Repeat procedures for recurrent colorectal liver metastases: analysis of long-term liver regeneration and outcome

Risk factors for residual liver recurrence of colorectal cancer after resection of liver metastases and significance of adjuvant chemotherapy

OBJECTIVE

The risk factors for residual liver recurrence after resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases were analyzed separately for synchronous and metachronous metastases.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 236 patients (139 with synchronous and 97 with metachronous lesions) who underwent initial surgery for colorectal cancer liver metastases from April 2010 to December 2021 at the Fujita Health University Hospital. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for recurrence based on clinical background.

RESULTS

Univariate analysis of synchronous liver metastases identified three risk factors: positive lymph nodes (p = 0.018, HR = 2.067), ≥3 liver metastases (p < 0.001, HR = 2.382), and use of adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.013, HR = 0.560). Multivariate analysis identified the same three factors. For metachronous liver metastases, univariate and multivariate analysis identified ≥3 liver metastases as a risk factor (p = 0.002, HR = 2.988); however, use of adjuvant chemotherapy after hepatic resection was not associated with a lower risk of recurrence for metachronous lesions. Inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis of patients with these lesions with or without adjuvant chemotherapy after primary resection showed that patients with metachronous liver metastases who did not receive this treatment had fewer recurrences when adjuvant therapy was administered after subsequent liver resection, although the difference was not significant. Patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy after hepatic resection had less recurrence but less benefit from this treatment.

CONCLUSION

Risk factors for liver recurrence after resection of synchronous liver metastases were positive lymph nodes, ≥3 liver metastases, and no postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended after hepatic resection of synchronous liver metastases.

Mathematical 3D Liver Model for Surgical versus Ablative Therapy Treatment Planning for Colorectal Liver Metastases: Recommendations from the COLLISION and COLDFIRE Trial Expert Panels

Purpose To further define anatomic criteria for resection and ablation using an expert panel-based three-dimensional liver model to objectively predict local treatment recommendations for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Materials and Methods This study analyzed data from participants with small CRLM (≤3 cm) considered suitable for resection, thermal ablation, or irreversible electroporation (IRE), according to a multidisciplinary expert panel, who were included in two prospective multicenter trials (COLLISION [NCT03088150] and COLDFIRE-2 [NCT02082782]) between August 2017 and June 2022. Ten randomly selected participants were used to standardize the model's Couinaud segments. CRLM coordinates were measured and plotted in the model as color-coded lesions according to the treatment recommendations. Statistical validation was achieved through leave-one-out cross-validation. Results A total of 611 CRLM in 202 participants (mean age, 63 [range, 29-87] years; 138 male and 64 female) were included. Superficially located CRLM were considered suitable for resection, whereas more deep-seated CRLM were preferably ablated, with the transition zone at a subsurface depth of 3 cm. Ninety-three percent (25 of 27) of perihilar CRLM treated with IRE were at least partially located within 1 cm from the portal triad. Use of the model correctly predicted the preferred treatment in 313 of 424 CRLM (73.8%). Conclusion The results suggest that CRLM can be defined as superficial (preferably resected) and deep-seated (preferably ablated) if the tumor center is within versus beyond 3 cm from the liver surface, respectively, and as perihilar if the tumor margins extend to within 1 cm from the portal triad. Keywords: Ablation Techniques, CT, MRI, Liver, Abdomen/GI, Metastases, Oncology Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2024.

A clinical assessment of three-dimensional-printed liver model navigation for thrice or more repeated hepatectomy based on a conversation analysis

PURPOSES

We performed a conversation analysis of the speech conducted among the surgical team during three-dimensional (3D)-printed liver model navigation for thrice or more repeated hepatectomy (TMRH).

METHODS

Seventeen patients underwent 3D-printed liver navigation surgery for TMRH. After transcription of the utterances recorded during surgery, the transcribed utterances were coded by the utterer, utterance object, utterance content, sensor, and surgical process during conversation. We then analyzed the utterances and clarified the association between the surgical process and conversation through the intraoperative reference of the 3D-printed liver.

RESULTS

In total, 130 conversations including 1648 segments were recorded. Utterance coding showed that the operator/assistant, 3D-printed liver/real liver, fact check (F)/plan check (Pc), visual check/tactile check, and confirmation of planned resection or preservation target (T)/confirmation of planned or ongoing resection line (L) accounted for 791/857, 885/763, 1148/500, 1208/440, and 1304/344 segments, respectively. The utterance's proportions of assistants, F, F of T on 3D-printed liver, F of T on real liver, and Pc of L on 3D-printed liver were significantly higher during non-expert surgeries than during expert surgeries. Confirming the surgical process with both 3D-printed liver and real liver and performing planning using a 3D-printed liver facilitates the safe implementation of TMRH, regardless of the surgeon's experience.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study, using a unique conversation analysis, provided the first evidence for the clinical value of 3D-printed liver for TMRH for anatomical guidance of non-expert surgeons.

Recurrent Colorectal Liver Metastases: Upfront Local Treatment versus Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy Followed by Local Treatment (COLLISION RELAPSE): Study Protocol of a Phase III Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

PURPOSE

The objective of the COLLISION RELAPSE trial is to prove or disprove superiority of neoadjuvant systemic therapy followed by repeat local treatment (either thermal ablation and/or surgical resection), compared to repeat local treatment alone, in patients with at least one recurrent locally treatable CRLM within one year and no extrahepatic disease.

METHODS

A total of 360 patients will be included in this phase III, multicentre randomized controlled trial. The primary endpoint is overall survival. Secondary endpoints are distant progression-free survival, local tumour progression-free survival analysed per patient and per tumour, systemic therapy-related toxicity, procedural morbidity and mortality, length of hospital stay, pain assessment and quality of life, cost-effectiveness ratio and quality-adjusted life years.

DISCUSSION

If the addition of neoadjuvant systemic therapy to repeat local treatment of CRLM proves to be superior compared to repeat local treatment alone, this may lead to a prolonged life expectancy and increased disease-free survival at the cost of possible systemic therapy-related side effects.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level 1, phase III randomized controlled trial.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT05861505. May 17, 2023.

Imaging of the hepatic arterial infusion pump: Primer for radiologists

Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) pumps are used to deliver liver-directed therapy by allowing the administration of selective chemotherapy to the liver via a catheter implanted most commonly into the gastroduodenal artery connected to a subcutaneous pump. This selective administration helps maximize the chemotherapeutic effect within the hepatic tumors while minimizing systemic toxicity. While HAI therapy has primarily been used to treat liver-only metastatic colorectal cancer, the indications have expanded to other malignancies, including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Radiologists play an important role in pre-operative planning, assessment of treatment response, and evaluation for potential complications using various imaging studies, including computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and perfusion scintigraphy. This article describes the radiologist's role as part of a multi-disciplinary oncology team to help maximize the success of HAI therapy and also helps radiologists familiarize themselves with various aspects of HAI pumps.

The Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Repeat Local Treatment of Recurrent Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The additive value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to repeat local treatment of patients with recurrent colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) is unclear. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and an additional search in Google Scholar to find articles comparing repeat local treatment by partial hepatectomy and/or thermal ablation with versus without NAC. The search included randomized trials and comparative observational studies with univariate/multivariate analysis and/or matching as well as (inter)national guidelines assessed using the AGREE II instrument. The search identified 21,832 records; 172 were selected for full-text review; 20 were included: 20 comparative observational studies were evaluated. Literature to evaluate the additive value of NAC prior to repeat local treatment was limited. Outcomes of NAC were often reported as subgroup analyses and reporting of results was frequently unclear. Assessment of the seven studies that qualified for inclusion in the meta-analysis showed conflicting results. Only one study reported a significant difference in overall survival (OS) favoring NAC prior to repeat local treatment. However, further analysis revealed a high risk for residual bias, because only a selected group of chemo-responders qualified for repeat local treatment, disregarding the non-responders who did not qualify. All guidelines that specifically mention recurrent disease (3/3) recommend repeat local treatment; none provide recommendations about the role of NAC. The inconclusive findings of this meta-analysis do not support recommendations to routinely favor NAC prior to repeat local treatment. This emphasizes the need to investigate the additive value of NAC prior to repeat local treatment of patients with recurrent CRLM in a future phase 3 randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Recurrence After Liver Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases: Repeat Resection or Ablation Followed by Hepatic Arterial Infusion Pump Chemotherapy

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion pump (HAIP) chemotherapy after complete resection or ablation of recurrent colorectal liver metastases (CRLM).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients from two centers who were treated with resection and/or ablation of recurrent CRLM only between 1992 and 2018. Overall survival (OS) and hepatic disease-free survival (hDFS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox regression method was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Of 374 eligible patients, 81 (22%) were treated with adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy. The median follow-up for survivors was 65 months (IQR 32–118 months). Patients receiving adjuvant HAIP were more likely to have multifocal disease and receive perioperative systemic chemotherapy at time of resection for recurrence. A median hDFS of 46 months (95% CI 29–81 months) was found in patients treated with adjuvant HAIP compared with 18 months (95% CI 15–26 months) in patients treated with resection and/or ablation alone (p = 0.001). The median OS and 5-year OS were 89 months (95% CI 52–126 months) and 66%, respectively, in patients treated with adjuvant HAIP compared with 57 months (95% CI 47–67 months) and 47%, respectively, in patients treated with resection and/or ablation only (p = 0.002). Adjuvant HAIP was associated with superior hDFS (adjusted HR 0.599, 95% CI 0.38–0.93, p = 0.02) and OS (adjusted HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38–0.92, p = 0.02) in multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

Adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy after resection and/or ablation of recurrent CRLM is associated with superior hDFS and OS.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1245/s10434-020-08776-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Resectability and Ablatability Criteria for the Treatment of Liver Only Colorectal Metastases: Multidisciplinary Consensus Document from the COLLISION Trial Group

The guidelines for metastatic colorectal cancer crudely state that the best local treatment should be selected from a ‘toolbox’ of techniques according to patient- and treatment-related factors. We created an interdisciplinary, consensus-based algorithm with specific resectability and ablatability criteria for the treatment of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). To pursue consensus, members of the multidisciplinary COLLISION and COLDFIRE trial expert panel employed the RAND appropriateness method (RAM). Statements regarding patient, disease, tumor and treatment characteristics were categorized as appropriate, equipoise or inappropriate. Patients with ECOG≤2, ASA≤3 and Charlson comorbidity index ≤8 should be considered fit for curative-intent local therapy. When easily resectable and/or ablatable (stage IVa), (neo)adjuvant systemic therapy is not indicated. When requiring major hepatectomy (stage IVb), neo-adjuvant systemic therapy is appropriate for early metachronous disease and to reduce procedural risk. To downstage patients (stage IVc), downsizing induction systemic therapy and/or future remnant augmentation is advised. Disease can only be deemed permanently unsuitable for local therapy if downstaging failed (stage IVd). Liver resection remains the gold standard. Thermal ablation is reserved for unresectable CRLM, deep-seated resectable CRLM and can be considered when patients are in poor health. Irreversible electroporation and stereotactic body radiotherapy can be considered for unresectable perihilar and perivascular CRLM 0-5cm. This consensus document provides per-patient and per-tumor resectability and ablatability criteria for the treatment of CRLM. These criteria are intended to aid tumor board discussions, improve consistency when designing prospective trials and advance intersociety communications. Areas where consensus is lacking warrant future comparative studies.

Oncological outcomes of repeat metastasectomy for recurrence after hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. A case series

Background

Although hepatectomy is the standard and only curative treatment for colorectal liver metastases, recurrence occurs in various organs, including the remnant liver, lung, peritoneum, and others. The outcomes and predictive factors of repeat metastasectomy for recurrence after initial hepatectomy remains controversial.

Methods

We retrospectively assessed a consecutive series of 132 patients who underwent hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases in a single institute.

Results

There were 99 recurrence cases after initial hepatectomy, and 42 patients underwent metastasectomy (first repeat metastasectomy) to achieve R0 (17 liver cases, 16 lung cases, and 9 multiple or other cases), while 19 patients underwent subsequent second repeat metastasectomy (4 liver cases, 7 lung cases, and 8 multiple or other cases). Among the 99 recurrent cases after initial hepatectomy, the 5-year overall survival rate of the patients who underwent first repeat metastasectomy was significantly higher than that of chemotherapy/BSC (best supportive care) patients (60% vs. 14%, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, among the 26 recurrent cases after first repeat metastasectomy, the 5-year overall survival rate of the patients who underwent second repeat metastasectomy was significantly higher than that of chemotherapy/BSC patients (P = 0.024). A multivariate analysis revealed that lack of adjuvant chemotherapy, a short (<12 months) disease-free interval, and right-side colon primary were the independent poor prognostic factors for the overall survival after first repeat metastasectomy.

Conclusion

The current study indicated that repeat metastasectomy for recurrence after initial hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases could achieve a longer survival time, especially for patients with favorable predictive factors.

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Forty-two patients underwent repeat metastasectomy for recurrence after hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases.

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Five-year survival rate of the repeat metastasectomy group was significantly higher than that of chemotherapy group.

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A short disease-free interval was the independent poor prognostic factors for survival after repeat metastasectomy.