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Xu Z, Zou X, Oh T, Vu HL. Studying freeway merging conflicts using virtual reality technology. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2021; 76:16-29. [PMID: 33653547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This research aims to investigate the perceptions and reactions of drivers regarding freeway merging situation, utilizing a new approach with the basis of a multilevel simulation platform which incorporates virtual reality (VR) technology. METHODS A VR driving environment integrated with traffic micro-simulation was developed to evaluate driving behaviors and the impact of merging decisions in terms of traffic conflicts. The driving experiments were conducted under a variety of circumstances, including varying traffic flows and the presence of ramp metering. The Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) was utilized to extract the number of conflicts from the micro-simulation results. RESULTS The final results indicated that the probability of conflict has a positive correlation with traffic flow, while conflict frequency at freeway merges is affected by the presence of ramp metering due to its potentiality to enhance driver decisions and reduce the drivers' pressure when they make maneuvers. Practical Applications: The findings reveal that the proposed VR simulation platform is a useful tool to improve the safety of freeway merging. It has the potential to enhance driver skills and can also be used in the study of human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Institute of Transport Studies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Xin Zou
- Institute of Transport Studies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Taeho Oh
- Institute of Transport Studies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hai L Vu
- Institute of Transport Studies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Kuo YC, Chen LY, Chang HM, Yang TW, Huang MC, Cheng WJ. Different demographic and drinking profiles of motorcyclists and car drivers with the first-time offense of driving/riding under the influence of alcohol. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 134:105330. [PMID: 31678785 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Driving/riding under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is a major public concern worldwide. Only a few studies have distinguished DUI-related variables between motorcyclists and car drivers. This study examined the differences in demographic characteristics and drinking behaviors among first-time DUI offenders operating different transportation vehicles, and risk factors for frequent DUI (fDUI) among them. METHODS We conducted an anonymous survey for 561 first-time DUI offenders who attended a mandatory educational program. Participants self-administered questionnaires concerning alcohol drinking behaviors and DUI. We defined fDUI as at least two DUI behaviors per month based on self-reported information. Demographic and drinking characteristics were compared between DUI offenders, car drivers and motorcyclists. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine risk factors for fDUI. RESULTS Two-thirds of first-time DUI offenders were motorcyclists. Compared with car drivers, motorcyclists were younger and less educated, with a higher percentage of them being women and unmarried. Car drivers reported a higher rate of fDUI than motorcyclists (16.5% vs. 9.7%). Regression analysis revealed that binge drinkers had a higher fDUI risk in both groups. Regarding the drinking place prior to DUI behavior, workplace was significantly associated with fDUI in car drivers. CONCLUSIONS Distinct strategies may be required for motorcyclists and car drivers for DUI recidivism prevention, and drinking place interventions should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Kuo
- Linsen Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hu-Ming Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Wei Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Elvik R. Some implications of an event-based definition of exposure to the risk of road accident. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 76:15-24. [PMID: 25560900 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new definition of exposure to the risk of road accident as any event, limited in space and time, representing a potential for an accident to occur by bringing road users close to each other in time or space of by requiring a road user to take action to avoid leaving the roadway. A typology of events representing a potential for an accident is proposed. Each event can be interpreted as a trial as defined in probability theory. Risk is the proportion of events that result in an accident. Defining exposure as events demanding the attention of road users implies that road users will learn from repeated exposure to these events, which in turn implies that there will normally be a negative relationship between exposure and risk. Four hypotheses regarding the relationship between exposure and risk are proposed. Preliminary tests support these hypotheses. Advantages and disadvantages of defining exposure as specific events are discussed. It is argued that developments in vehicle technology are likely to make events both observable and countable, thus ensuring that exposure is an operational concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Elvik
- Institute of Transport Economics, Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway; Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Sofiedalsvej 11, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Papadimitriou E, Theofilatos A, Yannis G, Cestac J, Kraïem S. Motorcycle riding under the influence of alcohol: results from the SARTRE-4 survey. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 70:121-130. [PMID: 24713220 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Riding a motorcycle under the influence of alcohol is a dangerous activity, especially considering the high vulnerability of motorcyclists. The present research investigates the factors that affect the declared frequency of drink-riding among motorcyclists in Europe and explores regional differences. Data were collected from the SARTRE-4 (Social Attitudes to Road Traffic Risk in Europe) survey, which was conducted in 19 countries. A total sample of 4483 motorcyclists was interviewed by using a face-to-face questionnaire. The data were analyzed by means of multilevel ordered logit models. The results revealed significant regional differences (between Northern, Eastern and Southern European countries) in drink-riding frequencies in Europe. In general, declared drinking and riding were positively associated with gender (males), increased exposure, underestimation of risk, friends' behaviour, past accidents and alcohol ticket experience. On the other hand, it was negatively associated with underestimation of the amount of alcohol allowed before driving, and support for more severe penalties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Papadimitriou
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning & Engineering, Athens, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Theofilatos
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning & Engineering, Athens, Greece
| | - George Yannis
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Transportation Planning & Engineering, Athens, Greece
| | - Julien Cestac
- IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux, France
| | - Sami Kraïem
- IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux, France
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Lee JD. Dynamics of Driver Distraction: The process of engaging and disengaging. ANNALS OF ADVANCES IN AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE. ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE. ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE 2014; 58:24-32. [PMID: 24776224 PMCID: PMC4001670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Driver distraction research has a long history, spanning nearly 50 years, but intensifying over the last decade. The dominant paradigm guiding this research defines distraction in terms of excessive workload and limited attentional resources. This approach largely ignores how drivers come to engage in these tasks and under what conditions they engage and disengage from driving-the dynamics of distraction. The dynamics of distraction identifies breakdowns of interruption management as an important contributor to distraction, leading to describe distraction in terms of failures of task timing, switching, and prioritization. The dynamics of distraction also identifies disengagement in driving (e.g., mind wandering) as a substantial challenge that secondary tasks might exacerbate or mitigate. Increasing vehicle automation accentuates the need to consider these dynamics of distraction. Automation offers drivers more opportunity to engage in distractions and disengage from driving, and can surprise drivers by unexpectedly requiring drivers to quickly re-engage in driving-placing greater importance of interruption management expertise. This review describes distraction in terms of breakdowns in interruption management and problems of engagement, and summarizes how contingency, conditioning, and consequence traps lead to problems of engaging and disengaging in driving and distractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Lee
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Markham PT, Porter BE, Ball JD. Effectiveness of a program using a vehicle tracking system, incentives, and disincentives to reduce the speeding behavior of drivers with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2013; 17:233-48. [PMID: 22210797 DOI: 10.1177/1087054711423630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this article, the authors investigated the effectiveness of a behavior modification program using global positioning system (GPS) vehicle tracking devices with contingency incentives and disincentives to reduce the speeding behavior of drivers with ADHD. METHOD Using an AB multiple-baseline design, six participants drove a 5-mile stable driving route weekly while GPS devices recorded speeds. The dependent variable was percentage of feet speeding. Following an initial baseline period, five participants received treatment. One participant remained at baseline. RESULTS Visual inspection of individual participant graphs, reductions in mean percentages of speeding from baseline to treatment across participants (M = 82%), C-statistic analyses, and visual graphs with applied binomial formula supported a treatment effect. The between-participant analysis using R n Test of Ranks was significant, R n = 6, p < .01, and complemented a clean multiple-baseline result. CONCLUSION Results indicated that this treatment program was effective in reducing speeding by drivers with ADHD and warrants replication.
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Delhomme P, Kreel V, Ragot I. The effect of the commitment to observe speed limits during rehabilitation training courses for traffic regulation offenders in France. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bédard M, Porter MM, Marshall S, Isherwood I, Riendeau J, Weaver B, Tuokko H, Molnar F, Miller-Polgar J. The combination of two training approaches to improve older adults' driving safety. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2008; 9:70-76. [PMID: 18338298 DOI: 10.1080/15389580701670705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increasing number of older adults rely on the automobile for transportation. Educational approaches based on the specific needs of older drivers may help to optimize safe driving. We examined if the combination of an in-class education program with on-road education would lead to improvements in older drivers' knowledge of safe driving practices and on-road driving evaluations. METHODS We used a multisite, randomized controlled trial approach. Participants in the intervention group received the in-class and on-road education; those in the control group waited and were offered the education afterwards. We measured knowledge of safe driving practices before and after the in-class component of the program and on-road driving skills before and after the whole program. RESULTS Participants' knowledge improved from 61% of correct answers before the in-class education component to 81% after (p < .001). The on-road evaluation results suggested improvements on some aspects of safe driving (e.g., moving in roadway, p < .05) but not on others. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that education programs focused on the needs of older drivers may help improve their knowledge of safe driving practices and actual driving performance. Further research is required to determine if these changes will affect other variables such as driver confidence and crash rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bédard
- Public Health Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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Fuller R. Towards a general theory of driver behaviour. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2005; 37:461-472. [PMID: 15784200 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Taylor [Taylor, D.H., 1964. Drivers' galvanic skin response and the risk of accident. Ergonomics 7, 439-451] argued that drivers attempt to maintain a constant level of anxiety when driving which Wilde [Wilde, G.J.S., 1982. The theory of risk homeostasis: implications for safety and health. Risk Anal. 2, 209-225] interpreted to be coupled to subjective estimates of the probability of collision. This theoretical paper argues that what drivers attempt to maintain is a level of task difficulty. Naatanen and Summala [Naatanen, R., Summala, H., 1976. Road User Behaviour and Traffic Accidents. North Holland/Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York] similarly rejected the concept of statistical risk as a determinant of driver behaviour, but in so doing fell back on the learning process to generate a largely automatised selection of appropriate safety margins. However it is argued here that driver behaviour cannot be acquired and executed principally in such S-R terms. The concept of task difficulty is elaborated within the framework of the task-capability interface (TCI) model, which describes the dynamic interaction between the determinants of task demand and driver capability. It is this interaction which produces different levels of task difficulty. Implications of the model are discussed regarding variation in performance, resource allocation, hierarchical decision-making and the interdependence of demand and capability. Task difficulty homeostasis is proposed as a key sub-goal in driving and speed choice is argued to be the primary solution to the problem of keeping task difficulty within selected boundaries. The relationship between task difficulty and mental workload and calibration is clarified. Evidence is cited in support of the TCI model, which clearly distinguishes task difficulty from estimates of statistical risk. However, contrary to expectation, ratings of perceived risk depart from ratings of statistical risk but track difficulty ratings almost perfectly. It now appears that feelings of risk may inform driver decision making, as Taylor originally suggested, but not in terms of risk of collision, but rather in terms of task difficulty. Finally risk homeostasis is presented as a special case of task difficulty homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Fuller
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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