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Flores-Paco P, Vargas-Aliaga A, Guevara MG, Lopera I, Ruiz LR, López-Herrero M, Camús JA, López-González J, Inga-Saavedra E, Montero M, Barneto I, Gómez-España MA, Ruiz E, Ruza M, Armenta A, Palacios A, De La Haba-Rodríguez JR, Aranda E. A new updated prognostic index for patients with brain metastases (BMs) treated with palliative whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) in the era of precision oncology. METASNCore project. J Neurooncol 2024; 167:407-413. [PMID: 38539006 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-024-04618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Palliative WBRT is the main treatment for multiple BMs. Recent studies report no benefit in survival after WBRT compared to palliative supportive care in patients (pts) with poor prognosis. A new era of systemic treatment strategies based on targeted therapies are improving the prognosis of patients with BMs. The purpose of this study is to develop a prognostic score in palliative pts with BMs who undergo WBRT in this new setting. METHODS 239 pts with BMs who received palliative WBRT between 2013-2022 in our center were analyzed retrospectively. The score was designed according to the value of the β coefficient of each variable with statistical significance in the multivariate model using Cox regression. Once the score was established, a comparison was performed according to Kaplan-Meier and was analyzed by log-rank test. RESULTS 149 pts (62.3%) were male and median (m) age was 60 years. 139 (58,2%) were lung cancer and 35 (14,6%) breast cancer. All patients received 30Gys in 10 sessions. m overall survival (OS) was 3,74 months (ms). 37 pts (15,5%) had a specific target mutation. We found that 62 pts were in group < 4 points with mOS 6,89 ms (CI 95% 3,18-10,62), 84 in group 4-7 points with mOS 4,01 ms (CI 95% 3,40-4,62) and 92 pts in group > 7 points with mOS 2,72 ms (CI 95% 1,93-3,52) (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONS METASNCore items are associated with OS and they could be useful to select palliative pts to receive WBRT. More studies are necessary to corroborate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Flores-Paco
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alicia Vargas-Aliaga
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - María Geraldina Guevara
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Rodríguez Ruiz
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - María López-Herrero
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Adrián Camús
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Javier López-González
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Inga-Saavedra
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Marina Montero
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isidoro Barneto
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mª Auxiliadora Gómez-España
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Estela Ruiz
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Marta Ruza
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana Armenta
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Amalia Palacios
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan R De La Haba-Rodríguez
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain.
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Enrique Aranda
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Medical School, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Rios-Hoyo A, Arriola E. Immunotherapy and brain metastasis in lung cancer: connecting bench side science to the clinic. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221097. [PMID: 37876939 PMCID: PMC10590916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common form of intracranial malignant neoplasms in adults, with a profound impact on quality of life and traditionally associated with a dismal prognosis. Lung cancer accounts for approximately 40%-50% of BM across different tumors. The process leading to BMs is complex and includes local invasion, intravasation, tumor cells circulation into the bloodstream, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, extravasation of tumor cells into the brain parenchyma, and interaction with cells of the brain microenvironment, among others. Once the tumor cells have seeded in the brain parenchyma, they encounter different glial cells of the brain, as well as immune cells. The interaction between these cells and tumor cells is complex and is associated with both antitumoral and protumoral effects. To overcome the lethal prognosis associated with BMs, different treatment strategies have been developed, such as immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, which have demonstrated to be an effective treatment in both non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. These antibodies have shown to be effective in the treatment of BM, alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, many unsolved questions remain to be answered, such as the sequencing of immunotherapy and radiotherapy, the optimal management in symptomatic BMs, the role of the addition of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, and so forth. The complexity in the management of BMs in the era of immunotherapy requires a multidisciplinary approach to adequately treat this devastating event. The aim of this review is to summarize evidence regarding epidemiology of BM, its pathophysiology, current approach to treatment strategies, as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rios-Hoyo
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Edurne Arriola
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar-CIBERONC (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología), Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Research Program, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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Li N, Chu Y, Song Q. Brain Metastasis in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2022; 14:10131-10139. [PMID: 34992434 PMCID: PMC8710975 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s342009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize the risk factors for brain metastasis (BM) at presentation and analyze the prognostic factors for patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Patients and Methods Patients were recruited from the SEER database between 2010 and 2016. They were divided into two groups according to BM status. The incidence trends of SCLC and its BM were analyzed by joinpoint software. The risk factors for BM in SCLC were identified by binary logistic regression models. The prognostic factors for SCLC patients with BM were identified by Cox proportional hazard models. Results The incidence of SCLC and its BM significantly decreased after 2010. Totally 11,093 patients were collected, including 1717 (15.5%) patients with BM and 9376 (84.5%) patients without BM. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, male and higher T stage were independent risk factors for BM in SCLC patients at presentation. SCLC patients with BM showed inferior survival to those without BM. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, increasing age, large tumor size, and higher N stage were risk factors for poor prognosis, while other race, surgery, adjuvant radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were protective factors for SCLC patients with BM. A nomogram was developed for prognosis evaluation of such patients. Conclusion Age, male and higher T stage were risk factors for BM in SCLC patients at presentation. Increasing age, large tumor size, and advanced N stage may predict poor survival for SCLC patients with BM. Multidisciplinary therapies may provide clinical benefits. This study will help identify patients with higher BM risk and hopefully improve their clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Chu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
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