1
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Fakharzadeh S, Stocco CS. A translational evaluation of listener interest on the presentation of conversation topics to individuals who exhibit restricted interests. J Appl Behav Anal 2022; 55:799-813. [PMID: 35318663 PMCID: PMC9310843 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Listener behavior has been shown to influence speaker behavior. However, little is known about the extent to which listener behavior can influence countertherapeutic outcomes. This study evaluated the influence of listener interest on the topics presented by adult participants conversing with an experimenter acting as an individual who exhibited restricted interests. Each session consisted of a 5‐min conversation, during which the participant was instructed to talk about 3 topics. We compared the duration of topic presentation across phases in which the experimenter behaved as an interested listener for 1 topic or for all 3 topics. Results showed that topic presentation was controlled by listener interest and all participants reported that the simulation was believable, acceptable, and useful. Although preliminary, these findings have implications for understanding possible undesirable interactions between individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder who exhibit restricted interests and their peers or caregivers.
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2
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Lloveras LA, Vollmer TR. An Analysis of Timeout Calling in College Basketball. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Kronfli FR, Lloveras LA, Vollmer TR. Applications of the matching law to observe shifts in problem behavior: A proof‐of‐concept study. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faris R. Kronfli
- Department of Psychology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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4
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McKeown CA, Luczynski KC, Lehardy RK. Evaluating the generality and social acceptability of early friendship skills. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 54:1341-1368. [PMID: 34077558 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of prosocial skills is considered pivotal to childhood development. The friendship unit of the Preschool Life Skills program teaches early prosocial skills likely to facilitate socially desirable behaviors in young children; however, the friendship unit is the most understudied unit and has produced modest, inconsistent outcomes across children. The current study aimed to evaluate procedures necessary to (a) teach friendship skills to 4 children, with and without developmental disabilities, in an applied context and (b) promote the use of these skills with a same-aged peer. Teaching 5 friendship skills in a 1-to-1 format with the addition of tangible reinforcement, if necessary, was efficacious at increasing the children's friendship skills with an adult. Additional tactics were necessary to promote prosociality with a peer. We discuss refinements to the teaching procedures and additional considerations to improve the social acceptability and durability of prosocial skills.
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5
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O'Brien MJ, Pelzel KE, Hendrix NM, Schieltz KM, Miller K, Call NA, Tsami L, Lerman DC, Berg WK, Kopelman TG, Wacker DP, Lindgren SD. Parent Ratings of Generalized and Indirect Effects of Functional Communication Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behav Modif 2021; 46:971-1001. [PMID: 34041956 DOI: 10.1177/01454455211018815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) is a behavioral treatment that has been shown to reduce problem behavior and increase appropriate communication in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we assessed the effects of FCT on targeted and nontargeted problem behaviors outside of the training context, as well as parent stress, for 30 young children with ASD and their parents. Indirect measures of generalization treatment effects were administered prior to and following FCT treatment delivered via telehealth. Children demonstrated significant improvement on both targeted (measured via observation) and nontargeted (measured via checklist) problem behaviors, both within and outside of the training context, and parent stress was significantly reduced following treatment. These results suggest that the impact of FCT may extend beyond the training context for both the children being treated and the parents delivering treatment, even when generalization is not specifically programmed for during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J O'Brien
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kelly E Pelzel
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicole M Hendrix
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly M Schieltz
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kenzie Miller
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nathan A Call
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Loukia Tsami
- The University of Houston - Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Wendy K Berg
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Todd G Kopelman
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David P Wacker
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Scott D Lindgren
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
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6
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Stocco CS, Saavedra I, Fakharzadeh S, Patel MR, Thompson RH. A comparison of intervention for problematic speech using reinforcement with and without preferred topics. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 54:217-230. [PMID: 32989767 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that responding to the appropriate and problematic speech of individuals diagnosed with developmental disabilities with interested and uninterested listener responses, respectively, can promote more appropriate conversational engagement. However, Fisher et al. (2013) also responded to appropriate speech with access to preferred conversational topics. This study examined the influence of listener interest on the problematic speech of 8 participants and tested the additive effects of (Study 1) and participant preference for (Study 2) delivering preferred topics as reinforcement for appropriate speech. Interventions were equally effective with or without arranging access to preferred topics, but a majority of participants demonstrated a preference for intervention with contingent access to preferred topics. Caregivers and speech-language pathologists rated the intervention procedures as acceptable and changes in participants' speech satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meg R Patel
- Department of Psychology, University of the Pacific
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7
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Kurtz PF, Leoni M, Hagopian LP. Behavioral Approaches to Assessment and Early Intervention for Severe Problem Behavior in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Pediatr Clin North Am 2020; 67:499-511. [PMID: 32443989 PMCID: PMC8018516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the literature on prevalence and establishment of severe problem behavior in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, empirical support for applied behavior analysis, and evidence-based behavioral assessment and treatment procedures. Early intervention and prevention approaches and the role of the pediatrician with regard to surveillance, early intervention, and coordination of care are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F. Kurtz
- Neurobehavioral Unit, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mauro Leoni
- Department of Disabilities, Fondazione Istituto Ospedaliero di Sospiro Onlus, Piazza Libertà, 2, Sospiro (CR) 26048, Italy;,Freud University of Milan, Italy
| | - Louis P. Hagopian
- Neurobehavioral Unit, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;,Corresponding author. Neurobehavioral Unit, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205.
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8
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Greer BD, Fisher WW, Briggs AM, Lichtblau KR, Phillips LA, Mitteer DR. Using Schedule-Correlated Stimuli During Functional Communication Training to Promote the Rapid Transfer of Treatment Effects. BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT BULLETIN 2019; 24:100-119. [PMID: 31749897 PMCID: PMC6867805 DOI: 10.1037/bdb0000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has shown that bringing functional communication responses under the discriminative control of schedule-correlated stimuli facilitates rapid reinforcement schedule thinning and the transfer of functional communication training (FCT) treatment effects to other therapists and settings. In Experiment 1, we extended this body of research by rapidly transferring FCT treatment effects to a caregiver, despite the caregiver's unique and lengthy history of reinforcement of the child's destructive behavior. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the degree to which FCT treatment effects transferred to another participant's caregivers when the caregivers implemented FCT with and without schedule-correlated stimuli. Rapid transfer of FCT treatment effects occurred only when caregivers used the schedule-correlated stimuli. We discuss the use of schedule-correlated stimuli within FCT procedures as a method of programming for generalization when extending treatment to caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Adam M Briggs
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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9
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Mitteer DR, Greer BD, Fisher WW, Briggs AM, Wacker DP. A laboratory model for evaluating relapse of undesirable caregiver behavior. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 110:252-266. [PMID: 30028009 PMCID: PMC6156987 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The success of behavioral treatments like functional communication training depends on their continued implementation outside of the clinical context, where failures in caregiver treatment adherence can lead to the relapse of destructive behavior. In the present study, we developed a laboratory model for evaluating the relapse of undesirable caregiver behavior that simulates two common sources of disruption (i.e., changes in context and in treatment efficacy) believed to affect caregiver treatment adherence using simulated confederate destructive behavior. In Phase 1, the caregiver's delivery of reinforcers for destructive behavior terminated confederate destructive behavior in a home-like context. In Phase 2, the caregiver implemented functional communication training in a clinical context in which providing reinforcers for destructive or alternative behavior terminated confederate destructive behavior. In Phase 3, the caregiver returned to the home-like context, and caregiver behavior produced no effect on confederate destructive or alternative behavior, simulating an inconsolable child. Undesirable caregiver behavior relapsed in three of four treatment-adherence challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Adam M Briggs
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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10
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Lloyd BP, Staubitz JL, Tapp JT. A comparison of analysis methods to estimate contingency strength. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:738-753. [PMID: 29744865 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To date, several data analysis methods have been used to estimate contingency strength, yet few studies have compared these methods directly. To compare the relative precision and sensitivity of four analysis methods (i.e., exhaustive event-based, nonexhaustive event-based, concurrent interval, concurrent+lag interval), we applied all methods to a simulated data set in which several response-dependent and response-independent schedules of reinforcement were programmed. We evaluated the degree to which contingency strength estimates produced from each method (a) corresponded with expected values for response-dependent schedules and (b) showed sensitivity to parametric manipulations of response-independent reinforcement. Results indicated both event-based methods produced contingency strength estimates that aligned with expected values for response-dependent schedules, but differed in sensitivity to response-independent reinforcement. The precision of interval-based methods varied by analysis method (concurrent vs. concurrent+lag) and schedule type (continuous vs. partial), and showed similar sensitivities to response-independent reinforcement. Recommendations and considerations for measuring contingencies are identified.
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11
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Newcomb ET, Hagopian LP. Treatment of severe problem behaviour in children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities. Int Rev Psychiatry 2018; 30:96-109. [PMID: 29537889 PMCID: PMC8793042 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2018.1435513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disabilities (ID) present with problem behaviour at rates disproportionately higher than their typically-developing peers. Problem behaviour, such as self-injury, aggression, pica, disruption, and elopement result in a diminished quality-of-life for the individual and family. Applied behaviour analysis has a well-established research base, detailing a number of assessment and treatment methods designed to address behaviour problems in children with ASD and ID. Although the variables that lead to the emergence of problem behaviour are not precisely known, those that are currently responsible for the maintenance of these problems can be identified via functional behaviour assessment, which is designed to identify events that occasion problem behaviour, consequences that maintain it, as well as other environmental factors that exert influence on the behaviour. Corresponding function-based treatment is implemented when environmental determinants are identified, with the aim of decreasing or eliminating problem behaviour, as well as teaching the individual to engage in more appropriate, alternative behaviour. In some cases, when problem behaviour is under the control of both environmental and biological variables, including psychiatric conditions, combining behavioural and pharmacological interventions is viewed as optimal, although there is limited empirical support for integrating these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis P. Hagopian
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Gerow S, Hagan-Burke S, Rispoli M, Gregori E, Mason R, Ninci J. A Systematic Review of Parent-Implemented Functional Communication Training for Children With ASD. Behav Modif 2017; 42:335-363. [PMID: 29199433 DOI: 10.1177/0145445517740872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supporting parents in reducing challenging behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) requires the identification of effective, feasible, and sustainable interventions. Functional communication training (FCT) is one of the most well-established interventions in the behavioral literature and is used increasingly by parents. However, there is a need for additional evaluation of the literature related to parent-implemented FCT. In the present review, we identified 26 peer-reviewed studies on parent-implemented FCT. We conducted systematic descriptive and social validity analyses to summarize the extant literature. Across studies, parent-implemented FCT was effective in reducing child challenging behavior, and in some cases, intervention outcomes maintained and generalized to novel settings and implementers. However, few studies reported fidelity data on parent implementation of FCT, and data regarding sustained use of FCT by parents were limited. Results of the social validity analysis indicate that while FCT is often implemented by natural change agents in typical settings, parent training is often provided by professionals not typically accessible to parents. These findings suggest that future research is warranted in the areas of parent training and long-term sustainability of parent-implemented FCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rose Mason
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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13
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Collier-Meek MA, Sanetti LMH, Fallon LM. INCORPORATING APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS TO ASSESS AND SUPPORT EDUCATORS’ TREATMENT INTEGRITY. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Rapp JT, Swanson G, Dornbusch K. Temporary Increases in Problem Behavior and Sleep Disruption Following Decreases in Medication. Behav Modif 2016; 31:825-46. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445507301653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conditional rates of problem behavior for weeks that followed medication decreases and no medication changes were compared for 12 individuals who exhibited severe problem behavior (e.g., self-injury, aggression). The results indicate that conditional rates of problem behavior were higher following medication decreases than following no changes in medication. During the subsequent week, rates of problem behavior typically decreased without reinstating the prior dosage of medication. Additional analyses suggest that the first medication decrease typically produced the highest increase in problem behavior. Decreases in medication also disrupted sleep patterns for several individuals. Possible operant conceptualizations of behavior changes produced by medication decreases are discussed.
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15
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Stocco CS, Thompson RH. Contingency analysis of caregiver behavior: Implications for parent training and future directions. J Appl Behav Anal 2015; 48:417-35. [PMID: 25916885 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Parent training is often a required component of effective treatment for a variety of common childhood problems. Although behavior analysts have developed several effective parent-training technologies, we know little about the contingencies that affect parent behavior. Child behavior is one source of control for parent behavior that likely contributes to the development of childhood problems and outcomes of parent training. We reviewed the evidence supporting child behavior as controlling antecedents and consequences for parent behavior. The implications for parent training are discussed, and recommendations for future research are suggested.
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16
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Rooker GW, DeLeon IG, Borrero CSW, Frank-Crawford MA, Roscoe EM. REDUCING AMBIGUITY IN THE FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2014; 30:1-35. [PMID: 26236145 DOI: 10.1002/bin.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe problem behavior (e.g., self-injury and aggression) remains among the most serious challenges for the habilitation of persons with intellectual disabilities and is a significant obstacle to community integration. The current standard of behavior analytic treatment for problem behavior in this population consists of a functional assessment and treatment model. Within that model, the first step is to assess the behavior-environment relations that give rise to and maintain problem behavior, a functional behavioral assessment. Conventional methods of assessing behavioral function include indirect, descriptive, and experimental assessments of problem behavior. Clinical investigators have produced a rich literature demonstrating the relative effectiveness for each method, but in clinical practice, each can produce ambiguous or difficult-to-interpret outcomes that may impede treatment development. This paper outlines potential sources of variability in assessment outcomes and then reviews the evidence on strategies for avoiding ambiguous outcomes and/or clarifying initially ambiguous results. The end result for each assessment method is a set of best practice guidelines, given the available evidence, for conducting the initial assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin W Rooker
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Carrie S W Borrero
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michelle A Frank-Crawford
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA ; University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eileen M Roscoe
- The New England Center for Children, Southborough, MA 01772, USA ; Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119, USA
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17
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Dominguez A, Wilder DA, Cheung K, Rey C. THE USE OF A VERBAL REPRIMAND TO DECREASE RUMINATION IN A CHILD WITH AUTISM. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dominguez
- Dominguez Group Homes; USA
- Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne FL USA
| | | | - Kim Cheung
- Dominguez Group Homes; USA
- Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne FL USA
| | - Catalina Rey
- Dominguez Group Homes; USA
- Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne FL USA
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18
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Dracobly JD, Smith RG. Progressing from identification and functional analysis of precursor behavior to treatment of self-injurious behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2013; 45:361-74. [PMID: 22844142 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2012.45-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This multiple-study experiment evaluated the utility of assessing and treating severe self-injurious behavior SIB based on the outcomes of a functional analysis of precursor behavior. In Study 1, a precursor to SIB was identified using descriptive assessment and conditional probability analyses. In Study 2, a functional analysis of precursor behavior was conducted. Finally, study 3 evaluated the effects of a treatment in which precursor behavior produced the maintaining variable identified in the precursor functional analysis. Studies 1 and 3 were conducted in two settings in the participants natural environment, where data collection was ongoing throughout the course of the study. Results showed that it was possible to identify a precursor to infrequent but severe SIB, that a functional analysis of precursor behavior suggested a clear operant function, and that treatment based on the results of the precursor functional analysis reduced SIB in the natural environment.
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19
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Wolff JJ, Clary J, Clay J, Harper VN, Bodfish JW, Symons FJ. Evidence for reciprocal interaction effects among adults with self-injury and their caregivers. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 117:225-32. [PMID: 22716264 PMCID: PMC3709855 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-117.3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of caregiver responses to client adaptive behavior were compared between adults with intellectual disabilities with and without self-injurious behavior. Participants with moderate to profound intellectual disability and self-injury (n=89) and age/IQ matched control participants (n=20) were selected from a large sample of adults living in a regional residential center. Approximately 45 minutes of direct observation data were collected for each participant during unstructured leisure time. Data were sequentially analyzed and Yule's Q scores derived and compared among groups. Results indicated that caregivers were more responsive to prosocial initiations and adaptive engagement among individuals with severe self-injurious behavior than to those with mild or no self-injurious behavior and that these responses were more likely to be in the form of a demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Wolff
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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20
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Miller JR, Lerman DC, Fritz JN. An experimental analysis of negative reinforcement contingencies for adult-delivered reprimands. J Appl Behav Anal 2011; 43:769-73. [PMID: 21541165 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Seven adults participated in simulated teaching sessions with an experimenter who role played as a student with developmental disabilities. The experimenter engaged in problem behavior and either (a) terminated problem behavior contingent on participant reprimands (negative reinforcement) or (b) did not terminate problem behavior contingent on reprimands (extinction). Results suggested that reprimands were sensitive to negative reinforcement in the form of the immediate cessation of problem behavior. These preliminary findings support role play as a potentially viable laboratory model for analyzing behaviors of typical adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Miller
- University of Houston–Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Blvd. Box 245, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
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21
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Borrero CSW, Woods JN, Borrero JC, Masler EA, Lesser AD. Descriptive analyses of pediatric food refusal and acceptance. J Appl Behav Anal 2011; 43:71-88. [PMID: 20808496 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional analyses of inappropriate mealtime behavior typically include conditions to determine if the contingent delivery of attention, tangible items, or escape reinforce food refusal. In the current investigation, descriptive analyses were conducted for 25 children who had been admitted to a program for the assessment and treatment of food refusal to determine if the consequences commonly delivered during functional analyses were observed during parent-conducted meals. The conditional probabilities for the delivery of attention, tangible items, and escape following food refusal and acceptance were compared to the unconditional probabilities of each event. Results showed that attention and escape most frequently followed refusal and differed depending on the topography of refusal. Implications for further evaluations of food refusal using similar methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie S W Borrero
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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22
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Stocco CS, Thompson RH, Rodriguez NM. Restricted interests and teacher presentation of items. J Appl Behav Anal 2011; 44:499-512. [PMID: 21941381 PMCID: PMC3177332 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2011.44-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) is more pervasive, prevalent, frequent, and severe in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) than in their typical peers. One subtype of RRB is restricted interests in items or activities, which is evident in the manner in which individuals engage with items (e.g., repetitious wheel spinning), the types of items or activities they select (e.g., preoccupation with a phone book), or the range of items or activities they select (i.e., narrow range of items). We sought to describe the relation between restricted interests and teacher presentation of items. Overall, we observed 5 teachers interacting with 2 pairs of students diagnosed with an ASD. Each pair included 1 student with restricted interests. During these observations, teachers were free to present any items from an array of 4 stimuli selected by experimenters. We recorded student responses to teacher presentation of items and analyzed the data to determine the relation between teacher presentation of items and the consequences for presentation provided by the students. Teacher presentation of items corresponded with differential responses provided by students with ASD, and those with restricted preferences experienced a narrower array of items.
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Woods JN, Borrero JC, Laud RB, Borrero CSW. Descriptive analyses of pediatric food refusal: the structure of parental attention. Behav Modif 2010; 34:35-56. [PMID: 20051524 DOI: 10.1177/0145445509355646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mealtime observations were conducted and occurrences of appropriate and inappropriate mealtime behavior and various forms of parental attention (e.g., coaxing, reprimands) were recorded for 25 children admitted to an intensive feeding program and their parents. Using the data from the observations, lag sequential analyses were conducted to identify changes in the probability of child appropriate and inappropriate mealtime behavior before and after various forms of parental attention. A combination of univariate and repeated measures ANOVAs using frequency of child behavior were also conducted to corroborate conclusions drawn from the visual analysis of individual participant data. Results showed that parental attention was frequently followed by temporary decreases in inappropriate mealtime behavior and increases in bite acceptance. Moreover, various forms of parental attention resulted in statistically significant changes in child behavior, which supports the clinical utility of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N Woods
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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24
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McComas JJ, Moore T, Dahl N, Hartman E, Hoch J, Symons F. Calculating contingencies in natural environments: issues in the application of sequential analysis. J Appl Behav Anal 2010; 42:413-23. [PMID: 19949534 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2009.42-413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Analysis and interpretation of behavior-environment relations are increasingly being conducted with data that have been derived descriptively. This paper provides an overview of the logic that underlies a sequential analytic approach to the analysis of descriptive data. Several methods for quantifying sequential relations are reviewed along with their strengths and weaknesses. Data from descriptive analyses are used to illustrate key points. Issues germane to contingency analysis in natural environments are discussed briefly. It is concluded that the conceptual distinctions among contiguity, contingency, and dependency are critical if the logic of sequential analysis is to be extended successfully to a behavior-analytic account of reinforcement in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J McComas
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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25
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Samaha AL, Vollmer TR, Borrero C, Sloman K, Pipkin CSP, Bourret J. Analyses of response-stimulus sequences in descriptive observations. J Appl Behav Anal 2010; 42:447-68. [PMID: 19949537 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2009.42-447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Descriptive observations were conducted to record problem behavior displayed by participants and to record antecedents and consequences delivered by caregivers. Next, functional analyses were conducted to identify reinforcers for problem behavior. Then, using data from the descriptive observations, lag-sequential analyses were conducted to examine changes in the probability of environmental events across time in relation to occurrences of problem behavior. The results of the lag-sequential analyses were interpreted in light of the results of functional analyses. Results suggested that events identified as reinforcers in a functional analysis followed behavior in idiosyncratic ways: after a range of delays and frequencies. Thus, it is possible that naturally occurring reinforcement contingencies are arranged in ways different from those typically evaluated in applied research. Further, these complex response-stimulus relations can be represented by lag-sequential analyses. However, limitations to the lag-sequential analysis are evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Samaha
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-2865, USA.
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26
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Addison L, Lerman DC. Descriptive analysis of teachers' responses to problem behavior following training. J Appl Behav Anal 2010; 42:485-90. [PMID: 19949540 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2009.42-485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The procedures described by Sloman et al. (2005) were extended to an analysis of teachers' responses to problem behavior after they had been taught to withhold potential sources of positive and negative reinforcement following instances of problem behavior. Results were consistent with those reported previously, suggesting that escape from child problem behavior may shape and maintain adult behavior that is potentially countertherapeutic.
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27
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Casey SD, Perrin CJ, Lesser AD, Perrin SH, Casey CL, Reed GK. Using descriptive assessment in the treatment of bite acceptance and food refusal. Behav Modif 2009; 33:537-58. [PMID: 19675310 DOI: 10.1177/0145445509341457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The feeding behaviors of two children who maintained failure to thrive diagnoses and displayed food refusal are assessed in their homes. Descriptive assessments are used to identify schedules of consequence provided by each child's care providers for bite acceptance and food refusal behaviors. Assessments reveal rich schedules of praise and access to social interaction and preferred activities for bite acceptance and escape for food refusal. These schedule arrangements result in hypotheses that modifications to the schedule of praise and access to social interaction and preferred activities for bite acceptance would result in little to no effect and that modifications to the schedule of escape for food refusal would be necessary for treatment success. Successful interventions are subsequently implemented by manipulating the existing schedules of escape for food refusal by each child's care providers. Implications for the use of descriptive assessments for feeding problems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Casey
- The Pennsylvania State University, 30 East Swedesford Road, Malvern, PA, USA.
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28
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Rapp JT, Patel MR, Ghezzi PM, O'Flaherty CH, Titterington CJ. Establishing stimulus control of vocal stereotypy displayed by young children with Autism. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Borrero CSW, Borrero JC. Descriptive and experimental analyses of potential precursors to problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 41:83-96. [PMID: 18468281 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2008.41-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We conducted descriptive observations of severe problem behavior for 2 individuals with autism to identify precursors to problem behavior. Several comparative probability analyses were conducted in addition to lag-sequential analyses using the descriptive data. Results of the descriptive analyses showed that the probability of the potential precursor was greater given problem behavior compared to the unconditional probability of the potential precursor. Results of the lag-sequential analyses showed a marked increase in the probability of a potential precursor in the 1-s intervals immediately preceding an instance of problem behavior, and that the probability of problem behavior was highest in the 1-s intervals immediately following an instance of the precursor. We then conducted separate functional analyses of problem behavior and the precursor to identify respective operant functions. Results of the functional analyses showed that both problem behavior and the precursor served the same operant functions. These results replicate prior experimental analyses on the relation between problem behavior and precursors and extend prior research by illustrating a quantitative method to identify precursors to more severe problem behavior. DESCRIPTORS descriptive assessment, functional analysis, lag-sequential analysis, precursors, problem behavior, response-class hierarchies
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30
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Fahmie TA, Hanley GP. Progressing toward data intimacy: a review of within-session data analysis. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 41:319-31. [PMID: 18816972 PMCID: PMC2521866 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2008.41-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Visual inspection of data is a common method for understanding, responding to, and communicating important behavior-environment relations in single-subject research. In a field that was once dominated by cumulative, moment-to-moment records of behavior, a number of graphic forms currently exist that aggregate data into larger units. In this paper, we describe the continuum of aggregation that ranges from distant to intimate displays of behavioral data. To aid in an understanding of the conditions under which a more intimate analysis is warranted (i.e., one that provides a richer analysis than that provided by condition or session aggregates), we review a sample of research articles for which within-session data depiction has enhanced the visual analysis of applied behavioral research.
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