1
|
Feres LFR, Siqueira LGB, Palhao MP, Dos Santos LL, Pfeifer LFM, Fernandes CADC, Viana JHM. Selecting oocyte donors based on anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations: A critical analysis of using cutoff values as exclusion criterion for an in vitro embryo production program in Gir cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 266:107491. [PMID: 38754337 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) cutoff values for selecting Gir (Bos taurus indicus) oocyte donors and estimate the impact of using AMH concentrations as a selection criterion. In Exp. 1, Gir heifers (n=120) were sampled for AMH analysis and submitted to ovum pick-up and in vitro embryo production (OPU-IVEP). AMH cutoff values were calculated using ROC analysis or, alternatively, by the successive exclusion of heifers with the lowest AMH values. The correlations between AMH and OPU-IVEP outcomes were significant (P<0.001), though low or moderate (r= 0.34-0.52). We estimated an improvement (P<0.05) after the use of AMH cutoff values to select donors of +15.3% for total oocyes, +19.4% for viable COC, and +23.4% for blastocysts. This selection pressure, however, led to the exclusion of 32.8%, 37.9%, and 50.0% of the initial potential donors, respectively. In Exp. 2, we analyzed data from OPU-IVEP sessions of 658 Gir donors with known genomic values for predicted transmitting ability for milk (GPTAm) and age at first calving (GPTAafc). The selection based on the number of oocytes recovered had no effect (P>0.05) on the average GPTAm nor GPTAafc values of the remaining donors. In summary, plasma AMH ≥700 pg/mL is a cutoff value that can be used to select Gir heifers with a greater potential as oocyte donors. Nevertheless, this selection leads to the exclusion of up to 50% of potential donors. Finally, exclusion of poor responders had no effect on mean genomic estimates for milk production or age at first calving in the selected subset of donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joao Henrique Moreira Viana
- Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil; Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70770-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moreira MB, Ferreira FC, Campolina JP, Coelho SG. Association of passive immunity and genetic composition, health, and performance of tropical dairy calves. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105225. [PMID: 38507827 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This retrospective cohort study aimed to identify risk factors for the failure of transfer of passive immunity (FPI) in preweaned dairy calves, explore its associations with morbidity, mortality, genetics, and determine a standardized cut-off point for FPI. Analyzing data from 6011 calves, factors such as sire predicted transmitted ability for milk (PTA), birth season, retained placenta (RP), total serum protein concentration (TSP), morbidity (neonatal calf diarrhea - NCD, bovine respiratory disease - BRD, tick-borne disease - TBD), mortality, and average daily weight gain (ADG) were considered. The calves were categorized into predominantly Gyr (PG) and predominantly Holstein (PH) genetic composition groups. Multivariate mixed logistic regression revealed optimal TSP cut-off points for predicting morbidity (7.6 g/dL) and mortality (6.9 g/dL). PH calves exhibited 1.35 times higher odds of FPI and 1.48 times greater odds of disease. Calves from multiparous cows and those born to dams with RP had increased FPI odds. Disease prevalence was 53%, with 41% NCD, 18% BRD, and 10% TBD. Season, parity, PTA, and birth weight were associated with disease odds, though FPI was not a reliable predictor. The mortality percentage was 6%, with PH calves and those with a positive PTA having higher odds. The ADG was 0.64 kg, and FPI-affected calves gained less weight. The study compared and identified various risk factors that potentially impact calf immunity. However, the use of a standardized cut-off point for FPI assessment was not effective in predicting morbidity and mortality at this specific farm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Moreira
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970, Brazil
| | - F C Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA; Agriculture Methane Director, Clean Air Task Force, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J P Campolina
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970, Brazil
| | - S G Coelho
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Machado AF, Facioni Guimarães SE, Lollobrigida de S Netto D, Guimarães JD, Alves Torres CA, Sanglard LP, Gomez-Leon VE. Phenotypic and genetic relationships among anogenital distance, anti-Müllerian hormone, and in vitro embryo production in Gyr dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2512-2523. [PMID: 37863293 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration and number of recovered oocytes (ROOC) are phenotypic parameters associated with in vitro embryo production (IVEP). More recently, anogenital distance (AGD) has been proposed as a proxy for fertility in dairy cattle that is easy to collect at a low cost. The aim of this study was to characterize the AGD and its phenotypic and genetic associations with AMH and IVEP in Bos indicus Gyr dairy cattle. The hypothesis was that the number of ROOC, in vitro-produced embryos, and AMH concentration would increase as the AGD decreases. From July to December 2021, a single morphometrical measurement of AGD was collected in 552 donors from 6 herds in Brazil. A subset of donors had AMH assayed on the same day. Only ovum pick-up events that occurred up to 12 mo preceding and 7 mo succeeding the AGD measurement were used to assess the association between AGD, AMH, and IVEP. Thus, 472 donors (1,551 ovum pick-up events and 140 donors with AMH) were considered in the analysis. A raw average was calculated for each individual donor's ROOC, viable oocytes, total produced embryos, viability rate, and embryo rate (defined as total produced embryos/viable oocytes). Comparisons were conducted within the age categories of 3 to <6 yr or 6 to <10 yr. Phenotypic associations were performed in SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Genetic correlations were estimated using the BLUPF90 family of programs. The AGD (128.7 mm ± 14; mean ± standard deviation) had a normal distribution and was highly variable (83 to 172 mm) among the Gyr population. Our experimental hypothesis was partially supported by a phenotypic association of a greater number of total produced embryos (R2 = 0.023) as AGD decreased. Our results failed to support an increase in AMH concentration along with a decrease in AGD. In addition, positive and low genetic correlations were observed between AGD and viable oocytes (r = 0.08), and embryo rate (r = 0.20). A greater number of viable oocytes and embryos were observed in donors in the high compared with intermediate and low ROOC categories within both age categories. The age interval of 3 to <6 yr showed a greater number of recovered and viable oocytes for the high AMH compared with the low category, but no differences were observed among the AGD categories. In summary, for the Gyr breed, AGD was phenotypically inversely associated with a quantity-related parameter, such as the total number of produced embryos. In contrast, AGD showed a low genetic correlation with qualitative-related outcomes such as viable oocytes and embryo rate. Further studies should be performed to validate these retrospective analyses and to better understand the association between AGD and IVEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Ferreira Machado
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 36570
| | | | | | - José Domingos Guimarães
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 36570
| | - Ciro A Alves Torres
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 36570
| | - Leticia P Sanglard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Victor E Gomez-Leon
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Kussano NR, Leme LDO, Dode MAN. Protein source in maturation media affects gene expression in cumulus cells and embryo development in cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2021:1-14. [PMID: 34964703 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2019755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate if protein source (PS) alterations during IVM affect embryo sex/development and gene expression profile in cumulus cells (CCs). Bovine oocytes were matured and cultured in the presence of FBS or BSA. Then, the PS effect during IVM on gene expression (GPC4, VCAN, GHR, PTGS2, and ALCAM) was determined. CC biopsy was removed before and after IVM treatments. After fertilization and cultured, CCs were grouped according to their fate into CCs from immature COCs, CCs from COCs that did or did not result in embryos (according to PS). Results showed that when the culture was performed in FBS presence, blastocyst rate was higher (p < 0.05) than BSA. However, when embryos were cultured with BSA, no effect (p > 0.05) of PS during IVM was observed. PS used during IVM did not affect embryos sex (p > 0.05) but changed VCAN, GHR, PTGS2, and ALCAM genes expression. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed between immature and mature CCs groups in gene expression, regardless of their fate. Only the GHR gene was related to embryo production but just with FBS on IVM. In conclusion, PS can affect embryo development when using the serum on IVM and IVC, influences CCs gene expression, and has to be considered when studying oocyte quality markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margot Alves Nunes Dode
- Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Crowe AD, Lonergan P, Butler ST. Invited review: Use of assisted reproduction techniques to accelerate genetic gain and increase value of beef production in dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12189-12206. [PMID: 34538485 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the calf enterprise to the profit of the dairy farm is generally considered small, with beef bull selection on dairy farms often not considered a high priority. However, this is likely to change in the future as the rapid rate of expansion of the dairy herd in some countries is set to plateau and improvements in dairy herd fertility combine to reduce the proportion of dairy breed calves required on dairy farms. This presents the opportunity to increase the proportion of beef breed calves born, increasing both the value of calf sales and the marketability of the calves. Beef embryos could become a new breeding tool for dairies as producers need to reassess their breeding policy as a consequence of welfare concerns and poor calf prices. Assisted reproductive technologies can contribute to accelerated genetic gain by allowing an increased number of offspring to be produced from genetically elite dams. There are the following 3 general classes of donor females of interest to an integrated dairy-beef system: (1) elite dairy dams, from which oocytes are recovered from live females using ovum pick-up and fertilized in vitro with semen from elite dairy bulls; (2) elite beef dams, where the oocytes are recovered from live females using ovum pick-up and fertilized with semen from elite beef bulls; and (3) commercial beef dams (≥50% beef genetics), where ovaries are collected from the abattoir postslaughter, and oocytes are fertilized with semen from elite beef bulls that are suitable for use on dairy cows (resulting embryo with ≥75% beef genetics). The expected benefits of these collective developments include accelerated genetic gain for milk and beef production in addition to transformation of the dairy herd calf crop to a combination of good genetic merit dairy female calves and premium-quality beef calves. The aim of this review is to describe how these technologies can be harnessed to intensively select for genetic improvement in both dairy breed and beef breed bulls suitable for use in the dairy herd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Crowe
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Ireland; Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Ireland
| | - Pat Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Ireland.
| | - Stephen T Butler
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peres Campanholi S, Garcia Neto S, Basso AC, de Agostini Losano JD, Perez Siqueira AF, Nichi M, Ortiz D'Avila Assumpção ME, Afonso de Freitas L, Paro de Paz CC, Ferraudo AS, Morato Monteiro F, Unno Gimenes L. Estimate of in vitro embryo production based on sperm subpopulations in Senepol bulls. Theriogenology 2020; 161:98-107. [PMID: 33302167 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In cattle, in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is an important reproductive biotechnology responsible for the rapid expansion of the Senepol breed in our country. This breed has shown important results when used in crossbreeding and estimate IVEP in Senepol based on seminal analysis would be valuable for the semen cryopreservation industry, research institutes and breeders. Combining the evaluation of sperm subpopulations with analysis of other sperm attributes may help to improve fertility predictions in cattle. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to: 1) identify and characterize motile sperm subpopulations in cryopreserved Senepol semen following the washing process carried out before in vitro fertilization, and 2) to determine an model for estimate IVEP based on sperm subpopulations in conjunction with other sperm quality analyzes. Samples of 38 cryopreserved semen from 28 Senepol bulls, chosen based on retrospective data from 386 IVEP routines, underwent the semen washing and were evaluated by the computer-assisted sperm analysis system. Sperm morphology was evaluated by wet preparation technique, and plasma and acrosomal membranes integrity, mitochondrial potential, oxidative status and chromatin resistance were analyzed by flow cytometry. After multivariate analysis of principal components and grouping, three sperm subpopulations were identified: SBP1 (fast and progressive motility), SBP2 (hyperactivated motility) and SBP3 (slow non-progressive motility). After categorization of IVEP in high, medium and low embryo yield, logistic regression analysis was applied to associate the results of subpopulations and other sperm quality variables with IVEP. The SBP1 and SBP2 variables affected embryo production, and an IVEP estimation model was generated for Senepol bulls based on these two subpopulations: embryo yield = 0.1563 + 0.0328 (SBP1) + 0.0173 (SBP2). SBP1 and SBP2 represents the absolute value of the percentage of subpopulations in semen. If the calculated value (by this equation) is close to 1, the embryo yield will be low; if is close to 2, will be medium; if is close to 3, will be high. In conclusion, three subpopulations were found for Senepol semen and, despite all analyzed variables, only SBP1 and SBP2 were included in the model to estimate IVEP in this breed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcílio Nichi
- Universidade de São Paulo, FMVZ/USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Morato Monteiro
- Centro Avançado de Pesquisa de Bovinos de Corte, APTA/IZ, Sertãozinho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Diniz JVA, Peixoto RM, Silva LO, Nogueira MMB, de Freitas RR, Loureiro B, Satrapa RA, Oba E. Fertility traits of recipient cows raised in the Amazon biome. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
9
|
Rivera RM. Consequences of assisted reproductive techniques on the embryonic epigenome in cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 32:65-81. [PMID: 32188559 DOI: 10.1071/rd19276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Procedures used in assisted reproduction have been under constant scrutiny since their inception with the goal of improving the number and quality of embryos produced. However, invitro production of embryos is not without complications because many fertilised oocytes fail to become blastocysts, and even those that do often differ in the genetic output compared with their invivo counterparts. Thus only a portion of those transferred complete normal fetal development. An unwanted consequence of bovine assisted reproductive technology (ART) is the induction of a syndrome characterised by fetal overgrowth and placental abnormalities, namely large offspring syndrome; a condition associated with inappropriate control of the epigenome. Epigenetics is the study of chromatin and its effects on genetic output. Establishment and maintenance of epigenetic marks during gametogenesis and embryogenesis is imperative for the maintenance of cell identity and function. ARTs are implemented during times of vast epigenetic reprogramming; as a result, many studies have identified ART-induced deviations in epigenetic regulation in mammalian gametes and embryos. This review describes the various layers of epigenetic regulation and discusses findings pertaining to the effects of ART on the epigenome of bovine gametes and the preimplantation embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Melissa Rivera
- Division of Animal Science University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vizoná RG, da Costa Perez B, Campolina Diniz Peixoto MG, Viana JHM, Ventura RV, Vercesi Filho AE, de Carvalho Balieiro JC. Genetic analysis of in-vitro embryo production traits in Dairy Gir cattle. Theriogenology 2020; 148:149-161. [PMID: 32182523 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential of dams as oocyte donors can be a selection criterion for animal breeding programs, but also an involuntary driver of the process. In both cases, it is important to determine genetic components influencing the outcome of in vitro embryo production (IVEP). The objective of the present study was to perform a detailed genetic analysis for in vitro embryo production traits in Dairy Gir cows. A dataset containing 11,450 records of ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures from 2684 Dairy Gir donors was evaluated. Analyzed traits were number (NOV) and percentage (POV) of viable oocytes; number (NGI) and percentage (PGI) of grade I oocytes; number (NEMB) and percentage (PEMB) of viable embryos. All analyzes were performed using animal models by a Bayesian framework. Heritability estimates varied from 0.16 to 0.32 for count traits and from 0.01 to 0.06 for percentage traits. The proportion of the total variation represented by the additive genetic effect of sire (semen used in IVF) for NEMB and PEMB was 7% and 5% respectively. Associations between estimated breeding values from progeny tested bulls for IVEP traits, milk production, age at first calving and conformation traits were mainly low or close to zero. Results indicate that selection for IVEP traits is possible in Dairy Gir cattle and would not impair genetic progress for traits already considered as selection criteria. The NOV seems to be a promising target trait. However, a selection index could help to avoid the use of sires with negative genetic merit for percentage traits, minimizing possible deterioration in the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Guimarães Vizoná
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruno da Costa Perez
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Vieira Ventura
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hormonal stimulation in 4 to 7 months old Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) females improved ovarian follicular responses but not the in vitro embryo production. Theriogenology 2018; 118:130-136. [PMID: 29906662 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of pre-pubertal bovine females in reproductive management could allow in vitro embryo production and reduce generation interval, thereby causing faster genetic gain of the herd. However, oocytes of pre-pubertal females have lower competence, blastocyst production, and pregnancy rates than those collected from pubertal animals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an induced hormonal stimulation on the serum concentrations of Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and FSH, ovarian responses, ovum pick up (OPU), and in vitro produced embryos (IVP) from oocytes obtained from four-to seven-months old Nelore female cattle. In a crossover design, these females were randomly allocated into: 1) Treated Group (TG, n = 9): the animals were subjected to a hormonal protocol (implanted progesterone device, estradiol benzoate, LH, and FSH) from Day 0 (the start of the treatment) to Day 7 (OPU day), and 2) Control Group (CG, n = 9): the females did not receive any hormonal stimulation, but they had ablation of their largest follicles on Day 2 of experiment. Blood collection for serum FSH measurements was done on Days 5, 6, 7, and 8, and collection for serum AMH measurements was done on Days 5 and 8. As hypothesized, TG had higher serum FSH concentrations (p < 0.05) on Day 5 (1.16 ± 0.31 ng/mL), Day 6 (1.21 ± 0.45 ng/mL), and Day 7 (0.95 ± 0.26 ng/mL) than CG (0.56 ± 0.17 ng/mL on Day 5, 0.60 ± 0.25 ng/mL on Day 6, and 0.60 ± 0.14 ng/mL on Day 7). However, serum AMH concentrations were neither significantly different (p > 0.05) between CG and TG, nor between the collection days. Hormonal stimulation also increased (p < 0.05) total follicular population (20.0 ± 4.95 CG vs 26.66 ± 4.24 TG), ovarian diameter (13.08 ± 1.0 mm CG vs 14.81 ± 1.38 mm TG) and number of follicles ≥2.5 mm (6.88 ± 2.14 CG vs 11.55 ± 4.09 TG). In TG, grades I and II oocytes predominated, whereas, in CG grades III and IV oocytes were more abundant (p < 0.05). No significant increases (p > 0.05) in the cleavage (49.33% CG vs 51.42% TG), cleavage > 4 cells (9.33% CG vs 16.19% TG), and blastocysts rates (1.33% CG vs 8.57% TG) were seen in TG. This hormonal protocol increased serum FSH concentrations that possibly contributed to increases in the observed follicle, as well as improving oocyte quality. This exogenous hormonal stimulation increased available oocytes numbers for IVP, despite no increase in the in vitro embryo production efficiency.
Collapse
|