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Korczowska-Łącka I, Słowikowski B, Piekut T, Hurła M, Banaszek N, Szymanowicz O, Jagodziński PP, Kozubski W, Permoda-Pachuta A, Dorszewska J. Disorders of Endogenous and Exogenous Antioxidants in Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1811. [PMID: 37891890 PMCID: PMC10604347 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and even epilepsy and migraine, oxidative stress load commonly surpasses endogenous antioxidative capacity. While oxidative processes have been robustly implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases, the significance of particular antioxidants, both endogenous and especially exogenous, in maintaining redox homeostasis requires further research. Among endogenous antioxidants, enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase are central to disabling free radicals, thereby preventing oxidative damage to cellular lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Whether supplementation with endogenously occurring antioxidant compounds such as melatonin and glutathione carries any benefit, however, remains equivocal. Similarly, while the health benefits of certain exogenous antioxidants, including ascorbic acid (vitamin C), carotenoids, polyphenols, sulforaphanes, and anthocyanins are commonly touted, their clinical efficacy and effectiveness in particular neurological disease contexts need to be more robustly defined. Here, we review the current literature on the cellular mechanisms mitigating oxidative stress and comment on the possible benefit of the most common exogenous antioxidants in diseases such as AD, PD, ALS, HD, stroke, epilepsy, and migraine. We selected common neurological diseases of a basically neurodegenerative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Korczowska-Łącka
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Bartosz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (B.S.); (P.P.J.)
| | - Thomas Piekut
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Mikołaj Hurła
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Natalia Banaszek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Oliwia Szymanowicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Paweł P. Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (B.S.); (P.P.J.)
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Permoda-Pachuta
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
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Yu Y, Yi Y, Li Y, Peng T, Lao S, Zhang J, Liang S, Xiong Y, Shao S, Wu N, Zhao Y, Huang H. Dispersible MoS2 micro-sheets induced a proinflammatory response and apoptosis in the gills and liver of adult zebrafish. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17826-17836. [PMID: 35542100 PMCID: PMC9080493 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00922h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of CS-MoS2 micro-sheets caused lamellar fusions and localized lesions in gill and liver, respectively. Moreover, they also disturbed the expression levels of genes related with antioxidant enzymes, proinflammatory response and apoptosis.
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Akanda MR, Kim IS, Ahn D, Tae HJ, Tian W, Nam HH, Choo BK, Park BY. In Vivo and In Vitro Hepatoprotective Effects of Geranium koreanum Methanolic Extract via Downregulation of MAPK/Caspase-3 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:8137627. [PMID: 28757890 PMCID: PMC5516716 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8137627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Geranium koreanum (GK) is an indigenous Chinese herbal medicine widely used for the treatment of various inflammation and liver disorders. However, the exact mechanism of action of GK remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and related molecular mechanism of GK on NaAsO2-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and liver damage in mice. The cytoprotective role of GK was assessed on HepG2 cells using MTT assay. Oxidative stress and lactate dehydrogenase levels were measured with ROS and LDH assay. Histopathology and serum enzymes levels were estimated. The molecular mechanism was evaluated by qPCR and immunoblotting to ensure the hepatoprotective role of GK against NaAsO2 intoxication in mice. We found cotreatment with GK significantly attenuated NaAsO2-induced cell viability loss, intracellular ROS, and LDH release. Hepatic histopathology and serum biochemical parameters, ALT, and AST were notably improved by cotreatment with GK. Beside, GK markedly altered both mRNA and protein expression level of MAPK. The proapoptotic and antiapoptotic protein Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was significantly regulated by GK. Moreover, GK remarkably suppressed the postapoptotic transcription protein cleaved caspase-3 expression. The present study reveals that GK possesses hepatoprotective activity which is probably involved in the modulation of the MAPK/caspase-3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashedunnabi Akanda
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - In-Shik Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchoon Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Weishun Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Hwa Nam
- Department of Crop Science & Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kil Choo
- Department of Crop Science & Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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Sangodele JO, Olaleye MT, Monsees TK, Akinmoladun AC. The para isomer of dinitrobenzene disrupts redox homeostasis in liver and kidney of male wistar rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:297-302. [PMID: 28955757 PMCID: PMC5614678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Para-Dinitrobenzene (p-DNB) is one of the isomers of dinitrobenzene which have been detected as environmental toxicants. Skin irritation and organ toxicities are likely for industrial workers exposed to p-DNB. This study evaluated the effect of sub-chronic exposure of rats to p-DNB on cellular redox balance, hepatic and renal integrity. Methods Forty eight male Wistar rats weighing 160–180 g were administered 50, 75, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg b.wt (body weight) of p-DNB or an equivalent volume of vehicle (control) orally and topically for 14 days. After the period of treatment, the activities of kidney and liver catalase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as extent of renal and hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined. Serum ALP activity and plasma urea concentration were also evaluated. Results Compared with control animals, p-DNB -administered rats showed decrease in the body and relative kidney and liver weights as well as increased renal and hepatic hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation levels accompanied by decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. However, p-DNB caused a significant increase in plasma urea concentration and serum, liver and kidney ALP activities relative to control. In addition, p-DNB caused periportal infiltration, severe macro vesicular steatosis and hepatic necrosis in the liver. Conclusions Our findings show that sub-chronic oral and sub-dermal administration of p-DNB may produce hepato-nephrotoxicity through oxidative stress. Activities of kidney and liver catalase and superoxide dismutase were decreased by p-DNB. p-DNB increased serum, liver and kidney activity of alkaline phosphatase. Plasma urea concentration was increased by p-DNB. Lipid peroxidation and H2O2 level were increased by p-DNB. p-DNB caused histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues.
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Key Words
- ALP, alanine phosphatase
- CAT, Catalase
- Environmental toxicants
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione –s –transferase, GPX, glutathione reductase, NIH, national institute of health
- H&E, hamatoxilin eosin
- Kidney
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- Liver
- MDA, malodialdehyde
- OECD, Organisation for economic co-operation and Development
- Oxidative stress
- PHS, public health service
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- SPSS, Statistical Pucteage for Social Sciences
- Sub-dermal
- TBA, thiobarbituric acid
- TNB, trinitrobenzene
- o-DNB, ortho-dinitrobenzene, m-DNB, meta-dinitrobenzene
- p-DNB, para-dinitrobenzene
- p‐DNB
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Olayemi Sangodele
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, PMB 704, The Federal University of Technology, Zip code: 340001, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Medical Biosciences, 4th floor, Life Science Building, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary Tolulope Olaleye
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, PMB 704, The Federal University of Technology, Zip code: 340001, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Thomas K Monsees
- Department of Medical Biosciences, 4th floor, Life Science Building, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Afolabi Clement Akinmoladun
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, PMB 704, The Federal University of Technology, Zip code: 340001, Akure, Nigeria
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Fang X, Poulsen RR, Rivkees SA, Wendler CC. In Utero Caffeine Exposure Induces Transgenerational Effects on the Adult Heart. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34106. [PMID: 27677355 PMCID: PMC5039698 DOI: 10.1038/srep34106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year millions of pregnant woman are exposed to caffeine, which acts to antagonize adenosine action. The long-term consequences of this exposure on the developing fetus are largely unknown, although in animal models we have found adverse effects on cardiac function. To assess if these effects are transmitted transgenerationally, we exposed pregnant mice to caffeine equivalent to 2–4 cups of coffee at two embryonic stages. Embryos (F1 generation) exposed to caffeine early from embryonic (E) day 6.5–9.5 developed a phenotype similar to dilated cardiomyopathy by 1 year of age. Embryos exposed to caffeine later (E10.5–13.5) were not affected. We next examined the F2 generation and F3 generation of mice exposed to caffeine from E10.5–13.5, as this coincides with germ cell development. These F2 generation adult mice developed a cardiac phenotype similar to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The F3 generation exhibited morphological changes in adult hearts, including increased mass. This report shows that in utero caffeine exposure has long-term effects into adulthood and that prenatal caffeine exposure can exert adverse transgenerational effects on adult cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiefan Fang
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ryan R Poulsen
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Scott A Rivkees
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christopher C Wendler
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Arora D, Siddiqui MH, Sharma PK, Singh SP, Tripathi A, Mandal P, Singh US, Singh PK, Shukla Y. Evaluation and physiological correlation of plasma proteomic fingerprints for deltamethrin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Life Sci 2016; 160:72-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Awodele O, Popoola T, Rotimi K, Ikumawoyi V, Okunowo W. Antioxidant modulation of nevirapine induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Interdiscip Toxicol 2016; 8:8-14. [PMID: 27486354 PMCID: PMC4961920 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS related mortality has been dramatically reduced by the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, ART presents with associated adverse effects. One of such adverse effects is hepatotoxicity observed with nevirapine (NVP) containing ART. Since previous studies showed that NVP hepatotoxicity may be due to oxidative stress via generation of oxidative radicals, this study sought to evaluate the protective effects of antioxidants in alleviating NVP induced hepatotoxicity. Rats were divided into 6 groups with 8 animals per group and received doses of the antioxidants jobelyn (10.7 mg/kg/day), vitamin C (8 mg/kg/day), vitamin E (5 mg/kg/day) and/or NVP (6 mg/kg/day) for 60 days. The animals were sacrificed on day 61 by cervical dislocation, blood samples were collected for biochemical and hematological examination. The liver of the sacrificed animals was weighed and subjected to histopathological examination. There was a statistically significant (p<0.05) elevation in MDA level observed in the NVP group as compared with control. The results further showed non-significant decreases in the levels of MDA in the NVP plus antioxidant groups, except vitamin C, when compared with the NVP alone group. Vitamin E and Vitamin E plus C treated groups showed significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of SOD, CAT and GSH. The results also showed statistically significantly (p<0.05) lower levels of ALT and AST in the antioxidant treated groups There was an observed significantly (p<0.05) higher level of TP and urea in the antioxidant treated rats. A significantly (p<0.05) higher white blood cell count was observed in the antioxidant groups. Histopathological assessment of the liver extracted from the rats showed no visible pathology across the groups. Observations from this study suggest a potentially positive modulatory effect of antioxidants and may be indicative for the inclusion of antioxidants in nevirapine containing ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunsho Awodele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos-Nigeria
| | - Temidayo Popoola
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos-Nigeria
| | - Kunle Rotimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos-Nigeria
| | - Victor Ikumawoyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos-Nigeria
| | - Wahab Okunowo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos-Nigeria
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8
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Min L, Zheng N, Zhao S, Cheng J, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang J. Long-term heat stress induces the inflammatory response in dairy cows revealed by plasma proteome analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:296-302. [PMID: 26851364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work we employed a comparative proteomic approach to evaluate seasonal heat stress and investigate proteomic alterations in plasma of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Holstein dairy cows were used and the treatments were: heat stress (n = 6) in hot summer (at the beginning of the moderate heat stress) and no heat stress (n = 6) in spring natural ambient environment, respectively. Subsequently, heat stress treatment lasted 23 days (at the end of the moderate heat stress) to investigate the alterations of plasma proteins, which might be employed as long-term moderate heat stress response in dairy cows. Changes in plasma proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with mass spectrometry. Analysis of the properties of the identified proteins revealed that the alterations of plasma proteins were related to inflammation in long-term moderate heat stress. Furthermore, the increase in plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) directly demonstrated that long-term moderate heat stress caused an inflammatory response in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Min
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yongxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Ganesan S, Anaimalai Thirumurthi N, Raghunath A, Vijayakumar S, Perumal E. Acute and sub-lethal exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles causes oxidative stress and teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:554-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santhanamari Ganesan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore - 641 046 Tamilnadu India
| | | | - Azhwar Raghunath
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore - 641 046 Tamilnadu India
| | - Savitha Vijayakumar
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore - 641 046 Tamilnadu India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore - 641 046 Tamilnadu India
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Olayinka ET, Ore A, Ola OS, Adeyemo OA. Ameliorative Effect of Gallic Acid on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Oxidative Injury and Hepatic Dysfunction in Rats. Med Sci (Basel) 2015; 3:78-92. [PMID: 29083393 PMCID: PMC5635756 DOI: 10.3390/medsci3030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP), a bifunctional alkylating agent used in chemotherapy has been reported to induce organ toxicity mediated by generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Gallic acid (GA), a phenolic substance, is a natural antioxidant with proven free radical scavenging activity and offers protection against oxidative damage. This research study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of GA against CP-induced toxicity in rats. Twenty-five male Wistar rats (180-200 g) were randomized into five treatment groups: (A) control, (B) CP, 2 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), (C) pre-treatment with GA (20 mg/kg b.w.) for seven days followed by CP (2 mg/kg b.w.) for seven days, (D) co-treatment with GA (20 mg/kg b.w) and CP (2 mg/kg b.w.) for seven days, and (E) GA (20 mg/kg b.w.) for seven days. CP induced marked renal and hepatic damages as plasma levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubin and activities of AST, ALT, ALP and GGT were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in the CP-treated group relative to control. In addition, hepatic levels of GSH, vitamin C and activities of SOD, catalase and GST significantly reduced in the CP-treated group when compared with control. This was accompanied with a significant increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation. The restoration of the markers of renal and hepatic damages as well as antioxidant indices and lipid peroxidation by pre- and co-treatment with GA clearly shows that GA offers ameliorative effect by scavenging the reactive oxygen species generated by CP. This protective effect may be attributed to the antioxidant property of gllic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Tunde Olayinka
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
| | - Ayokanmi Ore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
| | - Olaniyi Solomon Ola
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwatobi Adewumi Adeyemo
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
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11
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Olayinka ET, Ore A, Adeyemo OA, Ola OS, Olotu OO, Echebiri RC. Quercetin, a Flavonoid Antioxidant, Ameliorated Procarbazine-Induced Oxidative Damage to Murine Tissues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:304-21. [PMID: 26783707 PMCID: PMC4665474 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Procarbazine (PCZ) (indicated in Hodgkin's disease), is an alkylating agent known to generate free radicals in vivo, while Quercetin (QCT) is a flavonoid antioxidant with proven free radical scavenging capacity. This study investigated the protective effects of QCT on PCZ-induced oxidative damage in the rat. Male Wistar rats (160-180 g) were randomized into five groups (n = 5/group): I (control), II PCZ-treated (2 mg/kg body weight (bw) for seven days); III pre-treated with QCT (20 mg/kg bw) for seven days, followed by PCZ for seven days; IV co-treated with PCZ and QCT for seven days and V administered QCT alone for seven days. PCZ caused a significant increase in plasma total bilirubin, urea, and creatinine when compared with control (P < 0.05). Similarly, plasma activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) were significantly increased in the PCZ-treated group relative to control. Furthermore, PCZ caused a significant decrease in the activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as well as levels of ascorbic acid (AA) and glutathione (GSH). This was followed by a significant increase in hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content. However, QCT pre-treatment and co-treatment ameliorated the PCZ-induced changes in plasma levels of urea, creatinine, and bilirubin as well as the activities of ALP, AST, ALT, and GGT. QCT also ameliorated hepatic AA and GSH levels and the activities of SOD, CAT, and GST. This all suggests that QCT protected against PCZ-induced oxidative damage in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Tunde Olayinka
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
| | - Ayokanmi Ore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwatobi Adewumi Adeyemo
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
| | - Olaniyi Solomon Ola
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
| | - Olaoluwa Oluwaseun Olotu
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
| | - Roseline Chinonye Echebiri
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, Oyo State 211213, Nigeria.
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Zhang H, Gan J, Shu YZ, Humphreys WG. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Background Subtraction for Identifying Protein Modifications in a Complex Biological System: Detection of Acetaminophen-Bound Microsomal Proteins Including Argininosuccinate Synthetase. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:775-81. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500526s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jinping Gan
- Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - W. Griffith Humphreys
- Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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13
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Olayinka ET, Ore A, Ola OS, Adeyemo OA. Protective effect of quercetin on melphalan-induced oxidative stress and impaired renal and hepatic functions in rat. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2014; 2014:936526. [PMID: 25574394 PMCID: PMC4276702 DOI: 10.1155/2014/936526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One major challenge with the use of anticancer agents is the phenomenon of drug-induced toxicity. Melphalan (MPLN) is an alkylating anticancer agent, while quercetin (QCT) is an antioxidant. We investigated the protective role of quercetin against MPLN-induced toxicity. Twenty-five male Wistar rats (160-170 g) were randomized into five treatment groups; (I) control, (II) MPLN (0.2 mg/kg b.w.), (III) pre-treated with QCT (20 mg/kg b.w.) for 7 days followed by MPLN (0.2 mg/kg b.w.) for 7 days, (IV) cotreated with QCT (20 mg/kg b.w.) and MPLN (0.2 mg/kg b.w.) for 7 days, and (V) QCT (20 mg/kg b.w.) alone. MPLN caused a significant increase in plasma bilirubin, urea, and creatinine by 122.2%, 102.3%, and 188%, respectively (P < 0.05). Similarly, plasma ALP, ALT, AST, and γ-GT activities increased significantly by 57.9%, 144.3%, 71.3%, and 307.2%, respectively, relative to control. However, pre or cotreatment with QCT ameliorated the levels of renal and hepatic function indices. Hepatic ascorbic acid and GSH and activities of glutathione-S-transferase, SOD, and catalase decreased significantly by 36.2%, 188%, 46.5%, 34.4%, and 55.2%, respectively, followed by increase in MDA content by 46.5% relative to control. Pre- and cotreatment with QCT reestablished the hepatic antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation. Overall, quercetin protected against MPLN-induced renal and hepatic toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Tunde Olayinka
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, 211213 Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ayokanmi Ore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, 211213 Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olaniyi Solomon Ola
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, 211213 Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatobi Adewumi Adeyemo
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, PMB 1066, Oyo, 211213 Oyo State, Nigeria
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Cho YE, Moon PG, Lee JE, Singh TSK, Kang W, Lee HC, Lee MH, Kim SH, Baek MC. Integrative analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic data for identification of pathways related to simvastatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Proteomics 2013; 13:1257-75. [PMID: 23322611 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are used widely as a cell model for investigation of xenobiotic metabolism and the toxic mechanism of drugs. Simvastatin is the first statin drug used extensively in clinical practice for control of elevated cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia. However, it has also been reported to cause adverse effects in liver due to cellular damage. In this study, for proteomic and transcriptomic analysis, rat primary hepatocytes were exposed to simvastatin at IC20 concentration for 24 h. Among a total of 607 differentially expressed proteins, 61 upregulated and 29 downregulated proteins have been identified in the simvastatin-treated group. At the mRNA level, results of transcriptomic analysis revealed 206 upregulated and 41 downregulated genes in the simvastatin-treated group. Based on results of transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, xenobiotics by metabolism of cytochrome P450, fatty acid metabolism, bile metabolism, and urea cycle and inflammation metabolism pathways were focused using IPA software. Genes (FASN, UGT2B, ALDH1A1, CYP1A2, GSTA2, HAP90, IL-6, IL-1, FABP4, and ABC11) and proteins (FASN, CYP2D1, UG2TB, ALDH1A1, GSTA2, HSP90, FABP4, and ABCB11) related to several important pathways were confirmed by real-time PCR andWestern blot analysis, respectively. This study will provide new insight into the potential toxic pathways induced by simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Biology Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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15
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Protective effect of quercetin on chloroquine-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in mice. Malar Res Treat 2013; 2013:141734. [PMID: 23607047 PMCID: PMC3625570 DOI: 10.1155/2013/141734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to find out the protective effect of quercetin on hepatotoxicity resulting by commonly used antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ). Swiss albino mice were administered with different amounts of CQ ranging from human therapeutic equivalent of 360 mg/kg body wt. to as high as 2000 mg/kg body wt. We observed statistically significant generation of reactive oxygen species, liver toxicity, and oxidative stress. Our observation of alterations in biochemical parameters was strongly supported by real-time PCR measurement of mRNA expression of key biochemical enzymes involved in hepatic toxicity and oxidative stress. However, the observed hepatotoxicity and accompanying oxidative stress following CQ administration show dose specific pattern with little or apparently no effect at therapeutic dose while having severe effects at higher dosages. We further tested quercetin, an antioxidant flavanoid, against CQ-induced hepatoxicity and found encouraging results as quercetin was able to drastically reduce the oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity resulting at higher dosages of CQ administration. In conclusion, our study strongly suggests co administration of antioxidant flavonoid like quercetin along with CQ for antimalarial therapy. This is particularly important when CQ is administered as long-term prophylactic treatment for malaria as chronic exposure has shown to be resulting in higher dose level of drug in the body.
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Cho YE, Kim SH, Baek MC. Proteome profiling of tolbutamide-treated rat primary hepatocytes using nano LC-MS/MS and label-free protein quantitation. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2806-17. [PMID: 22911336 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tolbutamide is used as a first line oral antihyperglycemic drug for type 2 diabetes. One side effect of this drug, hepatotoxicity, is well recognized; however, the precise mechanisms underlying tolbutamide-induced hepatotoxicity remain unclear. In this respect, proteomics techniques were used to gain further insight into the mechanistic processes of the hepatotoxicity induced by this drug. In this study, we aimed to identify molecular pathways based on proteins responding to cellular toxicity in tolbutamide-treated primary hepatocytes, using nano UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Rat primary hepatocytes were treated with an IC(20) concentration for 24 h to study the hepatotoxic effects of tolbutamide. For high-throughput label-free quantitation, tryptic-digested peptides of proteins from cell lysates were analyzed using LC-MS/MS and quantitated using the IDEAL-Q software, in which several parameters, such as assisted sequence, elution time, and mass-to-charge ratio were included. We quantified a total of 330 distinct proteins from the tolbutamide-treated hepatocytes and identified 55 upregulated and 82 downregulated proteins with expression changes. Among these differentially expressed proteins, we focused mainly on the 18 upregulated proteins belonging to xenobiotic cytochrome P450 (CYP), drug metabolism/detoxification, oxidative stress/antioxidant response, and cell damage pathway. CYP2D1, CYP2C11, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B (UGT2B), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), 60 kDa heat shock protein (HSPD1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and catalase (CAT) were confirmed by Western blot analysis. In addition, various xenobiotic CYP proteins upregulated in the tolbutamide-treated group, CYP2D1, CYP2C13, and CYP2C11 were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis. Our results offer important new insights into the molecular mechanisms of tolbutamide-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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17
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Van Summeren A, Renes J, van Delft JH, Kleinjans JC, Mariman EC. Proteomics in the search for mechanisms and biomarkers of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:373-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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Cho YE, Singh TSK, Lee HC, Moon PG, Lee JE, Lee MH, Choi EC, Chen YJ, Kim SH, Baek MC. In-depth identification of pathways related to cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity through an integrative method based on an informatics-assisted label-free protein quantitation and microarray gene expression approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:M111.010884. [PMID: 22023808 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.010884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is used widely for treatment of a variety of cancer diseases. Recently, however, the use of cisplatin is restricted because of its adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity. There is no study with current proteomics technology to evaluate cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity, even if some studies have reported on the hepatotoxicity. In this study, proteomic as well as genomic analyses have been used for identification of proteins and genes that respond to cisplatin treatment in rat primary hepatocytes. To investigate the hepatotoxic effects of cisplatin, rat primary hepatocytes were treated with an IC(20) concentration for 24 h. From proteomic analysis based on label-free quantitation strategy, cisplatin induced 76 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated proteins among 325 distinct proteins. In the mRNA level, genomic analysis revealed 72 up-regulated and 385 down-regulated genes in the cisplatin-treated group. Based on these two analyses, 19 pathways were commonly altered, whereas seven pathways were identified only by proteomic analysis, and 19 pathways were identified only by genomic analysis. Overall, this study explained the mechanism of cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity with two points of view: well known pathways including drug metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and glycolysis/TCA cycle and little known pathways including urea cycle and inflammation metabolism, for hepatotoxicity of other toxic agents. Up-regulated proteins detected by proteomic analysis in the cisplatin-treated group: FBP1 (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 1), FASN (fatty acid synthase), CAT (catalase), PRDX1 (peroxiredoxin-1), HSPD1 (60-kDa heat shock protein), MDH2 (malate dehydrogenase 2), and ARG1 (arginase 1), and also down-regulated proteins in the cisplatin-treated group: TPM1 (tropomyosin 1), TPM3 (tropomyosin 3), and CTSB (cathepsin B), were confirmed by Western blot analysis. In addition, up-regulated mRNAs detected by microarray analysis in the cisplatin-treated group: GSTA2, GSTT2, YC2, TXNRD1, CYP2E1, CYP2C13, CYP2D1, ALDH17, ARG1, ARG2, and IL-6, and also down-regulated mRNAs: CYP2C12, CYP26B1, TPM1, and TPM3, were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. In case of PRDX1, FASN, and ARG1, they were further confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. Through the integrated proteomic and genomic approaches, the present study provides the first pathway map related to cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity, which may provide new insight into the mechanism of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Biology Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Thoudam S K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Lee
- D & P Biotech, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyong-Gon Moon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Biology Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Biology Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hoon Lee
- D & P Biotech, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Chil Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Biology Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Au JS, Navarro VJ, Rossi S. Review article: Drug-induced liver injury--its pathophysiology and evolving diagnostic tools. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:11-20. [PMID: 21539586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality accounting for at least 13% of acute liver failure cases in the US. It is the leading cause of acute liver failure among patients referred for liver transplantation and the most common reason that drugs in development do not obtain FDA approval. The incidence of DILI has been reported to be one in 10,000 to one in 100,000 patients; however, the actual incidence is probably higher due in part to the difficulty of diagnosis. AIM To present a review of the current literature on DILI with a focus on its pathophysiology and evolving diagnostic modalities. METHODS A PubMed literature search was conducted using the terms 'drug induced liver injury', 'pathophysiology', 'causality', 'diagnosis', 'toxicogenomics' and 'pharmacogenetics'. RESULTS Drug-induced liver injury is an area of ongoing research. From the time it was first recognised, our understanding of the pathophysiology, its classification, diagnosis and reporting by established national networks continues to challenge and evolve. Metabonomics, pharmacogenetics, proteomics and transcriptomics are more recent areas of study that have been applied to further the understanding of DILI. CONCLUSIONS Despite recent advances in our understanding of drug-induced liver injury, many aspects of its pathophysiology and clinical impact remain unclear. In addition, genomic-based studies are evolving concepts, which undoubtedly continue to contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Au
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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20
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Van Summeren A, Renes J, Bouwman FG, Noben JP, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS, Mariman ECM. Proteomics Investigations of Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepG2 Cells. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120:109-22. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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21
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Choi JE, Kim S, Ahn JH, Youn P, Kang JS, Park K, Yi J, Ryu DY. Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by silver nanoparticles in the liver of adult zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 100:151-9. [PMID: 20060176 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) may induce deleterious effects in aquatic life on environmental release. The hepatotoxicity of AgNPs was assessed in the liver of adult zebrafish, with the aim of studying the roles of oxidative damage and apoptosis. Zebrafish were exposed to an AgNP solution in which free Ag+ ions were absent at the time of treatment. However, the metal-sensitive metallothionein 2 (MT2) mRNA was induced in the liver tissues of AgNP-treated zebrafish, suggesting that Ag+ ions were released from AgNPs after treatment. It is also possible that MT2 mRNA was induced in the liver tissues by AgNP-generated free radicals. A number of cellular alterations including disruption of hepatic cell cords and apoptotic changes were observed in histological analysis of the liver tissues. The levels of malondialdehyde, a byproduct of cellular lipid peroxidation, and total glutathione were increased in the tissues after treatment with AgNPs. The mRNA levels of the oxyradical-scavenging enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1a were reduced in the tissues. AgNP treatment induced DNA damage, as demonstrated by analysis with the double-strand break marker γ-H2AX and the expression of p53 protein in liver tissues. In addition, the p53-related pro-apoptotic genes Bax, Noxa, and p21 were upregulated after treatment with AgNPs. These data suggest that oxidative stress and apoptosis are associated with AgNP toxicity in the liver of adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak, Gwanak, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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22
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Evaluation of amiodarone-induced phospholipidosis by in vitro system of 3D cultured rat hepatocytes in gel entrapment. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Donato MT. The use of hepatocytes to investigate drug toxicity. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 640:389-415. [PMID: 20645064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-688-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver is very active in metabolizing foreign compounds and the major target for toxicity caused by drugs. Hepatotoxicity may be the result of the drug itself or, more frequently, a result of the bioactivation process and the production of reactive metabolites. Prioritization of compounds based on human hepatotoxicity potential is currently a key unmet need in drug discovery, as it can become a major problem for several lead compounds in later stages of the drug discovery pipeline. Therefore, evaluation of potential hepatotoxicity represents a critical step in the development of new drugs. Cultured hepatocytes are increasingly used by the pharmaceutical industry for the screening of hepatotoxic potential of new molecules. Hepatocytes in culture retain hepatic key functions and constitute a valuable tool to identify chemically induced cellular damage. Their use has notably contributed to the understanding of mechanisms responsible for hepatotoxicity (disruption of cellular energy status, alteration of Ca(2+) homeostasis, inhibition of transport systems, metabolic activation, oxidative stress, covalent binding, etc.). Assessment of current cytotoxicity and hepatic-specific biochemical effects is limited by the inability to measure a wide spectrum of potential mechanistic changes involved in the drug-induced toxic injury. A convenient selection of endpoints allows a multiparametric evaluation of drug toxicity. In this regard, cytomic, proteomic, toxicogenomic and metabonomic approaches help to define patterns of hepatotoxicity for early identification of potential adverse effects of the drug to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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24
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Witzmann FA, Richardson MR. Two-dimensional gels for toxicological drug discovery applications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 2:103-11. [PMID: 16863472 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) continues to be a useful approach to study protein expression. Although liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches that overcome some of the limitations and labour intensity of 2DGE are increasingly popular, this electrophoretic approach still has exceptional relevance in toxicology. Despite the technical challenges, pharmacologists/toxicologists continue to use gel-based proteomics to assess the biological and health effects of chemical treatment and exposure. This brief review addresses the use of 2DGE-based proteomics in drug development and toxicology, emphasising its unique strengths and weaknesses, and considers recent developments in this strategy that have evolved to directly confront the issues of dynamic range and reproducibility that have previously limited the overall use of 2D electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Witzmann
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Biotechnology & Research Training Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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25
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Park JY, Mun JH, Lee BH, Heo SH, Kim GH, Yoo HW. Proteomic analysis of sera of asymptomatic, early-stage patients with Wilson's disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:1185-1190. [PMID: 20556197 PMCID: PMC2883077 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is characterized by excessive accumulation of intracellular copper in liver and extrahepatic tissues, leading to significant oxidative stress and tissue damage. To date, several diagnostic biomarkers for WD such as serum ceruloplasmin, serum or urine copper levels and copper content in liver have been identified. However, these biomarkers may not be convincing for the diagnosis in some WD patients. To identify additional novel diagnostic biomarkers, we compared the serum protein profiles of asymptomatic childhood WD patients (n=20), without neurologic manifestation or liver cirrhosis, with normal controls (n=13). Fourteen spots, five up-regulated and nine down-regulated (>2-fold), were differentially expressed in WD patients in comparison to normal control on 2-DE. Among them, three spots were down-regulated in both male and female WD. MS/MS analysis revealed that the three spots were complement component C3, complement factor B and alpha-2 macroglobulin. By comparative proteome analysis, complement component C3, complement factor B and alpha-2 macroglobulin, which are related to oxidative stress and inflammation, turned out to be good candidates for novel diagnostic biomarkers for early stages of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Young Park
- Genome Research Center for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, Asan Institute for Life Sciences Seoul, Korea
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26
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Malécot M, Mezhoud K, Marie A, Praseuth D, Puiseux-Dao S, Edery M. Proteomic study of the effects of microcystin-LR on organelle and membrane proteins in medaka fish liver. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 94:153-161. [PMID: 19628287 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The microcystin-leucine-arginine toxin (MC-LR) is produced by cyanobacteria that sometimes bloom in water reservoirs. It targets the liver, thus posing potential health risks to human and animals. Microcystin inhibits the protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, leading to diverse cellular deregulation processes. A proteomic approach was applied to the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to obtain an overview of the effects of MC-LR on the liver. As membrane and organelle proteins are major structural and functional components of several cell signalling pathways, we decided to investigate here the membrane and organelle-enriched fractions from the livers of control and MC-LR treated medaka fish. Seventeen proteins were identified by proteomic analysis as being modulated in response to MC-LR treatment. This is the first time for eight of them to be reported as being involved in MC-LR effects: prohibitin, fumarylacetoacetase, protein disulfide isomerase A4 and A6, glucose regulated protein 78kDa, 40S ribosomal protein SA, cytochrome b5, and ATP synthase mitochondrial d subunit. These proteins are involved in protein maturation or in the response to oxidative stress highlighting the role of organelles in protein processing and the complex cooperation associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Malécot
- CNRS, FRE 3206 Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, and MNHN, USM 505 Cyanobactéries, cyanotoxines et environnement, Département Régulations, développement et diversité moléculaire, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Shen C, Meng Q, Schmelzer E, Bader A. Gel entrapment culture of rat hepatocytes for investigation of tetracycline-induced toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 238:178-87. [PMID: 19463838 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to explore three-dimensionally cultured hepatocytes for testing drug-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gel entrapped rat hepatocytes were applied for investigation of the tetracycline-induced steatohepatitis, while hepatocyte monolayer was set as a control. The toxic responses of hepatocytes were systematically evaluated by measuring cell viability, liver-specific function, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, adenosine triphosphate content and mitochondrial membrane potential. The results suggested that gel entrapped hepatocytes showed cell death after 96 h of tetracycline treatment at 25 muM which is equivalent to toxic serum concentration in rats, while hepatocyte monolayer showed cell death at a high dose of 200 muM. The concentration-dependent accumulation of lipid as well as mitochondrial damage were regarded as two early events for tetracycline hepatotoxicity in gel entrapment culture due to their detectability ahead of subsequent increase of oxidative stress and a final cell death. Furthermore, the potent protection of fenofibrate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate were evidenced in only gel entrapment culture with higher expressions on the genes related to beta-oxidation than hepatocyte monolayer, suggesting the mediation of lipid metabolism and mitochondrial damage in tetracycline toxicity. Overall, gel entrapped hepatocytes in three-dimension reflected more of the tetracycline toxicity in vivo than hepatocyte monolayer and thus was suggested as a more relevant system for evaluating steatogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Shen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
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28
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Merrick BA, Witzmann FA. The role of toxicoproteomics in assessing organ specific toxicity. EXS 2009; 99:367-400. [PMID: 19157068 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aims of this chapter on the role of toxicoproteomics in assessing organ-specific toxicity are to define the field of toxicoproteomics, describe its development among global technologies, and show potential uses in experimental toxicological research, preclinical testing and mechanistic biological research. Disciplines within proteomics deployed in preclinical research are described as Tier I analysis, involving global protein mapping and protein profiling for differential expression, and Tier II proteomic analysis, including global methods for description of function, structure, interactions and post-translational modification of proteins. Proteomic platforms used in toxicoproteomics research are briefly reviewed. Preclinical toxicoproteomic studies with model liver and kidney toxicants are critically assessed for their contributions toward understanding pathophysiology and in biomarker discovery. Toxicoproteomics research conducted in other organs and tissues are briefly discussed as well. The final section suggests several key developments involving new approaches and research focus areas for the field of toxicoproteomics as a new tool for toxicological pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alex Merrick
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
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29
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Haudek VJ, Gundacker NC, Slany A, Wimmer H, Bayer E, Pablé K, Gerner C. Consequences of Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress upon the Expression Pattern of Proteins in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:5138-47. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800438f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena J. Haudek
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Section Biomedical Laboratory Science, University of Applied Science, Vienna, Austria, and Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina C. Gundacker
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Section Biomedical Laboratory Science, University of Applied Science, Vienna, Austria, and Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Slany
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Section Biomedical Laboratory Science, University of Applied Science, Vienna, Austria, and Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helge Wimmer
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Section Biomedical Laboratory Science, University of Applied Science, Vienna, Austria, and Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Editha Bayer
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Section Biomedical Laboratory Science, University of Applied Science, Vienna, Austria, and Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Pablé
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Section Biomedical Laboratory Science, University of Applied Science, Vienna, Austria, and Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Section Biomedical Laboratory Science, University of Applied Science, Vienna, Austria, and Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
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Merrick BA. Toxicoproteomics: Correlating Tissue and Serum Proteomics in Liver Injury. Clin Proteomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527622153.ch24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Jung EJ, Avliyakulov NK, Boontheung P, Loo JA, Nel AE. Pro-oxidative DEP chemicals induce heat shock proteins and an unfolding protein response in a bronchial epithelial cell line as determined by DIGE analysis. Proteomics 2008; 7:3906-18. [PMID: 17922515 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) induces adverse health effects through the ability of pro-oxidative chemicals to induce the production of oxygen radicals and oxidant injury. Utilizing a proteomics strategy involving 2-D DIGE, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR, we demonstrate that organic diesel exhaust particle (DEP) chemicals induce an unfolding protein response (UPR) and proinflammatory effects in the human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B. DIGE and MS showed the induction of at least 14 proteins, among which heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP40, TPR2, and T-complex protein 1 (zeta-subunit) are known to play a role in the UPR. Demonstrating increased HSP70 mRNA expression and nuclear translocation of HSF1, the key transcription factor responsible for HSP expression, further strengthened this notion. Immunoblotting demonstrated increased expression of ATF4, an ER stress-associated transcriptional enhancer responsible for differential protein translation under conditions of ER stress. Finally, the DEP extract induced the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in the culture supernatant. The role of oxidative stress was demonstrated further by response subtraction in the presence of the thiol antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine. Our data suggest that pro-oxidative DEP chemicals induce protein unfolding/misfolding that lead to UPR and proinflammatory effects in a cell type that is targeted by PM in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunMi Juliana Jung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Collins BC, Clarke A, Kitteringham NR, Gallagher WM, Pennington SR. Use of proteomics for the discovery of early markers of drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:689-704. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.5.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Han JH, Choi CS, Kim MY, Chun YJ. Differential gene expression by styrene in rat reproductive tissue. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1259-63. [PMID: 17654243 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701434414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Styrene is an important industrial chemical that is extensively used in the production of resins, rubbers and fiberglass-reinforced plastics. Exposing male rats to high doses of styrene may produce sperm abnormalities or infertility. To determine the mechanism underlying styrene-mediated toxicity in male reproductive organs, a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology was employed using annealing control primers (ACPs) to identify the differentially expressed genes following styrene treatment in isolated testis of male rats. By using 120 ACPs, a total of 6 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of genes were differentially expressed in styrene-treated rats, as compared to untreated, which were cloned and sequenced. Of the genes analyzed, 5 genes (testis-specific expressed gene 101, protein kinase C, H+-ATPase isoform 2, peroxiredoxin 1, and aquaporin 9) were inducible and one gene expression (clusterin) was significantly suppressed by styrene. Regulation of each gene by styrene was confirmed by RT-PCR. It was shown that styrene decreased clusterin expression in a concentration-dependent manner and these effects occurred mainly in testis. Taken together, these results indicate that repression of clusterin gene expression by styrene may play an important role in styrene-mediated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hye Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yamamoto T, Kikkawa R, Yamada H, Horii I. Investigation of proteomic biomarkers in in vivo hepatotoxicity study of rat liver: toxicity differentiation in hepatotoxicants. J Toxicol Sci 2006; 31:49-60. [PMID: 16538043 DOI: 10.2131/jts.31.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the overall protein expression profiles in the in vivo hepatotoxicity of rats induced by four well-recognized hepatotoxicants. Acetaminophen (APAP), amiodarone (AMD), tetracycline (TC) and carbon tetrachloride (CTC) were administered to male rats by gavages and the liver at 24 hr post-dosing was applied to the proteomic experiment. Blood biochemistry and histopathology were examined to identify specific changes related to the compounds given. Protein expression in the liver was investigated by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), and spots showing a significantly different expression in treated versus control group were excised from gels and identified by Q-Tof mass spectrometer. They were well characterized based on their functions related to the mechanisms of toxicity of the compounds. Among them, we focused on the 8 proteins that were affected by all 4 compounds examined. Proteins related to oxidative stress response such as carbonic anhydrase III (CA3) and 60kDa heat shock protein (HSP60), and energy metabolism such as adenylate kinase 4 (AK4) were found. Moreover, hierarchical clustering analysis using 2D-gel spots information revealed the possibility to differentiate the groups based on their toxicity levels such as severity of liver damage. These results suggested that assessing the effects of hepatotoxicants on protein expression is worth trying to screen candidate compounds at the developmental stage of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Yamamoto
- Worldwide Safety Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., 5-2 Taketoyo, Aichi 470-2393, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the pertinent case reports, case series and clinical studies that described clinical, histological, epidemiological and mechanistic features of drug-induced liver disease in 2005. RECENT FINDINGS Acetaminophen, highly active antiretroviral therapy and drugs for tuberculosis retained their preeminent position as the most commonly reported agents causing drug-induced liver disease, with acetaminophen continuing to be the leading cause of acute liver failure in the USA. While the frequency of drug-induced liver disease remains low, a large case-series of acute drug-induced liver disease from Spain and Sweden supported the observation that acute hepatocellular jaundice from a drug is associated with death or the need for transplant in at least 10% (known as Hy's Law). With respect to using potentially hepatotoxic medications in patients with underlying liver disease, statins and second-generation thiazolidinediones were shown to be safe when used in patients with elevated baseline alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase levels. SUMMARY Drug-induced liver disease remains an important cause of acute liver failure, and research efforts by the National Institutes of Health and others are underway to better determine the risk factors and other host susceptibilities that will allow for the safer use of drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20007, USA.
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Kikkawa R, Fujikawa M, Yamamoto T, Hamada Y, Yamada H, Horii I. IN VIVO HEPATOTOXICITY STUDY OF RATS IN COMPARISON WITH IN VITRO HEPATOTOXICITY SCREENING SYSTEM. J Toxicol Sci 2006; 31:23-34. [PMID: 16538041 DOI: 10.2131/jts.31.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
For the establishment of a high throughput screening system using primary cell cultures, investigation of elucidated toxicities to assess the correlation between in vitro and in vivo hepatotoxicity is necessary in the safety evaluation of the compound. In the previous study, we reported the usability of rat primary cultured hepatocytes for establishment of high throughput screening system. To confirm the reliability of rat primary hepatocytes culture screening system, we conducted a single-dose in vivo study with relatively high dose of hepatotoxicant in rats using 4 reference compounds (acetaminophen, amiodarone, tetracycline, carbon tetrachloride), and investigated histopathological changes and expression of oxidative stress-related proteins by immunohistochemistry. We also carried out a proteomics analysis for estimating the reliable and sensitive biomarkers. Histopathologically, compound-specific hepatotoxicity was detected at 24 hr after administration in all compounds except amiodarone, which is known to induce phospholipidosis. Immunohistochemically, oxidative stress-related proteins were increased within 6 hr after administration in all treated groups. Proteomics analysis revealed several protein biomarkers related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial metabolism-regulation, which had been previously detected by proteomics analysis in in vitro screening system. Oxidative stress-related proteins were considered as useful biomarkers of hepatotoxicity; since they were detected by immunohistochemistry and proteomics analysis prior to appearance of compound-specific histopathological changes detected by light microscopy. Considering the relevance of in vitro system to in vivo system from the aspect of new biomarkers related to the toxicogenomics/toxicoproteomics, in vitro primary cell culture system would be sufficient to detect hepatotoxicity in the early stage of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kikkawa
- Worldwide Safety Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., 5-2 Taketoyo, Aichi 470-2393, Japan.
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Fukushima T, Kikkawa R, Hamada Y, Horii I. GENOMIC CLUSTER AND NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTIVE SCREENING FOR HEPATOTOXICITY. J Toxicol Sci 2006; 31:419-32. [PMID: 17202758 DOI: 10.2131/jts.31.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to estimate the usefulness of genomic approaches to predict hepatotoxicity. Male rats were treated with acetaminophen (APAP), carbon tetrachloride (CCL), amiodarone (AD) or tetracycline (TC) at toxic doses. Their livers were extracted 6 or 24 hr after the dosings and were used for subsequent examinations. At 6 hr there were no histological changes noted in any of the groups except for the CCL group, but at 24 hr, such changes were noted in all but the AD group. Regarding genomic analysis, we performed hierarchical cluster analysis using S-plus software. The individual microarray data were clearly classified into 5 treatment-related clusters at 24 hr as well as at 6 hr, even though no morphological changes were noted at 6 hr. In the gene expression analysis using GeneSpring, transcription factor and oxidative stress- and lipid metabolism-related genes were markedly affected in all treatment groups at both time points when compared with the corresponding control values. Finally, we investigated gene networks in the above-affected genes by using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Down-regulation of lipid metabolism-related genes regulated by SREBP1 was observed in all treatment groups at both time points, and up-regulation of oxidative stress-related genes regulated by Nrf2 was observed in the APAP and CCL treatment groups. From the above findings, for the application of genomic approaches to predict hepatotoxicity, we considered that cluster analysis for classification and early prediction of hepatotoxicity and network analysis for investigation of toxicological biomarkers would be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Fukushima
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Japan Inc, Aichi, Japan.
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