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Valdiserri RO. Improving America's Public Health System Will Require Collective Action. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024:00124784-990000000-00247. [PMID: 38743088 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald O Valdiserri
- Author Affiliations: Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
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2
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Yeh MJ. Certification and licensing of public health professionals in Taiwan. J Public Health Policy 2024:10.1057/s41271-024-00471-8. [PMID: 38326552 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-024-00471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This Viewpoint reviews the debate about whether the professionalization of public health practice should be approached through a certification and licensure system. It introduces the recent attempt at professionalizing public health in Taiwan with the newly enacted Public Health Specialists Act of 2020, regulating the Public Health Specialist (PHS) through a state-mandated certificate. The Viewpoint discusses the implications of this new PHS Act on Taiwan's public health education and professionalization. The PHS model in Taiwan is one of the first of its kind around the globe. Advocates of public health professionalization and public health educators could benefit from Taiwan's experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jui Yeh
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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3
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Byrnes-Enoch H, Afshar N, Singer J, Helmy H, Otsubo E, Jocelyn K, Chokshi DA. Lessons for Public Health Excellence from the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perspective from New York City. NAM Perspect 2024; 2024:20242a. [PMID: 38817962 PMCID: PMC11136500 DOI: 10.31478/20242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dave A Chokshi
- Note: All authors were at the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene at the time of writing; HBE, NA, JS, and DAC are no longer with the department
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Caniglia G, Russo F. How is who: evidence as clues for action in participatory sustainability science and public health research. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 46:4. [PMID: 38193992 PMCID: PMC10776828 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Participatory and collaborative approaches in sustainability science and public health research contribute to co-producing evidence that can support interventions by involving diverse societal actors that range from individual citizens to entire communities. However, existing philosophical accounts of evidence are not adequate to deal with the kind of evidence generated and used in such approaches. In this paper, we present an account of evidence as clues for action through participatory and collaborative research inspired by philosopher Susan Haack's theory of evidence. Differently from most accounts of evidence for use in policies and interventions, our account combines action-oriented (the how) and actors-oriented (the who) considerations. We build on Haack's theory and on the analysis of examples of participatory and collaborative research in sustainability science and public health research to flesh out six procedural criteria for the generation and mobilization of evidence in and from participatory research. Action-oriented criteria invite to look at evidence from a (a) foundherentist, (b) gradational and (c) quasi-holistic perspective. Actors-oriented criteria point out that evidence generation and utilization are (d) social, (e) personal, and (f) embedded. We suggest that these criteria may reinforce participatory and collaborative approaches to evidence co-production when addressing complex problems in sustainability science and public health allowing for the generation of a kind of practical objectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Russo
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- University College London, London, UK.
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Harada NM, Kuzmichev A, Dean HD. Editors in Chief of Public Health Reports, 1878-2022: Men and Women Who Shaped the Discussion of Public Health Practice From 1918 Influenza to COVID-19. Public Health Rep 2023; 138:736-746. [PMID: 37243437 PMCID: PMC10235917 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231176285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Public Health Reports (PHR), the official journal of the Office of the US Surgeon General and US Public Health Service, is the oldest public health journal in the United States. Considering its heritage through the eyes of its past editors in chief (EICs), many of whom have been influential public health figures, can provide a fresh point of view on US public health history, of which the journal has been an integral part. Here, we reconstruct the timeline of past PHR EICs and identify women among them. METHODS We reconstructed the PHR EIC timeline by reviewing the journal's previous mastheads and its articles describing leadership transitions. For each EIC, we identified dates in office, concurrent job titles, key contributions, and other important developments. RESULTS PHR had 25 EIC transitions in 109 years of its history, during which a single individual in charge of the journal could be identified. Only 5 identifiable EICs were women, who served as EIC for approximately one-quarter of the journal's traceable history (28 of 109 years). PHR's longest-serving EIC was a woman named Marian P. Tebben (1974-1994). CONCLUSIONS PHR history revealed frequent EIC transitions and a low representation of women among its EICs. Mapping the timeline of past EICs of a historic public health journal can yield valuable insights into the workings of US public health, especially in the area of building a research evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle M. Harada
- Public Health Reports, Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrey Kuzmichev
- Public Health Reports, Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hazel D. Dean
- Public Health Reports, Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
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Chavez-Yenter D, Lille HM, Gorissen S, John KK, Vega AS, Jensen JD. Spit, Disgust, and Parasite Stress Theory: A Message Experiment. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 28:498-506. [PMID: 37382498 PMCID: PMC10527420 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2023.2229772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Public health interventions targeting coughing and spitting during the Tuberculosis and 1918 flu epidemics were largely successful. Specifically, public health officials' messaging framed the behavior of spitting as repulsive and endangering to others, prompting an elicitation of disgust. Anti-spitting campaigns - messaging that focuses on the threat of spit or sputum - have long been common during pandemics and manifested once again to combat the spread of COVID-19. Yet, few scholars have theorized if and how anti-spitting campaigns function to change behavior. One possibility is parasite stress theory, which posits that human behavior is driven by a desire to avoid pathogenic threats like spit. The application of these types of disgust appeals in public health messaging remains understudied and warrants exploration. To test the applicability of the parasite stress theory, our message experiment with US adults (N = 488) examined reactions to anti-spit messages that varied in visual disgust (low and high). For more highly educated respondents, the high disgust appeal directly decreased spitting intentions, and this relationship was stronger for individuals with higher levels of pathogen and moral disgust. Given the importance of public messaging during pandemics, future research should continue to examine the efficacy and theoretical underpinnings of specific disgust appeals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chavez-Yenter
- Department of Communication, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Helen M. Lille
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Sebastiaan Gorissen
- Department of Digital Media and Communications, Saint Michael’s College, Burlington, VT
| | - Kevin K. John
- School of Communications, Brigham Young University Provo, UT
| | - Alexis S. Vega
- Department of Communication, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jakob D. Jensen
- Department of Communication, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT
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Zovic HL, Riley T, Perez-Bill ES, Dsouza N, Mitchell C. A Call for a Transformative Public Health Training: The Necessity of Abolition. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2023; 50:465-472. [PMID: 37525984 PMCID: PMC11075666 DOI: 10.1177/10901981231177085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The societal distrust of public health alongside the complex, intersecting, and large public health crises of today and our future requires a transformation of the education of the next generation of public health leaders. The field of public health's goals of health equity for all cannot be advanced until our field interrogates and resists the prison industrial complex (PIC), which maintains White supremacy and (re)produces health inequities. As current and former public health students, we propose incorporating abolition of the PIC as a political vision, structural and power analysis, and organizing strategy into the public health curriculum. We highlight gaps in the public health curriculum and the existing similarities between stated goals of abolition and public health. We propose calls to action for individuals, faculty, and schools of public health to interrogate the carceral nature of public health and work toward contributing to the positive project of an abolitionist future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Lipo Zovic
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Taylor Riley
- University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nishita Dsouza
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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El-Osta A, Sasco ER, Barbanti E, Webber I, Alaa A, Karki M, Asmar MLE, Idriss H, Almadi M, Massoud F, Alboksmaty A, Majeed A. Tools for measuring individual self-care capability: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1312. [PMID: 37422637 PMCID: PMC10329804 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our ability to self-care can play a crucial role in the prevention, management and rehabilitation of diverse conditions, including chronic non-communicable diseases. Various tools have been developed to support the measurement of self-care capabilities of healthy individuals, those experiencing everyday self-limiting conditions, or one or more multiple long-term conditions. We sought to characterise the various non-mono-disease specific self-care measurement tools for adults as such a review was lacking. OBJECTIVE The aim of the review was to identify and characterise the various non-mono-disease specific self-care measurement tools for adults. Secondary objectives were to characterise these tools in terms of their content, structure and psychometric properties. DESIGN Scoping review with content assessment. METHODS The search was conducted in Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases using a variety of MeSH terms and keywords covering 1 January 1950 to 30 November 2022. Inclusion criteria included tools assessing health literacy, capability and/or performance of general health self-care practices and targeting adults. We excluded tools targeting self-care in the context of disease management only or indicated to a specific medical setting or theme. We used the Seven Pillars of Self-Care framework to inform the qualitative content assessment of each tool. RESULTS We screened 26,304 reports to identify 38 relevant tools which were described in 42 primary reference studies. Descriptive analysis highlighted a temporal shift in the overall emphasis from rehabilitation-focused to prevention-focused tools. The intended method of administration also transitioned from observe-and-interview style methods to the utilisation of self-reporting tools. Only five tools incorporated questions relevant to the seven pillars of self-care. CONCLUSIONS Various tools exist to measure individual self-care capability, but few consider assessing capability against all seven pillars of self-care. There is a need to develop a comprehensive, validated tool and easily accessible tool to measure individual self-care capability including the assessment of a wide range of self-care practices. Such a tool could be used to inform targeted health and social care interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen El-Osta
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Eva Riboli Sasco
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Evelina Barbanti
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Iman Webber
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Aos Alaa
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Manisha Karki
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Marie line El Asmar
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Haitham Idriss
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Mashael Almadi
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Farah Massoud
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Ahmed Alboksmaty
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), Department of Primary Care & Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, 323 Reynolds BuildingSt Dunstan’s Road, London, W6 8RP UK
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Brookfield S. What isn't public health? J Public Health Policy 2023:10.1057/s41271-023-00404-x. [PMID: 37012486 PMCID: PMC10068696 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-023-00404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
By recognizing the structural causes of health and illness, public health has often been associated with values of compassion and solidarity, and a relational understanding of human agency. Rather than supporting the consistent integration and application of these insights, however, public health is now sometimes invoked more as a rhetorical move, used to construct issues as simple questions of neoliberal scientistic rationalism. Public health practitioners must reckon, therefore, with how the field can be discursively deployed in the public square, for multiple divergent political ends. If public health is always positioned as a value-neutral and detached scientific approach to addressing complex subjects, from drug use to pandemics, it not only fails to connect with the arguments of its critics, but further divorces what was once called the public health 'movement' from the strong and progressive political and theoretical positions it was founded upon and should advocate for today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Brookfield
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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LANTZ PAULAM, GOLDBERG DANIELS, GOLLUST SARAHE. The Perils of Medicalization for Population Health and Health Equity. Milbank Q 2023; 101:61-82. [PMID: 37096631 PMCID: PMC10126964 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Medicalization is a historical process by which personal, behavioral, and social issues are increasingly viewed through a biomedical lens and "diagnosed and treated" as individual pathologies and problems by medical authorities. Medicalization in the United States has led to a conflation of "health" and "health care" and a confusion between individual social needs versus the social, political, and economic determinants of health. The essential and important work of population health science, public health practice, and health policy writ large is being thwarted by a medicalized view of health and an overemphasis on personal health services and the health care delivery system as the major focal point for addressing societal health issues and health inequality. Increased recognition of the negative consequences of a medicalized view of health is essential, with a focus on education and training of clinicians and health care managers, journalists, and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- PAULA M. LANTZ
- Ford School of Public Policy and School of Public HealthUniversity of Michigan
| | | | - SARAH E. GOLLUST
- School of Public HealthCenter for the Study of Political Psychologyand Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass CommunicationUniversity of Minnesota
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Sims J, Baird R, Aboelata MJ, Mittermaier S. Cultivating a Healthier Policy Landscape: The Building Healthy Communities Initiative. Health Promot Pract 2023; 24:300-309. [PMID: 36172746 PMCID: PMC9932606 DOI: 10.1177/15248399221114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify effective methods for local public health departments to secure policy and systems changes that will achieve health equity and improve health outcomes across diverse populations. METHODS We reviewed 220 documents from a philanthropic initiative that funded collaborative efforts to improve conditions for health and equity in 14 California communities from 2010 to 2020. We examined the role of factors associated with movement-building approaches-such as organizing, base-building, investing in organizational capacity, and forming alliances-in securing policy and systems changes that foster more equitable community conditions. RESULTS All 14 sites made progress in implementing policies and systems to improve the social determinants of health, including neighborhood conditions and the built environment, health care access, social and community context, economic stability, and education access. All 14 also shifted processes to be more inclusive of and responsive to community members, who in turn gained capacity to advocate for change and build collective power. CONCLUSION Local public health leaders can make progress toward health equity by drawing on movement-building approaches to change policies and systems that affect social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob Baird
- Prevention Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Freudenberg N, Israel B. Integrating Public Health Research and Teaching With Social Justice Activism: Lessons From 80 Years of Practice. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2023; 50:301-309. [PMID: 36847337 DOI: 10.1177/10901981231158403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
In this commentary, we reflect on the lessons we have learned from our successes and failures in aligning the roles of scholars and activists. Our hope is to provide insights that can guide public health students, faculty, practitioners, and activists seeking to chart their professional, political, and personal futures in today's polarized and catastrophe-burdened world. Several experiences motivate us to write this commentary now. In the last few years, inspired in part by the new activism against systemic racism sparked by the murder of George Floyd and others, growing climate emergencies, the COVID pandemic, anti-immigrant politics, increasing anti-Asian acts of violence, gun bloodshed, attacks on the right to reproductive and sexual health, resurgence of interest in worker organizing, and the ongoing quest for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTQI+) rights, we are impressed by the number of young people engaged in activism to defend and expand their rights and show that another world is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
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Tahzib F. Public health professionals delivering better health for all-50 years of the Faculty of Public Health. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022; 44:i3-i7. [PMID: 36465049 PMCID: PMC9720363 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Garney WR, Wilson KL, Garcia KM, Muraleetharan D, Esquivel CH, Spadine MN, Panjwani S, Ajayi KV. Supporting and Enabling the Process of Innovation in Public Health: The Framework for Public Health Innovation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10099. [PMID: 36011734 PMCID: PMC9407913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript introduces a new framework for creating innovations in public health-the Framework for Public Health Innovation. The framework was developed through a longitudinal qualitative research study that investigated the process of creating innovative adolescent health programs. Interviews were conducted with a national sample of 26 organizations over two time points. Data collection focused on the process of innovative program development; organizational capacity; training; and technical assistance needs, successes, and barriers. The framework was developed and modified based on interview findings and expert advice; then, the final framework was validated with content experts. The framework illustrates a dynamic process of innovation that begins with dissatisfaction with the status quo, and then, illustrates three necessary components for innovation-space, process, and partnerships. Four categories of innovation, which range in complexity, are proposed: (1) creating a new component to an existing program, (2) adapting an existing program to meet new needs, (3) taking an alternative approach to addressing an existing program, and (4) reframing a health problem from a new perspective. As illustrated by a feedback loop, the resulting innovations disrupt the status quo. This model can be applied to any content area in public health and is useful for both research and practitioners.
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15
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Abdellah MY, Abdelhaleem A, Ghulman HA, Abdel-Jaber GT. Vibration and tribological properties of epoxy-granite composites used as novel foundations for machine elements. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2022-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Composites have become attractive to many industries today and are a good alternative to many traditional materials. Epoxy granite (EG) is used as a competitive alternative to ground ceramics, especially as a foundation for machine tools. This is because of their high damping ratio compared to other traditional materials such as cast iron. In the present study, a lightweight and cost-effective EG composite material was developed as a new foundation for machine elements. The composite material EG was prepared by mixing epoxy resin (12 wt %) and granite particles by casting method. The crushed granite particles were sieved and separated into coarse particles ≤2.36 ≥ 1.18 mm, medium particles ≤1.18 ≥ 0.6 and fine particles ≤0.6 mm. Vibration modal analysis is performed using an impact hammer to measure the natural frequencies occurring at each material size and the damping ratios. Microbial and fungal resistance is tested to understand applicability in humid environments, and water absorption and soak resistance were also measured. Scratch tests are performed using a top scratch tester to measure scratch width for fine and coarse samples. The electrostatic discharges generated by friction on the rubber and granite-epoxy composite sole are measured. It was found that as the particle size decreases, the damping ratio increases and the damping capability is improved, both microbial and fungal resistance increases, the scratch width is small for fine particles, while it is difficult to achieve for other granite sizes. Electrostatic discharges show a better feel for the composite material, but it is better with fine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y. Abdellah
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture , Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421 , Saudi Arabia
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering , South Valley University , Qena , 83523 , Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelhaleem
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering , South Valley University , Qena , 83523 , Egypt
| | - Hamza A. Ghulman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture , Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal Tag Abdel-Jaber
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering , South Valley University , Qena , 83523 , Egypt
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Freudenberg N. Becoming the Public Health Leaders We Need to Be. Am J Public Health 2022. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.306893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- The author is with the City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY
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Stivers C. Public Service in the Pandemic Era: A COVID Commentary. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW 2022; 82:354-358. [PMID: 33821040 PMCID: PMC8013740 DOI: 10.1111/puar.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This viewpoint reflects on basic aspects of American public health and politics that are making the COVID crisis response less effective than it might be. The performance of public service during a crisis depends as much on self-reflectiveness and hope as on the achievement of measurable results. Anthony Fauci is offered as an exemplar of authentic public service, understood as "living within the truth."
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Lee K, Freudenberg N. Public Health Roles in Addressing Commercial Determinants of Health. Annu Rev Public Health 2022; 43:375-395. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052220-020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The shared challenges posed by the production and distribution of health-harming products have led to growing recognition of the need for policy learning and transfer across problems, populations, and social contexts. The commercial determinants of health (CDoH) can serve as a unifying concept to describe the population health consequences arising from for-profit actors and activities, along with the social structures that sustain them. Strategies to mitigate harms from CDoH have focused on behavioral change, regulation, fiscal policies, consumer and citizen activism, and litigation. While there is evidence of effective measures for each strategy, approaches that combine strategies are generally more impactful. Filling gaps in evidence can inform ways of adapting these strategies to specific populations and social contexts. Overall, CDoH are addressed most effectively not through siloed efforts to reduce consumption of health-harming products, but instead as a set of integrated strategies to reduce exposures to health-harming commercial actors and activities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 43 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Nicholas Freudenberg
- School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- The author is with the Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated the critical need to make greater investments in public health and build the capacity of the public health workforce. Among the professional competencies needed to address the ongoing morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19, as well as other current and future public health challenges, is the ability to effectively engage in the political process. While we acknowledge that public health institutions and workers are under-resourced and are grateful for their tireless efforts to control the pandemic, we argue that their efforts have been severely hampered by a notable absence from politics. We argue that our ability to protect and promote public health has been further challenged by divisive political rhetoric from the former presidential administration, which has amplified a culture of self-interest and individualism. Such values are counter to public health and threaten our ability to address the disproportionate impacts of COVID-19 on low-income communities and communities of color, along with the myriad of health inequities experienced by marginalized communities in the US. We assert that public health professionals must be better equipped and supported in their efforts to challenge powerful majorities that have generated such unhealthy and unequal social and environmental conditions. Policy change related to social determinants of health should be an integral component of our intervention strategies and political advocacy should be considered a core competency for training future public health professionals. The field needs professionals comfortable and adept at working within the political sphere; students are eager for skills that allow them to translate their passion for social justice in health; and the persistent and pervasive health inequities experienced by marginalized communities demand such action.
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Turning value into action: Healthcare workers using digital media advocacy to drive change. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250875. [PMID: 33914809 PMCID: PMC8084157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The standard method of sharing information in academia is the scientific journal. Yet health advocacy requires alternative methods to reach key stakeholders to drive change. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of social media and public narrative for advocacy in matters of firearm-related injury and death. Study design The movement This Is Our Lane was evaluated through the #ThisIsOurLane and #ThisIsMyLane hashtags. Sources were assessed from November 2018 through March 2019. Analyses specifically examined message volume, time course, global engagement, and content across Twitter, scientific literature, and mass media. Twitter data were analyzed via Symplur Signals. Scientific literature reviews were performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Mass media was compiled using Access World News/Newsbank, Newspaper Source, and Google. Results A total of 507,813 tweets were shared using #ThisIsOurLane, #ThisIsMyLane, or both (co-occurrence 21–39%). Fifteen scientific items and n = 358 mass media publications were published during the study period; the latter included articles, blogs, television interviews, petitions, press releases, and audio interviews/podcasts. Peak messaging appeared first on Twitter on November 10th, followed by mass media on November 12th and 20th, and scientific publications during December. Conclusions Social media enables clinicians to quickly disseminate information about a complex public health issue like firearms to the mainstream media, scientific community, and general public alike. Humanized data resonates with people and has the ability to transcend the barriers of language, culture, and geography. Showing society the reality of caring for firearm-related injuries through healthcare worker stories via digital media appears to be effective in shaping the public agenda and influencing real-world events.
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Abstract
The development of health is a cumulative, dynamic, and lifelong process responding to a variety of biological and behavioral influences, of which those in childhood are especially influential and, indeed, formative. Reflecting the balance of positive and adverse experiences during childhood, initial trajectories for future health and development emerge. Preventive pediatric care can anticipate and respond to those experiences and the personal and social circumstances in which they occur. These actions can promote better health and prevent chronic illness during adulthood. Building on the life course health development framework, ways to positively affect patterns of individual and population health practice are identified. Maximizing the opportunity to influence children's health over their lifetime will require purposeful partnerships with other entities with which children and their families interact as well as improvements in pediatric care processes. The latter includes expanding the databases that drive service (such as registries, care plans, and referrals) and adopting proactive, strengths-based, patient and family-centered, comprehensive, multidisciplinary models of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Schor
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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23
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Abimbola S. The foreign gaze: authorship in academic global health. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e002068. [PMID: 31750005 PMCID: PMC6830280 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seye Abimbola
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Swope C. The Problematic Role of Public Health in Washington, DC's, Urban Renewal. Public Health Rep 2018; 133:707-714. [PMID: 30300558 DOI: 10.1177/0033354918794932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Swope
- 1 Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Siordia C, Hoepner LA, Lewis AN. Why Public Health Researchers Should Consider Using Disability Data from the American Community Survey. J Community Health 2018; 43:738-745. [PMID: 29428988 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-018-0478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The United States (US) federal government allocates hundreds of billions of dollars to provide resources to Americans with disabilities, older adults, and the poor. The American Community Survey (ACS) influences the distribution of those resources. The specific aim of the project is to introduce health researchers to Public Use Microdata Sample file from 2009 to 2011. The overall goal of our paper is to promote the use of ACS data relevant to disability status. This study provides prevalence estimates of three disability related items for the population at or over the age of 15 years who reside in one of the continental states. When population weights are applied to the 7,198,221 individuals in the sample under analysis, they are said to represent 239,641,088 of their counterparts in the US population. Detailed tabulations by state (provided as Microsoft Excel® spreadsheets in ACS output) clearly show disability prevalence varies from state-to-state. Because analyses of the ACS data have the ability to influence resources aiding individuals with physical mobility challenges, its use should be promoted. Particular attention should be given to monetary allocations which will improve accessibility of the existing built environment for the individuals with mobility impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Siordia
- Walker Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnic Relations, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Lori A Hoepner
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 43, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
| | - Allen N Lewis
- College of Health Related Professions, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
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Palmedo C, Sembajwe G, Geltman E, Heller D, Roberts L, Freudenberg N. Defining Roles for Schools and Programs of Public Health in the Age of Trump. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:1242-1244. [PMID: 28700291 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2017.303897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Palmedo
- Chris Palmedo, Lynn Roberts, and Nicholas Freudenberg are with the Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY. Grace Sembajwe is with the Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy. Elizabeth Geltman and Daliah Heller are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy
| | - Grace Sembajwe
- Chris Palmedo, Lynn Roberts, and Nicholas Freudenberg are with the Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY. Grace Sembajwe is with the Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy. Elizabeth Geltman and Daliah Heller are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy
| | - Elizabeth Geltman
- Chris Palmedo, Lynn Roberts, and Nicholas Freudenberg are with the Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY. Grace Sembajwe is with the Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy. Elizabeth Geltman and Daliah Heller are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy
| | - Daliah Heller
- Chris Palmedo, Lynn Roberts, and Nicholas Freudenberg are with the Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY. Grace Sembajwe is with the Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy. Elizabeth Geltman and Daliah Heller are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy
| | - Lynn Roberts
- Chris Palmedo, Lynn Roberts, and Nicholas Freudenberg are with the Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY. Grace Sembajwe is with the Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy. Elizabeth Geltman and Daliah Heller are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy
| | - Nicholas Freudenberg
- Chris Palmedo, Lynn Roberts, and Nicholas Freudenberg are with the Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY. Grace Sembajwe is with the Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy. Elizabeth Geltman and Daliah Heller are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy
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Much ado about nothing? Legacy tobacco advertising and the role of public health. Public Health 2017; 148:117-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Edman
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD) Stockholm University
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Bateman-House A, Bayer R, Colgrove J, Fairchild AL, McMahon CE. Free to Consume? Anti-Paternalism and the Politics of New York City’s Soda Cap Saga. Public Health Ethics 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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30
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Wiley LF. The Struggle for the Soul of Public Health. JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLITICS, POLICY AND LAW 2016; 41:1083-1096. [PMID: 27531944 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-3665967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevention has become a central focus for health care payers, providers, policy makers, and the general public. Given the centrality of prevention to public health science, practice, and law, it would seem that conditions are ripe for the public health law renaissance to expand beyond legal and scientific circles to permeate the general consciousness. Yet, public health law and policy interventions continue to face considerable political and legal opposition. The population perspective-which emphasizes the social determinants of health, collective action to create healthier communities, and communitarian rationales for prioritizing health-is as important to public health problem-solving as the prevention orientation. But it conflicts with the individualistic orientation that dominates American legal, cultural, and social discourse. This article suggests that public health law and policy debates offer important opportunities for public health advocates to reach across silos to promote the population perspective that unites the field. The article explores contrasting explanations for disease, injury, premature death, and health disparities offered by the population perspective and the individualistic orientation; political and cultural barriers that stand in the way of innovative law and policy interventions; and normative tensions between the communitarian population perspective and self-interested rationales for investment in prevention.
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Learning from New York City : a case study of public health policy practice in the Bloomberg administration. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2016; 21:313-22. [PMID: 25822903 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To ascertain any lessons learned about how public health reforms undertaken in New York City during the Bloomberg Administration were shepherded through the public policy and administration gauntlet. The question is, how feasible is this approach and would it work outside of New York City? DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Using a theoretically grounded case study approach, 3 initiatives were examined that were proposed and/or implemented during a 10-year period of the Mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg (2002-2011): transfats restrictions, clean bus transportation policies, and a sugar-sweetened beverages tax (as a counterfactual). The investigation began by performing a comprehensive public documents search and was followed with interviews of 27 individuals involved in the selected policy initiatives. Interviews were coded in Nvivo using an iterative, grounded methodology. RESULTS Using a theoretical lens, the case study illustrates that the multifaceted role of leadership was not confined to the executives in the City or the Agency. Instead, leadership extended to other administrative officials within the agency and the Board of Health. Second, New York City used reorganization and coordinative mechanisms strategically to ensure achievement of their goals. This included creation of new departments/bureaus and coordinating structures across the City. Evidence of the explicit use of incentives, as initially anticipated from the theoretical framework, was not found. CONCLUSIONS While some aspects of this case study are unique to the context of New York City, 2 approaches used in New York City are feasible for other jurisdictions: harnessing the full scope and breadth of authority of the agency and its associated boards and commissions, and remobilizing existing workforce to explicitly focus on and coordinate targeted policies for issues of concern. Questions for further consideration are posed at the conclusion of the article.
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Balog JE. Public Health, Historical and Moral Lessons for the Preparation of School Health Educators: The Case of Childhood Obesity and the Need for Social Responsibility. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2016.1219683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Balog
- The College at Brockport, State University of New York, Public Health & Health Education
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Freudenberg N. Charting the Pathways of Power That Undermine Public Health. Am J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- Nicholas Freudenberg is with the City University of New York School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY
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Galeucia M, Hirsch JS. State and Local Policies as a Structural and Modifiable Determinant of HIV Vulnerability Among Latino Migrants in the United States. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:800-7. [PMID: 26985616 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We explore how state and local policies in labor, health, education, language, community and neighborhood environments, deportation, and state-authorized identification can reduce or exacerbate HIV vulnerability among Latino migrants in the United States. We reviewed literature on Latino migrants and HIV risk, on the structural-environmental contexts experienced by Latino migrants, and on the many domains in which policies influence those contexts. To illustrate the pathways through which policies across multiple sectors are relevant to HIV vulnerability, we describe how policies shape 2 mediating domains (a climate of hostility toward Latino migrants and the relative ease or difficulty of access to beneficial institutions) and how those domains influence behavioral risk practices, which increase vulnerability to HIV. This argument demonstrates the utility of considering the policy context as a modifiable element of the meso-level through which structural factors shape vulnerability to HIV. This approach has specific relevance to the consideration of HIV prevention for Latino migrants, and more generally, to structural approaches to HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Galeucia
- At the time of the study, both authors were with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer S Hirsch
- At the time of the study, both authors were with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
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Charting a New Path. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2016; 22:108-9. [DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Thomas KK. Cultivating Hygiene as a Science: The Welch-Rose Report's Influence at Johns Hopkins and Beyond. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:345-54. [PMID: 26888751 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1915, William Henry Welch and Wickliffe Rose submitted a report to the Rockefeller Foundation that became the template for public health professional education in the United States and abroad. Based on the Welch-Rose Report's recommendations, the Foundation awarded a grant to Johns Hopkins University in 1916 to establish the first independent graduate school of public health, with Welch serving as the founding dean. The Welch-Rose Report and, by extension, the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health established and transmitted a new model of scientific training that wove the laboratory mindset together with the methods of public health administration and epidemiologic fieldwork. During the School's first quarter-century, faculty and alumni were remarkably active in frontline public health problem-solving, as well as launching public health agencies and schools of all types and sizes. The most lasting contribution of the Welch-Rose Report and the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, now the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, has been to "cultivate the science of hygiene" to bring about exponential growth in the evidence base for public health. The schools that have adopted the Johns Hopkins model of public health education worldwide have produced professionals who have worked to achieve wide-ranging reforms dedicated to preserving life, protecting health, and preventing injury across populations and continents.
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Bayer R, Sampat BN. Corporate Funding for Schools of Public Health: Confronting the Ethical and Economic Challenges. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:615-8. [PMID: 26890166 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the public and private sponsoring of university research and the issues it raises in a context of diminished federal funding. We consider research funding at schools of public health and why these schools have historically had weaker links to industry than have other academic units. We argue that the possibility of enhanced links with industry at schools of public health may raise specific concerns beyond those facing universities generally. Six issues should be considered before entering into these relationships: (1) the effects on research orientation, (2) unacceptability of some funders, (3) potential threats to objectivity and academic freedom, (4) effects on academic standards, (5) the effects on dissemination of knowledge, and (6) reputational risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Bayer
- Ronald Bayer is with the Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Bhaven N. Sampat is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Bhaven N Sampat
- Ronald Bayer is with the Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Bhaven N. Sampat is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
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Shifting public health practice to advance health equity: recommendations from experts and community leaders. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2015; 20:188-96. [PMID: 24002297 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0b013e31829959fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT While the evidence base regarding the social determinants of health and their relationship to health inequities grows, the field of public health is challenged to translate this knowledge into practice changes that advance health equity. OBJECTIVE Drawing on the knowledge, beliefs, and experiences of public health experts and community leaders working to advance health equity, our objective was to develop and disseminate recommendations for changing public health practice to better address this problem. DESIGN We conducted semistructured, qualitative telephone interviews (n = 25) with key informants. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and data were coded and analyzed using both inductive and deductive methods. Member checks were used to enhance quality. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A purposeful sample of key informants was selected from content experts and community leaders involved with the development of the Unnatural Causes public impact campaign. Participants represented state and local health departments, community-based organizations, national research/advocacy organizations, and academic institutions across the country. RESULTS Participants distinguished between social determinants of health and their structural precursors in social and political institutions. They believed that the field of public health has an obligation to address health inequities and shifts in practice are needed that focus more attention on societal factors that underlie such inequities. According to participants, specific practice changes are difficult to identify because actions should be community specific and community driven. Recommended approaches that may be adapted to community-based needs and assets include building nontraditional partnerships, engaging in political advocacy, promoting community leadership, collecting better data on social conditions and institutional factors, and enhancing communication for health equity. CONCLUSIONS Recommended shifts in practice may be facilitated by revisiting our understanding of the 3 core functions of public health-assessment, assurance, and policy development.
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Freudenberg N, Franzosa E, Chisholm J, Libman K. New Approaches for Moving Upstream. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2015; 42:46S-56S. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198114568304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that unequal distribution of wealth and power across race, class, and gender produces the differences in living conditions that are “upstream” drivers of health inequalities. Health educators and other public health professionals, however, still develop interventions that focus mainly on “downstream” behavioral risks. Three factors explain the difficulty in translating this knowledge into practice. First, in their allegiance to the status quo, powerful elites often resist upstream policies and programs that redistribute wealth and power. Second, public health practice is often grounded in dominant biomedical and behavioral paradigms, and health departments also face legal and political limits on expanding their scope of activities. Finally, the evidence for the impact of upstream interventions is limited, in part because methodologies for evaluating upstream interventions are less developed. To illustrate strategies to overcome these obstacles, we profile recent campaigns in the United States to enact living wages, prevent mortgage foreclosures, and reduce exposure to air pollution. We then examine how health educators working in state and local health departments can transform their practice to contribute to campaigns that reallocate the wealth and power that shape the living conditions that determine health and health inequalities. We also consider health educators’ role in producing the evidence that can guide transformative expansion of upstream interventions to reduce health inequalities.
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Lanier-Christensen C. Tainted earth: Smelters, public health, and the environment. Glob Public Health 2014. [PMCID: PMC4318080 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2014.986160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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How can planning add value to obesity prevention programmes? A qualitative study of planning and planners in the Healthy Towns programme in England. Health Place 2014; 30:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gabriel JM, Goldberg DS. Big pharma and the problem of disease inflation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2014; 44:307-22. [PMID: 24919306 DOI: 10.2190/hs.44.2.h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the past decade, critics have increasingly called attention to the corrosive influence of the pharmaceutical industry on both biomedical research and the practice of medicine. Critics describe the industry's use of ghostwriting and other unethical techniques to expand their markets as evidence that medical science is all-too-frequently subordinated to the goals of corporate profit. While we do not dispute this perspective, we argue that it is imperative to also recognize that the goals of medical science and industry profit are now tightly wed to one another. As a result, medical science now operates to expand disease definitions, lower diagnostic thresholds, and otherwise advance the goals of corporate profit through the redefinition and expansion of what it means to be ill. We suggest that this process has led to a variety of ethical problems that are not fully captured by current critiques of ghostwriting and other troubling practices by the pharmaceutical industry. In our conclusion, we call for physicians, ethicists, and other concerned observers to embrace a more fundamental critique of the relationship between biomedical science and corporate profit.
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Freudenberg N, Tsui E. Evidence, power, and policy change in community-based participatory research. Am J Public Health 2013; 104:11-4. [PMID: 24228677 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Meaningful improvements in health require modifying the social determinants of health. As policies are often underlying causes of the living conditions that shape health, policy change becomes a health goal. This focus on policy has led to increasing interest in expanding the focus of community-based participatory research (CBPR) to change not only communities but also policies. To best realize this potential, the relationship between evidence and power in policy change must be more fully explored. Effective action to promote policies that improve population health requires a deeper understanding of the roles of scientific evidence and political power in bringing about policy change; the appropriate scales for policy change, from community to global; and the participatory processes that best acknowledge the interplay between power and evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- Nicholas Freudenberg is with the City University of New York School of Public Health and Hunter College, New York, NY. Emma Tsui is with the City University of New York School of Public Health and Lehman College, New York, NY
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Abstract
The epidemic of cardiac risk factors and cardiovascular disease in developing regions has reached sub-Sahara Africa. This global reality needs to energize the academic public health establishment to incorporate this phenomenon in its curriculum. The focus for control of these risk factors and illnesses will need to be on their cultural, political, and economic upstream drivers. The schools of public health will need to collaborate with a broad array of university disciplines to craft a focused and appropriate curriculum with which to train the next generation of global health professionals.
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Bayer R, Fairchild AL, Hopper K, Nathanson CA. Confronting the Sorry State of U.S. Health. Science 2013; 341:962-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1241249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Bayer
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Amy L. Fairchild
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Kim Hopper
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Constance A. Nathanson
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Tan EJ, McGill S, Tanner EK, Carlson MC, Rebok GW, Seeman TE, Fried LP. The evolution of an academic-community partnership in the design, implementation, and evaluation of experience corps® Baltimore city: a courtship model. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2013; 54:314-21. [PMID: 23887931 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnt072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Experience Corps Baltimore City (EC) is a product of a partnership between the Greater Homewood Community Corporation (GHCC) and the Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health (COAH) that began in 1998. EC recruits volunteers aged 55 and older into high-impact mentoring and tutoring roles in public elementary schools that are designed to also benefit the volunteers. We describe the evolution of the GHCC-COAH partnership through the "Courtship Model." DESIGN AND METHODS We describe how community-based participatory research principals, such as shared governance, were applied at the following stages: (1) partner selection, (2) getting serious, (3) commitment, and (4) leaving a legacy. RESULTS EC could not have achieved its current level of success without academic-community partnership. In early stages of the "Courtship Model," GHCC and COAH were able to rely on the trust developed between the leadership of the partner organizations. Competing missions from different community and academic funders led to tension in later stages of the "Courtship Model" and necessitated a formal Memorandum of Understanding between the partners as they embarked on a randomized controlled trial. IMPLICATIONS The GHCC-COAH partnership demonstrates how academic-community partnerships can serve as an engine for social innovation. The partnership could serve as a model for other communities seeking multiple funding sources to implement similar public health interventions that are based on national service models. Unified funding mechanisms would assist the formation of academic-community partnerships that could support the design, implementation, and the evaluation of community-based public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin J Tan
- *Address correspondence to Erwin J. Tan, The Corporation for National and Community Service, Senior Corps, 1201 New York Ave NW, Washington, DC 20005. E-mail:
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Goldberg D. Ethics and public health law: on the need to ask the right questions. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2013; 19:391-2. [PMID: 23842469 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0b013e3182a08daf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Fairchild
- Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Cohen AK, Schuchter JW. Revitalizing communities together: the shared values, goals, and work of education, urban planning, and public health. J Urban Health 2013; 90:187-96. [PMID: 22711169 PMCID: PMC3675725 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-012-9733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inequities in education, the urban environment, and health co-exist and mutually reinforce each other. Educators, planners, and public health practitioners share commitments to place-based, participatory, youth-focused, and equitable work. They also have shared goals of building community resilience, social capital, and civic engagement. Interdisciplinary programs that embody these shared values and work towards these shared goals are emerging, including school-based health centers, full-service community schools, community health centers, Promise Neighborhoods, and Choice Neighborhoods. The intersection of these three fields represents an opportunity to intervene on social determinants of health. More collaborative research and practice across public health, education, and planning should build from the shared values identified to continue to address these common goals.
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