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Shentu J, Chen Q, Cui Y, Wang Y, Lu L, Long Y, Zhu M. Disturbance and restoration of soil microbial communities after in-situ thermal desorption in a chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminated site. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130870. [PMID: 36709742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption technology has been widely used for the remediation of organic contaminated soil, but the heating process may alter the soil properties and its safety reutilization. After thermal remediation, the target pollutants including chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2,3-trichloropropane and vinyl chloride in the chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminated site were reduced significantly. The soil microbial α-diversity was also reduced by more than half. Notably, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi decreased by 9.0%, while Firmicutes had a 9.0% increase after thermal remediation. By water regulation and exogenous microorganism addition, the soil microbial community could not be restored to its initial state before thermal remediation in a relatively short time (30 days). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria increased from 25.4% to 41.7% and 51.0% by water regulation and exogenous microorganism addition, respectively. The modularity of the microbial co-occurrence network was strengthened after microbial restoration, but the interaction among microorganisms was weakened. Thermal remediation might be conducive to the C- and N-cycle related processes, but severely weakened the sulfide oxidation processes. Notably, microbial restoration would benefit the recovery of the S-cycle functional groups. These results provided a new perspective for the safety reutilization of soil after thermal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Shentu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yuxue Cui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Li Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
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Wang P, Cao Y, Yang B, Luo H, Liang T, Yu J, Ding A, Wang L, Li H, Cao H, Ma F, Gu Q, Li F. Leaching Characteristics of Heavy Metals in the Baghouse Filter Dust from Direct-Fired Thermal Desorption of Contaminated Soil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16504. [PMID: 36554385 PMCID: PMC9778458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
After thermal desorption, the total amount of heavy metals (HMs) is enriched in baghouse filter dust. To further understand the related environmental impact, the leaching characteristics under various conditions must be explored. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the leaching characteristics of seven HMs in the dust generated in the direct-fired thermal desorption process and to compare the differences in heavy metal leaching characteristics in the soil before and after thermal desorption. The leaching characteristics and bioaccessibility of seven HMs-arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn)-were analyzed in dust and in soil before and after thermal desorption. The activity of HMs in dust was strong. Therefore, environmental effects and effects on human health should be considered in the treatment of soil and dust after thermal desorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunzhe Cao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huilong Luo
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tian Liang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lina Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hanlin Cao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qingbao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Wang P, Cao Y, Luo H, Li T, Yang B, Li H, Liang T, Yu J, Wang L, Ma F, Gu Q, Ding A, Li F. Remarkable enrichment of heavy metals in baghouse filter dust during direct-fired thermal desorption of contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128301. [PMID: 35183051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the widely applied technology of direct-fired thermal desorption, taking a site contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a typical test case. The entire thermal desorption process of contaminated soil is considered in the analysis. The concentration levels and occurrence characteristics of heavy metals in dust traditionally considered to be clean are evaluated, and possible secondary pollution and environmental impacts are explored. The results indicate that, compared with the thermal desorption soil, the dust samples generated in the baghouse filter during the ex situ direct-fired thermal desorption process have higher amounts of heavy metal accumulation as well as altered speciation. In addition, the enrichment characteristics and origins of the heavy metals are analyzed according to the process flow and particle size composition as well as the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and other microscopic research methods. Phenomenon further reveals enrichment of arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr). The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for the proper disposal and risk management of the dust collected after direct-fired thermal desorption treatment of contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yunzhe Cao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Huilong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ting Li
- Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, CNNC, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qingbao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Application of Soil Washing and Thermal Desorption for Sustainable Remediation and Reuse of Remediated Soil. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132212523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global governance of soil resources as well as revitalizations and remediation of degraded areas seem to be necessary actions for sustainable development. A great deal of effort has gone into developing remediation technologies to remove or reduce the impact of these contaminants in the environment. However, contaminated soil remediations in stringent conditions deteriorate soil properties and functions and create the need for efficient soil revitalization measures. Soil washing (SW) and thermal desorption (TD) are commonly used to remediate contaminated soil and can significantly reduce the contaminant, sometimes to safe levels where reuse can be considered; however, the effects of treatment on soil quality must be understood in order to support redevelopment after remediation. In this review, we discussed the effects of SW and TD on soil properties, including subsequent soil quality and health. Furthermore, the importance of these techniques for remediation and reclamation strategies was discussed. Some restoration strategies were also proposed for the recovery of soil quality. In addition, remediated and revitalized soil can be reused for various purposes, which can be accepted as an implementation of sustainable remediation. This review concludes with an outlook of future research efforts that will further shift SW and TD toward sustainable remediation.
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Ren J, Song X, Ding D. Sustainable remediation of diesel-contaminated soil by low temperature thermal treatment: Improved energy efficiency and soil reusability. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:124952. [PMID: 31627107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment can effectively remediate diesel-contaminated soil, but is considered unsustainable because of its energy-intensive nature and potential to damage soil properties. Here, we used low temperature thermal treatment (LTTT) as an energy-efficient technique to remediate diesel-contaminated soil. The impacts of LTTT on the physiochemical and ecological properties of soils were investigated to evaluate the reusability of heated soil. Heating at 250 °C for 10 min reduced the concentration of the total petroleum hydrocarbons from 6271 mg/kg to 359 mg/kg, which is lower than the Chinese risk screening level of 826 mg/kg. After LTTT, most soil physiochemical properties were nearly unchanged, and the NO3--N and NH4+-N contents increased. Moreover, LTTT-remediated soil was favorable for the germination and early growth of wheat. The microbial community changed substantially, but recovered after being mixed with uncontaminated soil. Finally, exploration of the mechanisms of LTTT revealed that pyrolysis was the dominant mechanism of diesel removal. A biochar-like pyrolytic carbon was formed, which improved the soil reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Da Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Ding D, Song X, Wei C, LaChance J. A review on the sustainability of thermal treatment for contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:449-463. [PMID: 31325890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable remediation is a goal in the remediation industry. Thermal treatment can remediate contaminated sites quickly and reliably, but its energy-intensive nature and potential to damage soil properties make it seemingly not sustainable. This review evaluates the potential for thermal treatment to become a sustainable remediation technology based on a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature. The fundamentals, advantages, and limitations of single thermal treatment technologies are summarized. The compatibility and advantages of thermal treatment coupled with thermal, physicochemical, or biological technologies are reviewed. The results suggest that ingeniously designed coupled technologies can improve the availability and removal efficiency of contaminant, suppress the production of toxic byproduct, and reduce the required heating temperature and energy input. The sustainability of thermal treatment is then discussed from the perspectives of energy efficiency and land reuse. Approaches for improving energy efficiency include applying solar energy-based technologies, smoldering-based technologies, and coupled technologies. For land reuse, heating below 250 °C has negligible adverse impacts on most soil properties, and can increase nutrient availability and release dissolved organic carbon to support the growth of microorganisms and plants. Heating above 250 °C can significantly reduce soil organic matter and clay content, which decreases the soil cation exchange capacity and water holding capacity, and consequently damages the soil fertility. Some restoration strategies are also proposed for the recovery of soil quality. In addition, thermally remediated soil is considered to be a good candidate as an engineering medium for construction. This review concludes with an outlook of future research efforts that will further shift thermal treatment toward sustainable remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Song W, Vidonish JE, Yu P, Chu C, Moorthy B, Gao B, Zygourakis K, Alvarez PJ. Pilot-Scale Pyrolytic Remediation of Crude-Oil-Contaminated Soil in a Continuously-Fed Reactor: Treatment Intensity Trade-Offs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2045-2053. [PMID: 30681845 PMCID: PMC8037193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolytic treatment offers the potential for the rapid remediation of contaminated soils. However, soil fertility restoration can be highly variable, underscoring the need to understand how treatment conditions affect soil detoxification and the ability to support plant growth. We report here the first pilot-scale study of pyrolytic remediation of crude-oil-contaminated soil using a continuously fed rotary kiln reactor. Treatment at 420 °C with only 15 min of residence time resulted in high removal efficiencies for both total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (99.9%) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (94.5%) and restored fertility to clean soil levels (i.e., Lactuca sativa biomass dry weight yield after 21 days increased from 3.0 ± 0.3 mg for contaminated soil to 8.8 ± 1.1 mg for treated soil, which is similar to 9.0 ± 0.7 mg for uncontaminated soil). Viability assays with a human bronchial epithelial cell line showed that pyrolytic treatment effectively achieved detoxification of contaminated soil extracts. As expected, TPH and PAH removal efficiencies increased with increasing treatment intensity (i.e., higher temperatures and longer residence times). However, higher treatment intensities decreased soil fertility, suggesting that there is an optimal system-specific intensity for fertility restoration. Overall, this study highlights trade-offs between pyrolytic treatment intensity, hydrocarbon removal efficiency, and fertility restoration while informing the design, optimization, and operation of large-scale pyrolytic systems to efficiently remediate crude-oil-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- current address: Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Julia E. Vidonish
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
- current address: Arcadis, U.S., Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Chun Chu
- Nenatology Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Nenatology Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Baoyu Gao
- current address: Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Kyriacos Zygourakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Pedro J.J. Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
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Vidonish JE, Alvarez PJJ, Zygourakis K. Pyrolytic Remediation of Oil-Contaminated Soils: Reaction Mechanisms, Soil Changes, and Implications for Treated Soil Fertility. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O'Brien PL, DeSutter TM, Casey FXM, Khan E, Wick AF. Thermal remediation alters soil properties - a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 206:826-835. [PMID: 29197808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated soils pose a risk to human and ecological health, and thermal remediation is an efficient and reliable way to reduce soil contaminant concentration in a range of situations. A primary benefit of thermal treatment is the speed at which remediation can occur, allowing the return of treated soils to a desired land use as quickly as possible. However, this treatment also alters many soil properties that affect the capacity of the soil to function. While extensive research addresses contaminant reduction, the range and magnitude of effects to soil properties have not been explored. Understanding the effects of thermal remediation on soil properties is vital to successful reclamation, as drastic effects may preclude certain post-treatment land uses. This review highlights thermal remediation studies that have quantified alterations to soil properties, and it supplements that information with laboratory heating studies to further elucidate the effects of thermal treatment of soil. Notably, both heating temperature and heating time affect i) soil organic matter; ii) soil texture and mineralogy; iii) soil pH; iv) plant available nutrients and heavy metals; v) soil biological communities; and iv) the ability of the soil to sustain vegetation. Broadly, increasing either temperature or time results in greater contaminant reduction efficiency, but it also causes more severe impacts to soil characteristics. Thus, project managers must balance the need for contaminant reduction with the deterioration of soil function for each specific remediation project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L O'Brien
- North Dakota State University, Department of Soil Science, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Thomas M DeSutter
- North Dakota State University, Department of Soil Science, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Francis X M Casey
- North Dakota State University, Department of Soil Science, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Eakalak Khan
- North Dakota State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, USA
| | - Abbey F Wick
- North Dakota State University, Department of Soil Science, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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