Reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the residential care setting: current perspectives

Identification of isothiazolones analogues as potent bactericidal agents against antibiotic resistant CRE and MRSA strains

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) has emerged as a worldwide spread nosocomial superbug exhibiting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to all current antibiotics, leaving limited options for treating its infection. To discovery novel antibiotics against CRE, we designed and synthesized a series of 14 isothiazol-3(2H)-one analogues subjected to antibacterial activity evaluation against Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 (NDM-1) and clinical strain E. coli HN88 for investigating their structure-activity relationships (SAR). The results suggested that 5-chloroisothiazolone core with an N-(4-chlorophenyl) substitution 5a was the most potent antibacterial activity against the E. coli BL21 (NDM-1) with MIC value of less than 0.032 μg/mL, which was at least 8000-fold higher than the positive control Meropenem (MRM). It also displayed 2048-fold potent than the positive control MRM against E. coli HN88. Additionally, SAR analysis supported the conclusion that compounds with a chloro-group substituted on the 5-position of the heterocyclic ring was much more potent than other positions. The board spectrum analysis suggested that compound 5a showed a promising antimicrobial activity on MRSA and CRE pathogens. Meanwhile, cytotoxicity study of compound 5a suggested that it had a therapeutic index value of 875, suggesting future therapeutic potential. In vivo efficacy study declared that compound 5a could also protect the BALB/c mice against American type culture collection (ATCC) 43,300. Further screening of our compounds against a collection of CRE strains isolated from patients indicated that compound 5 g displayed much stronger antibacterial activity compared with MRM. In conclusion, our studies indicated that isothiazolones analogues could be potent bactericidal agents against CRE and MRSA pathogens.

A practice guide on antimicrobial stewardship in nursing homes

A practice guide to help nursing homes set up an antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program was developed based on experiences gained during a project at one of the largest providers of elderly care in the South-east of the Netherlands. The guideline for the implementation of AMS in Dutch hospitals served as a starting point and were tailored to the unique characteristics of a nursing home setting. This practice guide offers recommendations and practical tools while emphasizing the importance of establishing a multidisciplinary approach to oversee AMS efforts. The recommendations and practical tools address various elements of AMS, including the basic conditions to initiate an AMS program and a comprehensive approach to embed an AMS program. This approach involves educating nurses and caregivers, informing volunteers and residents/their representatives, and the activities of an antibiotic team (A-team). The practice guide also highlights a feasible work process for the A-team. This process aims to achieve a culture of continuous learning and improvement that can enhance the overall quality of antibiotic prescribing rather than making individual adjustments to client prescriptions. Overall, this practice guide aims to help nursing homes establish an AMS program through collaborative efforts between involved physicians, pharmacists, clinical microbiologists, and infection control practitioners. The involved physician plays a crucial role in instilling a sense of urgency and developing a stepwise strategy.

Cost-effectiveness and return-on-investment of C-reactive protein point-of-care testing in comparison with usual care to reduce antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in nursing homes: a cluster randomised trial

OBJECTIVES

C-reactive protein point-of-care testing (CRP POCT) is a promising diagnostic tool to guide antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in nursing home residents. This study aimed to evaluate cost-effectiveness and return-on-investment (ROI) of CRP POCT compared with usual care for nursing home residents with suspected LRTI from a healthcare perspective.

DESIGN

Economic evaluation alongside a cluster randomised, controlled trial.

SETTING

11 Dutch nursing homes.

PARTICIPANTS

241 nursing home residents with a newly suspected LRTI.

INTERVENTION

Nursing home access to CRP POCT (POCT-guided care) was compared with usual care without CRP POCT (usual care).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome measure for the cost-effectiveness analysis was antibiotic prescribing at initial consultation, and the secondary outcome was full recovery at 3 weeks. ROI analyses included intervention costs, and benefits related to antibiotic prescribing. Three ROI metrics were calculated: Net Benefits, Benefit-Cost-Ratio and Return-On-Investment.

RESULTS

In POCT-guided care, total costs were on average €32 higher per patient, the proportion of avoided antibiotic prescribing was higher (0.47 vs 0.18; 0.30, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.42) and the proportion of fully recovered patients statistically non-significantly lower (0.86 vs 0.91; -0.05, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.05) compared with usual care. On average, an avoided antibiotic prescription was associated with an investment of €137 in POCT-guided care compared with usual care. Sensitivity analyses showed that results were relatively robust. Taking the ROI metrics together, the probability of financial return was 0.65.

CONCLUSION

POCT-guided care effectively reduces antibiotic prescribing compared with usual care without significant effects on recovery rates, but requires an investment. Future studies should take into account potential beneficial effects of POCT-guided care on costs and health outcomes related to antibiotic resistance.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NL5054.

Implementation of an Antibiotic Stewardship Program in Long-term Care Facilities Across the US

IMPORTANCE

Antibiotic overuse in long-term care (LTC) is common, prompting calls for antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) designed for specific use in these settings. The optimal approach to establish robust, sustainable ASPs in LTC facilities is unknown.

OBJECTIVES

To determine if the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Safety Program for Improving Antibiotic Use, an educational initiative to establish ASPs focusing on patient safety, is associated with reductions in antibiotic use in LTC settings.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This quality improvement study including 439 LTC facilities in the US assessed antibiotic therapy data following a pragmatic quality-improvement program, which was implemented to assist facilities in establishing ASPs and with antibiotic decision-making. Training was conducted between December 2018 and November 2019. Data were analyzed from January 2019 to December 2019.

INTERVENTIONS

Fifteen webinars occurred over 12 months (December 2018 to November 2019), accompanied by additional tools, activities, posters, and pocket cards. All clinical staff were encouraged to participate.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The primary outcome was antibiotic starts per 1000 resident-days. Secondary outcomes included days of antibiotic therapy (DOT) per 1000 resident-days, the number of urine cultures per 1000 resident-days, and Clostridioides difficile laboratory-identified events per 10 000 resident-days. All outcomes compared data from the baseline (January-February 2019) to the completion of the program (November-December 2019). Generalized linear mixed models with random intercepts at the site level assessed changes over time.

RESULTS

Of a total 523 eligible LTC facilities, 439 (83.9%) completed the safety program. The mean difference for antibiotic starts from baseline to study completion per 1000 resident-days was -0.41 (95% CI, -0.76 to -0.07; P = .02), with fluoroquinolones showing the greatest decrease at -0.21 starts per 1000 resident-days (95% CI, -0.35 to -0.08; P = .002). The mean difference for antibiotic DOT per 1000 resident-days was not significant (-3.05; 95% CI, -6.34 to 0.23; P = .07). Reductions in antibiotic starts and use were greater in facilities with greater program engagement (as measured by webinar attendance). While antibiotic starts and DOT in these facilities decreased by 1.12 per 1000 resident-days (95% CI, -1.75 to -0.49; P < .001) and 9.97 per 1000 resident-days (95% CI, -15.4 to -4.6; P < .001), respectively, no significant reductions occurred in low engagement facilities. Urine cultures per 1000 resident-days decreased by 0.38 (95% CI, -0.61 to -0.15; P = .001). There was no significant change in facility-onset C difficile laboratory-identified events.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Participation in the AHRQ safety program was associated with the development of ASPs that actively engaged clinical staff in the decision-making processes around antibiotic prescriptions in participating LTC facilities. The reduction in antibiotic DOT and starts, which was more pronounced in more engaged facilities, indicates that implementation of this multifaceted program may support successful ASPs in LTC settings.

Urinary Tract Infections in Pennsylvania Long-Term Care Facilities

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in older adults that live in long-term care (LTC) facilities. A query of the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Reporting System (PA-PSRS) found that symptomatic UTI (SUTI) and catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) rates increased from 2016 and peaked in the second quarter of 2020. Although the number of urinary catheter days reported by LTC facilities has trended downward from 2016 to the beginning of 2020, the urinary catheter utilization rate increased slightly in the second quarter of 2020. We also examined various epidemiological factors. An average of 47.6% of SUTIs and 32.3% of CAUTIs were associated with E. coli from 2016 through 2020. However, the percentage of CAUTIs associated with E. coli decreased while the percentage of CAUTIs associated with organisms of the tribe Proteeae (Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella genera) increased from 2016 through 2020. Furthermore, the percentage of CAUTIs associated with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and organisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) also increased, while the percentage of CAUTIs associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) decreased from 2016 through 2020. An average of 38.5% of SUTIs and 41.5% of CAUTIs were reported to be treated with fluoroquinolones from 2016 through 2020. However, the percentage of both SUTIs and CAUTIs treated with fluoroquinolones decreased from 2016 through 2020, while an increasing percentage of both SUTIs and CAUTIs was reported to have been treated with cephalosporins and carbapenems from 2016 through 2020. Thus, to further promote resident safety, we use these epidemiological trends to better understand current risks for residents and to further guide development of best practices for prevention, identification, and treatment of UTIs as well as to further advance antibiotic stewardship practices.

A Bioluminescent Sensor for Rapid Detection of PPEP-1, a Clostridioides difficile Biomarker

Current assays for Clostridioides difficile in nonhospital settings are outsourced and time-intensive, resulting in both delayed diagnosis and quarantining of infected individuals. We designed a more rapid point-of-care assay featuring a “turn-on” bioluminescent readout of a C. difficile-specific protease, PPEP-1. NanoLuc, a bright and stable luciferase, was “caged” with a PPEP-1-responsive peptide tail that inhibited luminescence. Upon proteolytic cleavage, the peptide was released and NanoLuc activity was restored, providing a visible readout. The bioluminescent sensor detected PPEP-1 concentrations as low as 10 nM. Sensor uncaging was achieved within minutes, and signal was captured using a digital camera. Importantly, the sensor was also functional at ambient temperature and compatible with fecal material, suggesting that it can be readily deployed in a variety of settings.

Effect of C reactive protein point-of-care testing on antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in nursing home residents: cluster randomised controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether C reactive protein point-of-care testing (CRP POCT) safely reduces antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in nursing home residents.

DESIGN

Pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial.

SETTING

The UPCARE study included 11 nursing home organisations in the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS

84 physicians from 11 nursing home organisations included 241 participants with suspected lower respiratory tract infections from September 2018 to the end of March 2020.

INTERVENTIONS

Nursing homes allocated to the intervention group had access to CRP POCT. The control group provided usual care without CRP POCT for patients with suspected lower respiratory tract infections.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome measure was antibiotic prescribing at initial consultation. Secondary outcome measures were full recovery at three weeks, changes in antibiotic management and additional diagnostics during follow-up at one week and three weeks, and hospital admission and all cause mortality at any point (initial consultation, one week, or three weeks).

RESULTS

Antibiotics were prescribed at initial consultation for 84 (53.5%) patients in the intervention group and 65 (82.3%) in the control group. Patients in the intervention group had 4.93 higher odds (95% confidence interval 1.91 to 12.73) of not being prescribed antibiotics at initial consultation compared with the control group, irrespective of treating physician and baseline characteristics. The between group difference in antibiotic prescribing at any point from initial consultation to follow-up was 23.6%. Differences in secondary outcomes between the intervention and control groups were 4.4% in full recovery rates at three weeks (86.4% v 90.8%), 2.2% in all cause mortality rates (3.5% v 1.3%), and 0.7% in hospital admission rates (7.2% v 6.5%). The odds of full recovery at three weeks, and the odds of mortality and hospital admission at any point did not significantly differ between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

CRP POCT for suspected lower respiratory tract infection safely reduced antibiotic prescribing compared with usual care in nursing home residents. The findings suggest that implementing CRP POCT in nursing homes might contribute to reduced antibiotic use in this setting and help to combat antibiotic resistance.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Netherlands Trial Register NL5054.

Poor clinical outcomes associated with suboptimal antibiotic treatment among older long-term care facility residents with urinary tract infection: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Antibiotic use is associated with several antibiotic-related harms in vulnerable, older long-term care (LTC) residents. Suboptimal antibiotic use may also be associated with harms but has not yet been investigated. The aim of this work was to compare rates of poor clinical outcomes among LTC residents with UTI receiving suboptimal versus optimal antibiotic treatment.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among residents with an incident urinary tract infection (UTI) treated in Veterans Affairs LTC units (2013-2018). Potentially suboptimal antibiotic treatment was defined as use of a suboptimal initial antibiotic drug choice, dose frequency, and/or excessive treatment duration. The primary outcome was time to a composite measure of poor clinical outcome, defined as UTI recurrence, acute care hospitalization/emergency department visit, adverse drug event, Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), or death within 30 days of antibiotic discontinuation. Shared frailty Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to compare the time-to-event between suboptimal and optimal treatment.

RESULTS

Among 19,701 LTC residents with an incident UTI, 64.6% received potentially suboptimal antibiotic treatment and 35.4% experienced a poor clinical outcome. In adjusted analyses, potentially suboptimal antibiotic treatment was associated with a small increased hazard of poor clinical outcome (aHR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.11) as compared with optimal treatment, driven by an increased hazard of CDI (aHR 1.94, 95% CI 1.54-2.44).

CONCLUSION

In this national cohort study, suboptimal antibiotic treatment was associated with a 6% increased risk of the composite measure of poor clinical outcomes, in particular, a 94% increased risk of CDI. Beyond the decision to use antibiotics, clinicians should also consider the potential harms of suboptimal treatment choices with regards to drug type, dose frequency, and duration used.

A visual representation of microbiological culture data improves comprehension: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

While the judicious use of antibiotics takes past microbiological culture results into consideration, this data's typical format in the electronic health record (EHR) may be unwieldy when incorporated into clinical decision-making. We hypothesize that a visual representation of sensitivities may aid in their comprehension.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective parallel unblinded randomized controlled trial was undertaken at an academic urban tertiary care center. Providers managing emergency department (ED) patients receiving antibiotics and having previous culture sensitivity testing were included. Providers were randomly selected to use standard EHR functionality or a visual representation of patients' past culture data as they answered questions about previous sensitivities. Concordance between provider responses and past cultures was assessed using the kappa statistic. Providers were surveyed about their decision-making and the usability of the tool using Likert scales.

RESULTS

518 ED encounters were screened from 3/5/2018 to 9/30/18, with providers from 144 visits enrolled and analyzed in the intervention arm and 129 in the control arm. Providers using the visualization tool had a kappa of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.65-0.73) when asked about past culture results while the control group had a kappa of 0.16 (95% CI: 0.12-0.20). Providers using the tool expressed improved understanding of previous cultures and found the tool easy to use (P < .001). Secondary outcomes showed no differences in prescribing practices.

CONCLUSION

A visual representation of culture sensitivities improves comprehension when compared to standard text-based representations.

Use of electronic pharmacy transaction data and website development to assess antibiotic use in nursing homes

BACKGROUND

In 2017, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services required all long-term care facilities, including nursing homes, to have an antibiotic stewardship program. Many nursing homes lack the resources, expertise, or infrastructure to track and analyze antibiotic use measures. Here, we demonstrate that pharmacy invoices are a viable source of data to track and report antibiotic use in nursing homes.

METHODS

The dispensing pharmacy working with several nursing homes in the same healthcare corporation provided pharmacy invoices from 2014 to 2016 as files formatted as comma separated values. We aggregated these files by aligning elements into a consistent set of variables and assessed the completeness of data from each nursing home over time. Data cleaning involved removing rows that did not describe systemic medications, de-duplication, consolidating prescription refills, and removing prescriptions for insulin and opioids, which are medications that were not administered at a regular dose or schedule. After merging this cleaned invoice data to nursing home census data including bed days of care and publicly available data characterizing bed allocation for each nursing home, we used the resulting database to describe several antibiotic use metrics and generated an interactive website to permit further analysis.

RESULTS

The resultant database permitted assessment of the following antibiotic use metrics: days of antibiotic therapy, length of antibiotic therapy, rate of antibiotic starts, and the antibiotic spectrum index. Further, we created a template for summarizing data within a facility and comparing across facilities. https://sunahsong.shinyapps.io/USNursingHomes/ .

CONCLUSIONS

Lack of resources and infrastructure contributes to challenges facing nursing homes as they develop antibiotic stewardship programs. Our experience with using pharmacy invoice data may serve as a useful approach for nursing homes to track and report antibiotic use.

Development of a core outcome set for clinical trials aimed at improving antimicrobial stewardship in care homes

Background

Diverse outcomes reported in clinical trials of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions in care homes have hindered evidence synthesis. Our main objective was to develop a core outcome set (COS) for use in trials aimed at improving AMS in care homes.

Methods

A refined inventory of outcomes for AMS interventions in care homes, compiled from a previous study, was rated in a three-round international Delphi survey with 82 participants, using a nine-point Likert scale (from 1, unimportant, to 9, critical). This was followed by an online consensus exercise with 12 participants from Northern Ireland to finalise the COS content. Subsequently, a suitable outcome measurement instrument (OMI) was selected for each outcome in the COS by: identifying existing OMIs through a literature search and experts’ suggestions, assessing the quality of OMIs, and selecting one OMI for each core outcome via a two-round international Delphi survey with 59 participants.

Results

Of 14 outcomes initially presented, consensus was reached for inclusion of five outcomes in the COS after the three-round Delphi survey and the online consensus exercise, comprising the total number of antimicrobial courses prescribed, appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing, days of therapy per 1000 resident-days, rate of antimicrobial resistance, and mortality related to infection. Of 17 potential OMIs identified, three were selected for the two-round Delphi exercise after the quality assessment. Consensus was reached for selection of two OMIs for the COS.

Conclusion

This COS is recommended to be used in clinical trials aimed at improving AMS in care homes.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-021-00925-8.

White Paper: Bridging the gap between surveillance data and antimicrobial stewardship in long-term care facilities-practical guidance from the JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net networks

BACKGROUND

In long-term care facilities (LTCFs) residents often receive inappropriate antibiotic treatment and infection prevention and control practices are frequently inadequate, thus favouring acquisition of MDR organisms. There is increasing evidence in the literature describing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) activities in LTCFs, but practical guidance on how surveillance data should be linked with AMS activities in this setting is lacking. To bridge this gap, the JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net networks joined their efforts to provide practical guidance for linking surveillance data with AMS activities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Considering the three main topics [AMS leadership and accountability, antimicrobial usage (AMU) and AMS, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and AMS], a literature review was performed and a list of target actions was developed. Consensus on target actions was reached through a RAND-modified Delphi process involving 40 experts from 18 countries and different professional backgrounds adopting a One Health approach.

RESULTS

From the 25 documents identified, 25 target actions were retrieved and proposed for expert evaluation. The consensus process produced a practical checklist including 23 target actions, differentiating between essential and desirable targets according to clinical relevance and feasibility. Flexible proposals for AMS team composition and leadership were provided, with a strong emphasis on the need for well-defined and adequately supported roles and responsibilities. Specific antimicrobial classes, AMU metrics, pathogens and resistance patterns to be monitored are addressed. Effective reporting strategies are described.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed checklist represents a practical tool to support local AMS teams across a wide range of care delivery organization and availability of resources.

Using point-of-care C-reactive protein to guide antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents (UPCARE): study design of a cluster randomized controlled trial

Background

Antibiotics are over-prescribed for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in nursing home residents due to diagnostic uncertainty. Inappropriate antibiotic use is undesirable both on patient level, considering their exposure to side effects and drug interactions, and on societal level, given the development of antibiotic resistance. C-reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care testing (POCT) may be a promising diagnostic tool to reduce antibiotic prescribing for LRTI in nursing homes. The UPCARE study will evaluate whether the use of CRP POCT for suspected LRTI is (cost-) effective in reducing antibiotic prescribing in the nursing home setting.

Methods/design

A cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted in eleven nursing homes in the Netherlands, with the nursing home as the unit of randomization. Residents with suspected LRTI who reside at a psychogeriatric, somatic, or geriatric rehabilitation ward are eligible for study participation. Nursing homes in the intervention group will provide care as usual with the possibility to use CRP POCT, and the control group will provide care as usual without CRP POCT for residents with (suspected) LRTI. Data will be collected from September 2018 for approximately 1.5 year, using case report forms that are integrated in the electronic patient record system. The primary study outcome is antibiotic prescribing for suspected LRTI at index consultation (yes/no).

Discussion

This is the first randomised trial to evaluate the effect of nursing home access to and training in the use of CRP POCT on antibiotic prescribing for LRTI, yielding high-level evidence and contributing to antibiotic stewardship in the nursing home setting. The relatively broad inclusion criteria and the pragmatic study design add to the applicability and generalizability of the study results.

Trial registration

Netherlands Trial Register, Trial NL5054. Registered 29 August 2018.

Characteristics of nursing homes with comprehensive antibiotic stewardship programs: Results of a national survey

BACKGROUND

Antibiotic stewardship in nursing homes (NHs) is a high priority owing to intense antibiotic use and increased risk of adverse events. Updated Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regulations required NHs to establish antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs). This study describes the current state of NH ASPs.

METHODS

A nationally representative survey of NHs was conducted in 2018. ASP comprehensiveness, infection preventionist (IP) training, participation in Quality Innovation Network-Quality Improvement Organization (QIN-QIO) activities, and facility and staff characteristics were analyzed using weighted descriptive statistics and multinomial regression models.

RESULTS

Of 861 NHs, 33.2% (6-7) had "comprehensive" ASP policies, 41.1% (4-5) had "moderately comprehensive" ASP policies, and 25.6% (≤ 3) had "not comprehensive" ASP policies. Data collection on antibiotic use was most reported (91.4%), and restricting use of specific antibiotics was least reported (19.0%). Comprehensive ASPs were associated with QIN-QIO involvement; moderate and comprehensive ASPs were associated with IP training and high occupancy.

DISCUSSION

Immediately following Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regulation changes, a majority of NHs had moderately comprehensive or comprehensive ASPs. Rates for each policy and infection control-trained IPs increased from previous studies.

CONCLUSIONS

NH ASPs are becoming more comprehensive. Infection control training and partnerships with QIN-QIOs can support NHs to increase ASP comprehensiveness.

Characterizing Workflow to Inform Clinical Decision Support Systems in Nursing Homes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) hold promise to influence clinician behavior at the point of care in nursing homes (NHs) and improving care delivery. However, the success of these interventions depends on their fit with workflow. The purpose of this study was to characterize workflow in NHs and identify implications of workflow for the design and implementation of CDSS in NHs.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a descriptive study at 2 NHs in a metropolitan area of the Mountain West Region of the United States. We characterized clinical workflow in NHs, conducting 18 observation sessions and interviewing 15 staff members. A multilevel work model guided our data collection and framework method guided data analysis.

RESULTS

The qualitative analysis revealed specific aspects of multilevel workflow in NHs: (a) individual, (b) work group/unit, (c) organization, and (d) industry levels. Data analysis also revealed several additional themes regarding workflow in NHs: centrality of ongoing relationships of staff members with the residents to care delivery in NHs, resident-centeredness of care, absence of memory aids, and impact of staff members' preferences on work activities. We also identified workflow-related differences between the two settings.

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Results of this study provide a rich understanding of the characteristics of workflow in NHs at multiple levels. The design of CDSS in NHs should be informed by factors at multiple levels as well as the emergent processes and contextual factors. This understanding can allow for incorporating workflow considerations into CDSS design and implementation.

Antimicrobial prescribing and infections in long-term care facilities (LTCF): a multilevel analysis of the HALT 2016 study, Ireland, 2017

Background

The 2016 point prevalence survey (PPS) of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and antimicrobial use (AMU) in Irish long-term care facilities (LTCF) (HALT) showed a 9.8% AMU and 4.4% HAI prevalence, based on aggregated data analysis.

Aim

Our aim was to identify institutional and resident risk factors of AMU and HAI.

Methods

HALT 2016 gathered information using institutional and resident questionnaires, for residents who met the surveillance definition of active HAI and/or AMU, limiting analysis to the aggregated institutional level. In January 2017, we requested additional data on age, sex, urinary catheter use and disorientation of current residents from HALT 2016 LTCF and matched to 2016 HALT data.

Results

Of 224 HALT 2016 LTCF, 80 provided additional information on 3,816 residents; prevalence of AMU was 10.6% and HAI was 4.7%. Presence of a coordinating physician (Odds ratio (OR): 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2–0.6), antimicrobial stewardship committee (OR: 0.2; 95%; CI: 0.1–0.6), healthcare assistants (OR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.9–1.0), antimicrobial consumption feedback (OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–0.6) and medical care by personal general practitioner (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.7–1.0) were associated with less AMU and feedback on surveillance of infection prevention and control (IPC) practices (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.3–1.0) with less HAI. AMU and HAI varied significantly between LTCF.

Conclusions

Multilevel modelling identified significant inter-facility variation, as well as institutional factors associated with AMU and HAI. An antimicrobial stewardship committee linked with feedback on IPC and prescribing was associated with reduced AMU and HAI.

Antibiograms Cannot Be Used Interchangeably Between Acute Care Medical Centers and Affiliated Nursing Homes

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether antibiograms for Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes (NHs), termed Community Living Centers, are similar to those from their affiliated acute care medical centers.

DESIGN

Descriptive study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

We compared the 2017 antibiograms for VA NHs to their affiliated VA medical centers (VAMCs). Antibiograms included antibiotic susceptibility rates for commonly observed bacteria in this setting (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

METHODS

Antibiograms were considered to be in complete agreement when the overall susceptibility rate between the NH and affiliated VAMC was either at or above 80% or below 80% across all bacteria and antibiotics. Average percentage of bacteria-antibiotic comparisons in disagreement per facility pair, and number of facilities with agreement for specific bacteria-antibiotic comparisons were also assessed. The chi-square test was used to compare disagreement between NH-VAMC facilities based on geographic proximity of the NH to the VAMC, culture source, and bed size.

RESULTS

A total of 119 NH-VAMC affiliate pairs were included in this analysis, with 71% (84/119) on the same campus and 29% (35/119) on geographically distinct campuses. None of the NH-VAMC pairs demonstrated complete agreement (all bacteria vs all antibiotics) between their antibiograms. On average, 20% of the bacteria-antibiotic comparisons from the antibiogram disagreed clinically per NH-VAMC pair, and almost twice as often the nursing home had lower susceptibility (higher resistance) than the acute care facility. Some bacteria-antibiotic comparisons agreed in all facilities (eg, E coli-imipenem; S aureus-linezolid; S aureus-vancomycin), while others showed greater disagreement (eg, Klebsiella spp-cefazolin; Klebsiella spp-ampicillin-sulbactam; P aeruginosa-ciprofloxacin). Rates of clinical disagreement were similar by geographic proximity of the NH to the VAMC, culture source, and bed size.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Overall, this study showed a moderate lack of agreement between VA NH antibiograms and their affiliate VAMC antibiograms. Our data suggest that antibiograms of acute care facilities are often not accurate approximations of the nursing home resistance patterns and therefore should be used with caution (if at all) in guiding empiric antibiotic therapy.

Interventions to Improve Antimicrobial Stewardship for Older People in Care Homes: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing has been reported in care homes. This may result in serious drug-related adverse events, Clostridium difficile colonization, and the development of antimicrobial resistance among care home residents. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes have been reported through clinical trials, but whether antifungal and antiviral prescribing and residential homes have been considered, or how outcomes were measured and reported in such interventions, remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

Our aims were to evaluate the effect of interventions to improve antimicrobial stewardship in care homes and to report the outcomes used in these trials.

METHODS

We searched 11 electronic databases and five trial registries for studies published until 30 November 2018. Inclusion criteria for the review were randomized controlled trials, targeting care home residents and healthcare professionals, providing interventions to improve antimicrobial prescribing compared with usual care or other interventions. The Cochrane tools for assessing risk of bias were used for quality assessment. A narrative approach was taken because of heterogeneity across the studies.

RESULTS

Five studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies varied in terms of types of infection, key targets, delivery of interventions, and reported outcomes. In total, 27 outcomes were reported across the studies, with seven not prespecified in the methods. The interventions had little impact on adherence to guidelines and prevalence of antimicrobial prescribing; they appeared to decrease total antimicrobial consumption but were unlikely to have affected overall hospital admissions and mortality. The overall quality of evidence was low because the risk of bias was high across the studies.

CONCLUSION

The interventions had limited effect on improving antimicrobial prescribing but did not appear to cause harm to care home residents. The low quality of evidence and heterogeneity in outcome measurement suggest the need for future well-designed studies and the development of a core outcome set to best evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship in care homes.

The Development of a Decision Tool for the Empiric Treatment of Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in Frail Older Adults: A Delphi Consensus Procedure

OBJECTIVES

Nonspecific signs and symptoms combined with positive urinalysis results frequently trigger antibiotic therapy in frail older adults. However, there is limited evidence about which signs and symptoms indicate urinary tract infection (UTI) in this population. We aimed to find consensus among an international expert panel on which signs and symptoms, commonly attributed to UTI, should and should not lead to antibiotic prescribing in frail older adults, and to integrate these findings into a decision tool for the empiric treatment of suspected UTI in this population.

DESIGN

A Delphi consensus procedure.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

An international panel of practitioners recognized as experts in the field of UTI in frail older patients.

MEASURES

In 4 questionnaire rounds, the panel (1) evaluated the likelihood that individual signs and symptoms are caused by UTI, (2) indicated whether they would prescribe antibiotics empirically for combinations of signs and symptoms, and (3) provided feedback on a draft decision tool.

RESULTS

Experts agreed that the majority of nonspecific signs and symptoms should be evaluated for other causes instead of being attributed to UTI and that urinalysis should not influence treatment decisions unless both nitrite and leukocyte esterase are negative. These and other findings were incorporated into a decision tool for the empiric treatment for suspected UTI in frail older adults with and without an indwelling urinary catheter.

CONCLUSIONS

A decision tool for suspected UTI in frail older adults was developed based on consensus among an international expert panel. Studies are needed to evaluate whether this decision tool is effective in reaching its aim: the improvement of diagnostic evaluation and treatment for suspected UTI in frail older adults.

(Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease

Chronic inflammation represents one of the most consistent biologic features of aging. However, the precise etiology of persistent low-grade increases in inflammation remains unclear. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may play a key role in age-related inflammation. Indeed, several studies have indicated that older adults display an altered composition of the gut microbiota, and early evidence indicates that this dysbiosis is associated with the presence of several key circulating inflammatory analytes. The present review summarizes knowledge on age-related inflammation and discusses how potential relationships with gut dysbiosis may lead to novel treatment strategies in the future."The pattern of disease is an expression of the response of man to his total environment (physical, biological, and social); this response is, therefore, determined by anything that affects man himself or his environment." - Rene Dubos, 1961.

Antimicrobial Use in Patients with Dementia: Current Concerns and Future Recommendations

Infections are common in people with dementia, and antibiotic use is widespread, albeit highly variable, across healthcare settings and countries. The few studies conducted to date that consider the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing specifically for people with dementia focus on people with advanced dementia and suggest that much of the prescribing of antibiotics for these patients may be potentially inappropriate. We suggest that clinicians must consider a number of factors to determine appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing for people with dementia, including the risks and benefits of assessing and treating infections, the uncertainty regarding the effects of antibiotics on patient comfort, goals of care and treatment preferences, hydration status, dementia severity and patient prognosis. Future research should examine antibiotic prescribing and its appropriateness across the spectrum of common infections, dementia severities, care settings and countries, and should consider how antibiotic therapy should be considered in discussions regarding treatment preferences, goals of care and/or advance care planning between clinicians, patients and families.

Optimizing Antibiotic Stewardship in Nursing Homes: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Improvement

The emerging crisis in antibiotic resistance and concern that we now sit on the precipice of a post-antibiotic era have given rise to advocacy at the highest levels for widespread adoption of programmes that promote judicious use of antibiotics. These antibiotic stewardship programmes, which seek to optimize antibiotic choice when clinically indicated and discourage antibiotic use when clinically unnecessary, are being implemented in an increasing number of acute care facilities, but their adoption has been slower in nursing homes. The antibiotic prescribing process in nursing homes is fundamentally different from that observed in hospital and clinic settings, with formidable challenges to implementation of effective antibiotic stewardship. Nevertheless, an emerging body of research points towards ways to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in nursing homes. This review summarizes the findings of this research and presents ways in which antibiotic stewardship can be implemented and optimized in the nursing home setting.

Factors influencing antibiotic prescribing in long-term care facilities: a qualitative in-depth study

Background

Insight into factors that influence antibiotic prescribing is crucial when developing interventions aimed at a more rational use of antibiotics. We examined factors that influence antibiotic prescribing in long-term care facilities, and present a conceptual model that integrates these factors.

Methods

Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with physicians (n = 13) and nursing staff (n = 13) in five nursing homes and two residential care homes in the central-west region of the Netherlands. An iterative analysis was applied to interviews with physicians to identify and categorize factors that influence antibiotic prescribing, and to integrate these into a conceptual model. This conceptual model was triangulated with the perspectives of nursing staff.

Results

The analysis resulted in the identification of six categories of factors that can influence the antibiotic prescribing decision: the clinical situation, advance care plans, utilization of diagnostic resources, physicians’ perceived risks, influence of others, and influence of the environment. Each category comprises several factors that may influence the decision to prescribe or not prescribe antibiotics directly (e.g. pressure of patients’ family leading to antibiotic prescribing) or indirectly via influence on other factors (e.g. unfamiliarity with patients resulting in a higher physician perceived risk of non-treatment, in turn resulting in a higher tendency to prescribe antibiotics).

Conclusions

Our interview study shows that several non-rational factors may affect antibiotic prescribing decision making in long-term care facilities, suggesting opportunities to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use. We developed a conceptual model that integrates the identified categories of influencing factors and shows the relationships between those categories. This model may be used as a practical tool in long-term care facilities to identify local factors potentially leading to inappropriate prescribing, and to subsequently intervene at the level of those factors to promote appropriate antibiotic prescribing.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-136) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.