Surgery for hemoptysis in patients with benign lung disease

Management of severe acute pulmonary haemorrhage in children

Pulmonary haemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening condition with a variety of causes. Quality clinical trials are insufficient in children, restricting the evidence base to observational data and adult studies. The overall management strategy should address control of symptomatic bleeding, identification of the bleeding source, and treatment of the underlying cause. Flexible bronchoscopy is an important tool used to identify the cause and site of bleeding, do interventional procedures, and directly instil medications to affected areas. Medications to control bleeding include vasoconstrictors, antifibrinolytics, and recombinant factor VIIa. Definitive treatment often requires immunomodulatory medications, bronchial artery embolisation, or surgery. In this Review, we summarise the most recent evidence pertaining to medical, interventional, and surgical treatments of pulmonary haemorrhage in children.

Clinical Approach to Massive Hemoptysis: Perioperative Focus on Causes and Management

Massive hemoptysis is a time critical airway emergency in the perioperative setting, with an associated mortality exceeding 50%. Causes of hemoptysis in the perioperative setting include procedural complication, coagulopathy, malignancy, chronic lung disease, infection, left-sided cardiac disease, pulmonary vascular disease and autoimmune disease. A rapid and coordinated multidisciplinary response is required to secure the airway, isolate the lung, ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation, identify the underlying cause and initiate specific systemic, bronchoscopic, endovascular, or surgical treatment. This review examines the etiology, pathophysiology, as well as approach to management and interventions in perioperative massive hemoptysis.

Is VATS suitable for lung diseases with hemoptysis? Experience from a hemoptysis treatment center in China

BACKGROUND

Surgery is crucial in the treatment of the potentially fatal pulmonary hemoptysis condition. Currently, most patients with hemoptysis are treated by traditional open surgery (OS). To illustrate the effectiveness of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for hemoptysis, we developed a retrospective study of surgical interventions for lung disease with hemoptysis.

METHODS

We collected and then analysed the data, including general information and post-operative outcomes, from 102 patients who underwent surgery for a variety of lung diseases with hemoptysis in our hospital between December 2018 and June 2022.

RESULTS

Sixty three cases underwent VATS and 39 cases underwent OS. 76.5% of patients were male (78/102). Comorbidities with diabetes and hypertension were 16.7% (17/102) and 15.7% (16/102) respectively. The diagnoses based on postoperative pathology included aspergilloma in 63 cases (61.8%), tuberculosis in 38 cases (37.4%) and bronchiectasis in 1 case (0.8%). 8 patients underwent wedge resection, 12 patients underwent segmentectomy, 73 patients underwent lobectomy and 9 patients underwent pneumonectomy. There were 23 cases of postoperative complications, of which 7 (30.4%) were in the VATS group, significantly fewer than 16 (69.6%) in the OS group (p = 0.001). The OS procedure was identified as the only independent risk factor for postoperative complications. The median (IQR) of postoperative drainage volume in the first 24 h was 400 (195-665) ml, which was 250 (130-500) ml of the VATS group, significantly less than the 550 (460-820) ml of the OS group (p < 0.05). The median (IQR) of pain scores 24 h after surgery was 5 (4-9). The median (IQR) of postoperative drainage tube removal time was 9.5 (6-17) days for all patients, and it was 7 (5-14) days for the VATS group, which was less than 15 (9-20) days for the OS group.

CONCLUSION

VATS for patients with lung disease presenting with hemoptysis is an effective and safe option that may be preferred when the hemoptysis is uncomplicated and the patient's vital signs are stable.

Evaluation and Treatment of Massive Hemoptysis

Massive hemoptysis is appropriately defined as life-threatening hemoptysis that causes airway obstruction, respiratory failure, and/or hypotension. Patients with this condition die from asphyxiation, not hemorrhagic shock. Any patient who presents with life-threatening hemoptysis requires immediate treatment to secure the airway and stabilize hemodynamics. Early activation and coordinated response from a multidisciplinary team is critical. Once the airway is secure and appropriate resuscitation is initiated, priorities are to localize the source of the bleeding and gain hemorrhage control. Nonsurgical control of hemorrhage is superior to surgery in the acute situation.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-Combined Surgery for Hemoptysis Caused by a Mediastinal Hemangioma

The diagnosis and treatment of massive hemoptysis remain challenging. We report a 28-year-old woman with refractory massive hemoptysis caused by a mediastinal hemangioma. Despite multiple bronchial artery embolizations and fiberoptic bronchoscopy treatments, effective control of the bleeding and clearing of the airway was not possible. Finally, with the support of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, mediastinal hemangioma resection and right upper lobe sleeve resection were simultaneously performed. During the operation, many blood clots in the airway were removed. The airway bleeding was effectively controlled, and the patient recovered.