chang D, Na KJ, Yang MP. Serum adipokine concentrations in dogs with naturally occurring pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:429-36. [PMID: 24372863 PMCID: PMC4857983 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An excess of intra-abdominal fat is observed frequently in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). Adipokine dysregulation is a possible cause of complications related to visceral obesity, but little information is available on adipokine in dogs with naturally occurring HAC. OBJECTIVES To examine the differences in the circulating adipokines concentrations in overweight dogs with and without pituitary-dependent HAC (PDH). ANIMALS Thirty healthy dogs and 15 client-owned dogs with PDH. METHODS Case-controlled observational study, which enrolled 15 overweight dogs diagnosed with PDH and 30 otherwise healthy dogs of similar body condition score. Nine of 15 dogs with PDH were treated with low-dose trilostane twice daily and reassessed after treatment. RESULTS The serum leptin (P < .0001) and insulin (P < .0001) concentrations were significantly higher in the PDH group (leptin, 22.8 ± 8.8 [mean ± SD]; insulin, 9.1 ± 6.1) than the healthy group (leptin, 4.9 ± 3.7; insulin, 1.9 ± 0.9). However, there were no significant differences in the adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18 levels between the 2 groups. In the PDH group, the serum cortisol concentrations had a linear association with the leptin concentrations, and there were significant decreases in the leptin (P = .0039) and insulin (P = .0039) levels after trilostane treatment. However, the leptin and insulin levels remained higher after trilostane treatment than in healthy control dogs with similar body condition score. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hypercortisolemia in dogs with PDH might upregulate the circulating leptin levels. However, a large population-based study will be necessary to determine whether the upregulation of leptin is involved directly with the complications caused by HAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-D Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mori A, Lee P, Izawa T, Oda H, Mizutani H, Koyama H, Arai T, Sako T. Assessing the immune state of dogs suffering from pituitary gland dependent hyperadrenocorticism by determining changes in peripheral lymphocyte subsets. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:757-69. [PMID: 19462252 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the immune state of dogs suffering from pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH), peripheral lymphocyte subsets were examined. Twenty seven PDH dogs and eight healthy control dogs were used in the current study. Eight healthy dogs served as the control group. Twenty seven PDH dogs were categorized into 4 groups based on their post serum cortisol concentrations by ACTH stimulation test: 2-5, excellent control (n = 8); 5-20, fair control (n = 7); >20, poor control (n = 4); and untreated (n = 8). Cell counts were executed with white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, CD3(+) (T lymphocytes), CD4(+) (Helper T lymphocytes), CD8(+) (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes), CD21(+) (B lymphocytes) cells in addition to calculating CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio. Results indicated a significant difference in lymphocyte numbers and lymphocyte subset populations (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD21(+) cells) between PDH and control dogs. Moreover, comparison of the PDH groups (excellent control; fair control; poor control; untreated) demonstrated that all groups had a significant decrease in lymphocytes numbers (CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD21(+) cell counts) as compared to control group. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed in WBC counts and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio between groups. Furthermore, lymphocyte subset distribution in excellent control PDH dogs without concurrent disease (n = 4) better resembled that of control dogs as compared to PDH dogs with concurrent disease (n = 4). PDH dogs may be suffering from an immuno-depressed state as evidenced by significant differences in lymphocyte subset populations. Furthermore, treatment of both PDH and concurrent disease might improve lymphocyte subset distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mori
- Department of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Torres SMF, Diaz SF, Nogueira SA, Jessen C, Polzin DJ, Gilbert SM, Horne KL. Frequency of urinary tract infection among dogs with pruritic disorders receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:239-43. [PMID: 16047659 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine frequency of urinary tract infection (UTI) among dogs with pruritic disorders that were or were not receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment. DESIGN Observational study. ANIMALS 127 dogs receiving glucocorticoids for > 6 months and 94 dogs not receiving glucocorticoids. PROCEDURE Bacterial culture of urine samples was performed in dogs receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment, and information was collected on drug administered, dosage, frequency of administration, duration of glucocorticoid treatment, and clinical signs of UTI. For dogs not receiving glucocorticoids, a single urine sample was submitted for bacterial culture. RESULTS Multiple (2 to 6) urine samples were submitted for 70 of the 127 (55%) dogs receiving glucocorticoids; thus, 240 urine samples were analyzed. For 23 of the 127 (18.1%) dogs, results of bacterial culture were positive at least once, but none of the dogs had clinical signs of UTI. Pyuria and bacteriuria (present vs absent) were found to correctly predict results of bacterial culture for 89.9% and 95.8% of the samples, respectively. Type of glycocorticoid, dosage, frequency of administration, and duration of treatment were not associated with frequency of UTI. None of the urine samples from dogs not receiving glucocorticoids yielded bacterial growth. The frequency of UTI was significantly higher for dogs treated with glucocorticoids than for dogs that had not received glucocorticoids. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that dogs receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment have an increased risk of developing a UTI. On this basis, we recommend that urine samples be submitted for bacterial culture at least yearly for such dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M F Torres
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Swenson CL, Boisvert AM, Kruger JM, Gibbons-Burgener SN. Evaluation of modified Wright-staining of urine sediment as a method for accurate detection of bacteriuria in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224:1282-9. [PMID: 15112776 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.224.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the findings of light microscopic evaluation of routine unstained wet-mounted preparations and air-dried, modified Wright-stained preparations of urine sediment with results of quantitative aerobic bacteriologic culture of urine. DESIGN Masked prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION 459 urine samples collected by cystocentesis from 441 dogs. PROCEDURE Urinalyses and quantitative bacteriologic cultures of urine were performed. Unstained wet-mounted preparations and air-dried, modified Wright-stained urine sediment preparations were examined by light microscopy for the presence of bacteria. RESULTS Compared with results of quantitative bacteriologic culture, routine unstained preparations and modified Wright-stained preparations had sensitivities of 82.4% and 93.2%, specificities of 76.4% and 99.0%, positive predictive values of 40.1% and 94.5%, negative predictive values of 95.8% and 98.7%, and test efficiencies of 77.3% and 98.0%, respectively. Compared with 74 samples that yielded growth on bacteriologic culture, the routine unstained method had concordance and misclassification rates of 39.2% and 60.8%, respectively, whereas the Wright-stained method had concordance and misclassification rates of 78.4% and 21.6%, respectively. Significant associations between each of occult blood in urine, pyuria, female sex, and lower urine specific gravity with bacteriuria detected by Wright-stained sediment examination and quantitative bacteriologic culture of urine were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Examination of modified Wright-stained preparations of urine sediment appeared to be a rapid, cost effective method that significantly improved the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and test efficiency of light microscopic detection of bacteriuria, compared with that of the routine unstained method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Swenson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
A 12-year-old spayed female domestic longhair cat developed fungal cystitis (Candida sp). The cat had a history of chronic diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and bacterial cystitis caused by Escherichia coli. Antifungal agents (itraconazole and fluconazole) were administered orally without noticeable effect on the candiduria. Because of the ineffectiveness of these treatments, intravesicular administration of 1% clotrimazole solution was performed weekly for 3 treatments. Complete resolution of urinary candidiasis was detected after the third infusion. Intravesicular administration of clotrimazole solution appears to be a safe and effective treatment of fungal cystitis in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Toll
- Veterinary Specialists of South Florida, 9410 Stirling Rd, Cooper City, FL 33024, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|