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Taketa Y. Luteal toxicity evaluation in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:7-17. [PMID: 35221491 PMCID: PMC8828616 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpora lutea (CL) are endocrine glands that form in the ovary after ovulation and
secrete the steroid hormone, progesterone (P4). P4 plays a critical role in estrous and
menstrual cycles, implantation, and pregnancy. The incomplete rodent estrous cycle stably
lasts 4–5 days and its morphological features can be distinguished during each estrous
cycle stage. In rat ovaries, there are two main types of CL: newly formed ones due to the
current ovulation (new CL), and CL remaining from prior estrous cycles (old CL). In the
luteal regression process, CL were almost fully regressed after four estrous cycles in
Sprague-Dawley rats. P4 secretion from CL in rodents is regulated by the balance between
synthesis and catabolism. In general, luteal toxicity should be evaluated by considering
antemortem and postmortem data. Daily vaginal smear observations provided useful
information on luteal toxicity. In histopathological examinations, not only the ovaries
and CL but also other related tissues and organs including the uterus, vagina, mammary
gland, and adrenal glands, must be carefully examined for exploring luteal changes. In
this review, histological and functional characteristics of CL in rats are summarized, and
representative luteal toxicity changes are presented for improved luteal toxicity
evaluation in preclinical toxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Taketa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
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Bae JW, Kwon WS. Piperonyl butoxide, a synergist of pesticides can elicit male-mediated reproductive toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 100:120-125. [PMID: 33515694 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A semi-synthetic methylenedioxyphenyl compound piperonyl butoxide (PBO) has been used as a ubiquitous synergist to increase the insecticidal effect of pesticides for agricultural and household use. Despite previously demonstrated effects of PBO, the detailed mechanism of PBO in spermatozoa and reproductive toxic effects on male germ cells have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of PBO on various sperm functions during capacitation and clarified the mechanisms of reproductive toxic effects on male fertility at different concentrations of PBO (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM). Sperm motility and kinematics were assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis and the status of capacitation was evaluated using combined H33258/chlortetracycline (CTC) staining. Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and cell viability levels were also measured. In addition, protein kinase A (PKA) activity and protein tyrosine phosphorylation were evaluated. In addition, in vitro fertilization was performed to determine the effects of PBO on cleavage and blastocyst formation rates. We found that PBO significantly decreased sperm motility, kinematics, and acrosome-reacted and capacitated spermatozoa. In addition, PBO suppressed the intracellular ATP levels and directly affected cell viability. Moreover, PBO detrimentally decreased the activation of PKA and altered the levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. Consequently, cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. In line with our observations, the synergist of pesticides PBO may directly and/or indirectly cause disorder in male fertility. Hence, we suggest that careful attention is made to consider reproductive toxicity when using PBO as a synergist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Won Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Shin N, Cuenca L, Karthikraj R, Kannan K, Colaiácovo MP. Assessing effects of germline exposure to environmental toxicants by high-throughput screening in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007975. [PMID: 30763314 PMCID: PMC6375566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemicals that are highly prevalent in our environment, such as phthalates and pesticides, have been linked to problems associated with reproductive health. However, rapid assessment of their impact on reproductive health and understanding how they cause such deleterious effects, remain challenging due to their fast-growing numbers and the limitations of various current toxicity assessment model systems. Here, we performed a high-throughput screen in C. elegans to identify chemicals inducing aneuploidy as a result of impaired germline function. We screened 46 chemicals that are widely present in our environment, but for which effects in the germline remain poorly understood. These included pesticides, phthalates, and chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing and crude oil processing. Of the 46 chemicals tested, 41% exhibited levels of aneuploidy higher than those detected for bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor shown to affect meiosis, at concentrations correlating well with mammalian reproductive endpoints. We further examined three candidates eliciting aneuploidy: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a likely endocrine disruptor and frequently used plasticizer, and the pesticides 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB) and permethrin. Exposure to these chemicals resulted in increased embryonic lethality, elevated DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation, activation of p53/CEP-1-dependent germ cell apoptosis, chromosomal abnormalities in oocytes at diakinesis, impaired chromosome segregation during early embryogenesis, and germline-specific alterations in gene expression. This study indicates that this high-throughput screening system is highly reliable for the identification of environmental chemicals inducing aneuploidy, and provides new insights into the impact of exposure to three widely used chemicals on meiosis and germline function. The ever-increasing number of new chemicals introduced into our environment poses a significant problem for risk assessment. In addition, assessing the direct impact of toxicants on human meiosis remains challenging. We successfully utilized a high-throughput platform in the nematode C. elegans, a genetically tractable model organism which shares a high degree of gene conservation with humans, to identify chemicals that affect the germline leading to aneuploidy. We assessed chemicals that are highly prevalent in the environment in worms carrying a fluorescent reporter construct allowing for the identification of X chromosome nondisjunction combined with a mutation increasing cuticle permeability for analysis of low doses of exposure. Follow up analysis of three chemicals: DBP, permethrin and TCMTB, further validated the use of this strategy. Exposure to these chemicals resulted in elevated levels of DNA double-strand breaks, activation of a DNA damage checkpoint, chromosome morphology defects in late meiotic prophase I as well as impaired early embryogenesis and germline-specific changes in gene expression. Our results support the use of this high-throughput screening system to identify environmental chemicals inducing aneuploidy, and provide new insights into the effects of exposure to DBP, permethrin, and TCMTB on meiosis and germline function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Shin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Luciann Cuenca
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Monica P. Colaiácovo
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Impact of Cold Exposure on the Reproductive Function in Female Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3674906. [PMID: 30596088 PMCID: PMC6282150 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3674906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Female reproductive system diseases caused by exposure to a cold environment are widely considered as important human health challenges. Although the projection of female reproduction in cold temperature has been studied, a holistic view on the probable effects of cold exposure on the functions of the female reproductive system has not been achieved. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of cold exposure to the functions of the ovary and uterus in female rats. For this purpose, female rats were randomly grouped as follows: (1) the cold group was exposed to -10°C, 4 h per day for 2 weeks, and (2) the normal temperature (23 ± 1°C) group was used as control. Alterations were observed in different parameters, including body weight gain, organ coefficients, estrus cycle, and pathology of the cold-exposed female rats. Similarly, the serum reproductive hormones and mRNA expression were evaluated. Cold exposure induced estrus cycle irregularity and some alterations in the morphology of the ovary. Cold exposure impairs the function of the ovary probably by changing the level of serum LH and increasing LHR expression. Cold exposure induced a significant reduction of uterine epithelium height. Cold exposure causes alterations in the morphology of the uterus probably because of the effect of progesterone, the increase in the PR level, and the decrease in the ER level.
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Mahapatra D, Chandra AK. Biphasic action of iodine in excess at different doses on ovary in adult rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 39:210-220. [PMID: 27908417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Iodine consumption in excess of its recommended levels over a prolonged period of time is well known to cause thyroid disorders. The thyroid hormones on the other hand are responsible in maintenance of the physiology of the reproductive system. Excess iodine intake affects male reproductive physiology. However, the effects of excess iodine on the ovarian structure and function is yet to be established. The present study has thus been undertaken to investigate the effect of excess iodine on the ovarian physiology. Excess iodine was administered through oral gavage in the form of potassium iodide (KI) for duration of 60days, at two different doses. The doses used were 100 EI, i.e., 100 times more than the recommended level but tolerable to the thyroid gland and 500 EI, i.e., 500 times more than the recommended level that altered thyroid physiology. The animals were divided into three groups, one control group, and the other two receiving two separate doses (100 EI and 500 EI) of excess KI. Estrous cyclical changes, ovarian morphological changes, ovarian iodine accumulation and ovarian steroidogenic enzyme activities were analysed. The thyroid functional status was studied from the serum thyroid hormones levels. The overall results revealed a biphasic action of excess iodine that depends on its dose. At 100 EI, excess iodine did not alter thyroid physiology but lead to the development of a hypoestrogenic state. There was an increased accumulation of iodine in the ovary with decreased activity of ovarian steroidogenic enzymes and lowered serum estradiol levels. However, at 500 EI, excess iodine developed a hyperthyroid condition, which further leads to a hyperestrogenic state. There was an increased activity of serum steroidogenic enzymes as well as elevated serum estradiol levels. Fertility index was zero in both the 100 EI and 500 EI treated groups of experimental animals. Thus excess iodine (100 EI) ingestion within tolerable range though maintained a euthyroid condition yet developed a state of hypofunctioning ovary. Conversely, excessive iodine (500 EI) is intolerable to thyroid, develops a hyperthyroid condition that leads to a hyperfunctioning ovary. Therefore prolonged exposure of iodine in excess exerts biphasic mode of action depending on the dose in female reproductive physiology and both the doses used in this study affected fertility equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshayani Mahapatra
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Amar K Chandra
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
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Palazzi X, Burkhardt JE, Caplain H, Dellarco V, Fant P, Foster JR, Francke S, Germann P, Gröters S, Harada T, Harleman J, Inui K, Kaufmann W, Lenz B, Nagai H, Pohlmeyer-Esch G, Schulte A, Skydsgaard M, Tomlinson L, Wood CE, Yoshida M. Characterizing “Adversity” of Pathology Findings in Nonclinical Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:810-24. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316642527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of adverse health effects has a central role in the development and risk/safety assessment of chemical entities and pharmaceuticals. There is currently a need for better alignment regarding how nonclinical adversity is determined and characterized. The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology (ESTP) therefore coordinated a workshop to review available definitions of adversity, weigh determining and qualifying factors of adversity based on case examples, and recommend a practical approach to define and characterize adversity in toxicology reports, to serve as a valuable prerequisite for future organ- or lesion-specific workshops planned by the ESTP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kosei Inui
- Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Barbara Lenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hirofumi Nagai
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Agnes Schulte
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Charles E. Wood
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Mifflin KA, Benson C, Thorburn KC, Baker GB, Kerr BJ. Manipulation of Neurotransmitter Levels Has Differential Effects on Formalin-Evoked Nociceptive Behavior in Male and Female Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:483-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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de Barros AL, Rosa JL, Cavariani MM, Borges CS, Villela e Silva P, Bae JH, Anselmo-Franci JA, Cristina Arena A. In utero and lactational exposure to fipronil in female rats: Pregnancy outcomes and sexual development. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:266-73. [PMID: 27074097 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1149132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, is used in agriculture, veterinary medicine, and public health. Because this insecticide is considered a potential endocrine disruptor, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of perinatal exposure to fipronil on neonatal female reproductive system development. Pregnant rats were exposed (via gavage) daily to fipronil (0.03, 0.3, or 3 mg/kg) from gestational day 15 to day 7 after birth, and effects on the reproductive functions assessed on postnatal day (PND) 22. No signs of maternal toxicity were observed during daily treatment with fipronil. Perinatal exposure to the highest dose of fipronil (3 mg/kg) delayed the age of vaginal opening (VO) and first estrus without markedly affecting the anogenital distance (AGD). Further, exposure to 0.3 mg/kg fipronil produced a significantly shorter estrus cycle and reduced number of cycles during the period of evaluation. However, the other reproductive parameters analyzed, including fertility, hormone levels, sexual behavior, and histology of ovaries and uterus, displayed no marked alterations. In this experimental model, fipronil interfered with development of neonatal female reproductive system as evidenced by delay in VO and estrus cycle alterations without apparent significant effects on fertility. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms of action associated with the observed female reproductive system changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lima de Barros
- a Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-Botucatu , São Paulo State , Brazil
| | - Josiane Lima Rosa
- a Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-Botucatu , São Paulo State , Brazil
| | - Marília Martins Cavariani
- a Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-Botucatu , São Paulo State , Brazil
| | - Cibele Santos Borges
- a Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-Botucatu , São Paulo State , Brazil
| | - Patrícia Villela e Silva
- a Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-Botucatu , São Paulo State , Brazil
| | - Julie Heejoo Bae
- a Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-Botucatu , São Paulo State , Brazil
| | - Janete Aparecida Anselmo-Franci
- b Department of Physiology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Arielle Cristina Arena
- a Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-Botucatu , São Paulo State , Brazil
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