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Abstract
Certain transition metal complexes show intensive fluorescence when bound to proteins. They can be used to stain gels after electrophoresis with a sensitivity approaching that of silver staining, but in a much simpler and more reproducible procedure. Stains can be prepared easily and at a fraction of the cost of commercially available reagents. Hydrophobic dyes can be used to stain gels without fixing; they do not interfere with later blotting or electroelution.
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Alba FJ, Bartolomé S, Bermúdez A, Daban JR. Fluorescent Labeling of Proteins and Its Application to SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1314:41-50. [PMID: 26139253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2718-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes very simple fluorescent methods developed in our laboratory allowing the rapid monitoring of total protein patterns on both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels and western blots. The noncovalent dye Nile red (9-diethylamino-5H-benzo[α]phenoxazine-5-one) is used for the sensitive staining of proteins in SDS gels. This method is compatible with the electroblotting of protein bands and with the staining of the resulting blot with the covalent dye MDPF (2-methoxy-2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone). These staining procedures are applied sequentially; there is no need to run a duplicate unstained gel for protein blotting. Furthermore, since only the adduct formed by the reaction of MDPF with proteins is fluorescent, there is no need to destain the membrane after protein labeling. In addition, MDPF staining is compatible with further immunodetection of specific bands with polyclonal antibodies. Finally, using the adequate conditions described below, MDPF staining does not preclude the N-terminal sequence analysis of proteins in selected bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Alba
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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Sandu ICA, Schäfer S, Magrini D, Bracci S, Roque CA. Cross-section and staining-based techniques for investigating organic materials in painted and polychrome works of art: a review. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:860-875. [PMID: 22849802 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The article presents a review of the use of cross-section and staining techniques for investigating natural organic materials (mainly proteinaceous and oil-based binders/varnishes) in painted and polychrome artworks, considering the requirements of conservation practice and routine diagnostics. The reviewed literature calls attention to the importance of using cross sections to prepare samples for optical microscopy and to different properties of embedding resins; the most appropriate instrumental conditions for optical microscopy; and the advantages and disadvantages of the most common staining techniques. A few case studies were selected to illustrate the use of autofluorescence (intrinsic fluorescence) and induced fluorescence (using specific staining tests and fluorophore-labeled antibodies) for mapping and identifying organic paint materials in cross sections. New directions of research in cross-section analyses and fluorescence-based techniques for the identification and mapping of artistic materials are presented. The complementary use of different stains on the same cross section, further exploration of intrinsic and induced fluorescence of aged versus fresh materials, and applicability of cross-section observation and staining as complementary methods for assessing the effectiveness of restoration treatments, such as cleaning and consolidation, are discussed in the last section of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Crina Anca Sandu
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Gauci VJ, Wright EP, Coorssen JR. Quantitative proteomics: assessing the spectrum of in-gel protein detection methods. J Chem Biol 2011; 4:3-29. [PMID: 21686332 PMCID: PMC3022124 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-010-0043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics research relies heavily on visualization methods for detection of proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Commonly used staining approaches involve colorimetric dyes such as Coomassie Brilliant Blue, fluorescent dyes including Sypro Ruby, newly developed reactive fluorophores, as well as a plethora of others. The most desired characteristic in selecting one stain over another is sensitivity, but this is far from the only important parameter. This review evaluates protein detection methods in terms of their quantitative attributes, including limit of detection (i.e., sensitivity), linear dynamic range, inter-protein variability, capacity for spot detection after 2D gel electrophoresis, and compatibility with subsequent mass spectrometric analyses. Unfortunately, many of these quantitative criteria are not routinely or consistently addressed by most of the studies published to date. We would urge more rigorous routine characterization of stains and detection methodologies as a critical approach to systematically improving these critically important tools for quantitative proteomics. In addition, substantial improvements in detection technology, particularly over the last decade or so, emphasize the need to consider renewed characterization of existing stains; the quantitative stains we need, or at least the chemistries required for their future development, may well already exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Gauci
- Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, and Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 1797 Australia
| | - Elise P. Wright
- Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, and Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 1797 Australia
| | - Jens R. Coorssen
- Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, and Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 1797 Australia
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Stockert JC, Abasolo MI, Blázquez-Castro A, Horobin RW, Revilla M, Lombardo DM. Selective labeling of lipid droplets in aldehyde fixed cell monolayers by lipophilic fluorochromes. Biotech Histochem 2010; 85:277-83. [DOI: 10.3109/10520290903196183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Alba FJ, Bartolomé S, Bermúdez A, Daban JR. Fluorescent labeling of proteins and its application to SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 536:407-416. [PMID: 19378078 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-542-8_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes very simple fluorescent methods developed in our laboratory allowing the rapid monitoring of total protein patterns on both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels and western blots. The noncovalent dye Nile red (9-diethylamino-5H-benzo[alpha]phenoxazine-5-one) is used for the sensitive staining of proteins in SDS gels. This method is compatible with the electroblotting of protein bands and with the staining of the resulting blot with the covalent dye MDPF (2-methoxy-2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone). These staining procedures are applied sequentially; there is no need to run a duplicate unstained gel for protein blotting. Furthermore, since only the adduct formed by the reaction of MDPF with proteins is fluorescent, there is no need to destain the membrane after protein labeling. In addition, MDPF staining is compatible with further immunodetection of specific bands with polyclonal antibodies. Finally, using the adequate conditions described later, MDPF staining does not preclude the N-terminal sequence analysis of proteins in selected bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Alba
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Fuchs D, Winkelmann I, Johnson IT, Mariman E, Wenzel U, Daniel H. Proteomics in nutrition research: principles, technologies and applications. Br J Nutr 2007; 94:302-14. [PMID: 16176599 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The global profiling of the whole protein complement of the genome expressed in a particular cell or organ, or in plasma or serum, makes it possible to identify biomarkers that respond to alterations in diet or to treatment, and that may have predictive value for the modelling of biological processes. Proteomics has not yet been applied on a large scale in nutritional studies, yet it has advantages over transcriptome profiling techniques in that it directly assesses the entities that carry out the biological functions. The present review summarizes the different approaches in proteomics research, with special emphasis on the current technical ‘workhorses’: two-dimensional (2D)-PAGE with immobilized pH gradients and protein identification by MS. Using a work-flow approach, we provide information and advice on sample handling and preparation, protein solubilization and pre-fractionation, protein separation by 2D-PAGE, detection and quantification via computer-assisted analysis of gels, and protein identification and characterization techniques by means of MS. Examples from nutritional studies employing proteomics are provided to demonstrate not only the advantages but also the limitations of current proteome analysis platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Fuchs
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, Am Forum 5, D-85 350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Scrivener E, Boghigian BA, Golenko E, Bogdanova A, Jackson P, Mikulskis A, Denoyer E, Courtney P, Lopez MF, Patton WF. Performance validation of an improved Xenon-arc lamp-based CCD camera system for multispectral imaging in proteomics. Proteomics 2005; 5:4354-66. [PMID: 16206330 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advances in gel-based nonradioactive protein expression and PTM detection using fluorophores has served as the impetus for developing analytical instrumentation with improved imaging capabilities. We describe a CCD camera-based imaging instrument, equipped with both a high-pressure Xenon arc lamp and a UV transilluminator, which provides broad-band wavelength coverage (380-700 nm and UV). With six-position filter wheels, both excitation and emission wavelengths may be selected, providing optimal measurement and quantitation of virtually any dye and allowing excellent spectral resolution among different fluorophores. While spatial resolution of conventional fixed CCD camera imaging systems is typically inferior to laser scanners, this problem is circumvented with the new instrument by mechanically scanning the CCD camera over the sample and collecting multiple images that are subsequently automatically reconstructed into a complete high-resolution image. By acquiring images in succession, as many as four different fluorophores may be evaluated from a gel. The imaging platform is suitable for analysis of the wide range of dyes and tags commonly encountered in proteomics investigations. The instrument is unique in its capabilities of scanning large areas at high resolution and providing accurate selectable illumination over the UV/visible spectral range, thus maximizing the efficiency of dye multiplexing protocols.
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Sun C, Yang J, Li L, Wu X, Liu Y, Liu S. Advances in the study of luminescence probes for proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 803:173-90. [PMID: 15063324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spectral probes (or labels) have been widely used for the investigation and determination of proteins and have made considerable progress. Traditional luminescence probes include fluorescent derivatizing reagents, fluorescent probes and chemiluminescence probes which continue to develop. Of them, near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are especially suitable for the determination of biomolecules including proteins, so their development has been rapid. Novel luminescence probes (such as nanoparticle probes and molecular beacons) and resonance light scattering probes recently appeared in the literature. Preliminary results indicate that they possess great potential for ultrasensitive protein detection. This review summarizes recent developments of the above-mentioned probes for proteins and 195 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Sun
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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Mádi A, Pusztahelyi T, Punyiczki M, Fésüs L. The biology of the post-genomic era: the proteomics. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2003; 54:1-14. [PMID: 12705317 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.54.2003.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complete identification of coding sequences in a number of species has led to announce the beginning of the post-genomic era, new tools have become available to study complex phenomena in biological systems. Rapid advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics have established the field of genomics to investigate thousands genes' activity through mRNA display. However, recent studies have demonstrated a lack of correlation between the transcriptional profiles and the actual protein levels in cells, so investigation of the expressed part of the genome is also required to link genomic data to biological function. It is possible that evolutional development occured by increasing complexity of regulation processes at the level of RNA and protein molecules instead of simple increase in gene number, so investigation of proteins and protein complexes became important fields of our post-genomic era. High-resolution two-dimensional gels combined with sensitive mass spectrometry can reveal virtually all proteins present in cells opening new insights into functions of cells, tissues and whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mádi
- Signal Transduction and Apoptosis Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
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Nagy K, Göktürk S, Biczók L. Effect of Microenvironment on the Fluorescence of 2-Hydroxy-Substituted Nile Red Dye: A New Fluorescent Probe for the Study of Micelles. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035357e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Nagy
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sinem Göktürk
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Biczók
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
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Svingen R, Takahashi M, Åkerman B. Gel-Shift Assays: Migrative Dissociation of a RecA−Oligonucleotide Complex during Electrophoresis in Hydroxyethylated Agarose Gels. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011674e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roine Svingen
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, and Department of Biocatalysis, University of Nantes and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nantes, France
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, and Department of Biocatalysis, University of Nantes and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nantes, France
| | - Björn Åkerman
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, and Department of Biocatalysis, University of Nantes and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nantes, France
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Valdes I, Pitarch A, Gil C, Bermúdez A, Llorente M, Nombela C, Méndez E. Novel procedure for the identification of proteins by mass fingerprinting combining two-dimensional electrophoresis with fluorescent SYPRO red staining. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:672-682. [PMID: 10862118 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200006)35:6<672::aid-jms993>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent sensitive SYPRO Red dye was successfully employed to stain proteins in two-dimensional gels for protein identification by peptide mass fingerprinting. Proteins which are not chemically modified during the SYPRO Red staining process are well digested enzymatically in the gel and hence the resulting peptides can be efficiently eluted and analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A SYPRO Red two-dimensional gel of a complex protein extract from Candida albicans was analysed by MALDI-TOF MS. The validity of SYPRO Red staining was demonstrated by identifying, via peptide mass fingerprinting, 10 different C. albicans proteins from a total of 31 selected protein spots. The peptide mass signal intensity, the number of matched peptides and the percentage of coverage of protein sequences from SYPRO Red-stained proteins were similar to or greater than those obtained in parallel with the modified silver protein gel staining. This work demonstrates that fluorescent SYPRO Red staining is compatible with the identification of proteins separated on polyacrylamide gel and that it can be used as an alternative to silver staining. As far as we know, this is the first report in which C. albicans proteins separated using 2-D gels have been identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. The improved technique described here should be very useful for carrying out proteomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Valdes
- Unidad de Análisis Estructural de Proteínas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Matsubayashi Y, Sakagami Y. 120- and 160-kDa receptors for endogenous mitogenic peptide, phytosulfokine-alpha, in rice plasma membranes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:15520-5. [PMID: 10809784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.20.15520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells in culture secrete a sulfated peptide named phytosulfokine-alpha (PSK-alpha), and this peptide induces the cell division and/or cell differentiation by means of specific high and low affinity receptors. Putative receptor proteins for this autocrine type growth factor were identified by photoaffinity labeling of plasma membrane fractions derived from rice suspension cells. Incubation of membranes with a photoactivable (125)I-labeled PSK-alpha analog, [N(epsilon)-(4-azidosalicyl)Lys(5)]PSK-alpha (AS-PSK-alpha), followed by UV irradiation resulted in specific labeling of 120- and 160-kDa bands in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The labeling of both bands was completely inhibited by unlabeled PSK-alpha and partially decreased by PSK-alpha analogs possessing moderate binding activities. In contrast, PSK-alpha analogs that have no biological activity showed no competition for (125)I-AS-PSK-alpha binding, confirming the specificity of binding proteins. Analysis of the affinity of (125)I incorporation into the protein by ligand saturation experiments gave apparent K(d) values of 5.0 nm for the 120-kDa band and 5.4 nm for the 160-kDa band, suggesting that both proteins correspond to the high affinity binding site. Treatment of (125)I-AS-PSK-alpha cross-linked proteins with peptide N-glycosidase F demonstrated that both proteins contained approximately 10 kDa of N-linked oligosaccharides. Specific cross-linking of (125)I-AS-PSK-alpha was also observed by using plasma membranes derived from carrot and tobacco cells, indicating the widespread occurrence of the binding proteins. Together, these data suggest that the 120- and 160-kDa proteins are PSK-alpha receptors that mediate the biological activities of PSK-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsubayashi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Bio-agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Patton WF. A thousand points of light: the application of fluorescence detection technologies to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and proteomics. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:1123-44. [PMID: 10786886 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(20000401)21:6<1123::aid-elps1123>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As proteomics evolves into a high-throughput technology for the study of global protein regulation, new demands are continually being placed upon protein visualization and quantitation methods. Chief among these are increased detection sensitivity, broad linear dynamic range and compatibility with modern methods of microchemical analyses. The limitations of conventional protein staining techniques are increasingly being encountered as high sensitivity electrophoresis methods are interfaced with automated gel stainers, image analysis workstations, robotic spot excision instruments, protein digestion work stations, and mass spectrometers. Three approaches to fluorescence detection of proteins in two-dimensional (2-D) gels are currently practiced: covalent derivatization of proteins with fluorophores, intercalation of fluorophores into the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelle, and direct electrostatic interaction with proteins by a Coomassie Brilliant Blue-type mechanism. This review discusses problems encountered in the analysis of proteins visualized with conventional stains and addresses advances in fluorescence protein detection, including immunoblotting, as well as the use of charge-coupled device (CCD) camera-based and laser-scanner-based image acquisition devices in proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Patton
- Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR 97402, USA.
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Patton WF. A thousand points of light: The application of fluorescence detection technologies to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and proteomics. Electrophoresis 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(20000401)21:6%3c1123::aid-elps1123%3e3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Rabilloud T, Charmont S. Detection of Proteins on Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Gels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57105-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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19
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Alba FJ, Daban JR. Inhibition of Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence by Intercalation of Fluorescent Acceptors between DMA Bases. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Alba FJ, Daban JR. Rapid fluorescent monitoring of total protein patterns on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and western blots before immunodetection and sequencing. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2407-11. [PMID: 9820958 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The fluorogenic dye 2-methoxy-2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone (MDPF) has been used for the detection of total protein patterns on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. Fluorescent staining of protein bands on membranes with this covalent dye is completed in 20 min. Wet membranes are translucent, allowing protein visualization by transillumination with ultraviolet light. The resulting images can be recorded using Polaroid film or a charge-coupled device camera. Electrophoretic bands containing 5-10 ng of protein can be detected on the MDPF-stained Western blot. When proteins are directly transferred to the membrane using a slot blotting device, as little as 0.5 ng of protein can be detected. Previous visualization of protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with the noncovalent fluorescent dye Nile red (Alba et al., BioTechniques, 1996, 21, 625-626) does not interfere with further MDPF staining and fluorescent detection of these bands transferred to PVDF membranes. Thus, Nile red and MDPF staining can be performed sequentially, allowing the rapid monitoring of total protein patterns on both the electrophoretic gel and Western blot. Using the conditions described in this study, MDPF staining does not preclude further N-terminal microsequencing and immunodetection of specific bands with polyclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Alba
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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