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Saharkhiz S, Nasri N, Naderi N, Dini G, Ghalehshahi SS, Firoozbakht F. Evaluating a targeted Palbociclib-Trastuzumab loaded smart niosome platform for treating HER2 positive breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm X 2024; 7:100237. [PMID: 38516198 PMCID: PMC10955288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a targeted and pH-sensitive niosomal (pHSN) formulation, incorporating quantum dot (QD)-labeled Trastuzumab (Trz) molecules for the specific delivery of Palbociclib (Pal) to cells overexpressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). FTIR analyses confirmed the successful preparation of the pHSNs and their bioconjugation. The labeled Trz-conjugated Pal-pHSNs (Trz-Pal-pHSNs) exhibited a size of approximately 170 nm, displaying a spherical shape with a neutral surface charge of -1.2 mV. Pal encapsulation reached ∼86%, and the release pattern followed a two-phase pH-dependent mechanism. MTT assessments demonstrated enhanced apoptosis induction, particularly in HER2-positive cells, by Trz-Pal-pHSNs. Fluorescence imaging further validated the internalization of particles into cells. In conclusion, Trz-Pal-pHSNs emerge as a promising platform for personalized medicine in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Saharkhiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Negar Nasri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Nazanin Naderi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Ghasem Dini
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Saeid Shirzadi Ghalehshahi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Fateme Firoozbakht
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
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KÜÇÜKCANKURT F, UÇAK S, ALTIOK N. Theranostic potential of a novel aptamer specifically targeting HER2 in breast cancer cells. Turk J Biol 2024; 48:35-45. [PMID: 38665781 PMCID: PMC11042868 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0152.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/aim The overexpression of HER2 is correlated with poorer outcomes and therapeutic resistance in breast cancer patients. While HER2-targeted therapies have shown improvement, prognosis remains poor for HER2-positive breast cancer patients, and these treatments have limitations. Therefore, it is crucial to explore effective molecular strategies for early detection and treatment of HER2-positive breast cancers. Materials and methods In this study, we employed the cell-SELEX method to generate a selective aptamer capable of recognizing HER2 in its native conformation within breast cancer cells, for theranostic applications. Utilizing an adherent cell-SELEX approach, we developed and explored a DNA aptamer, named HMAP7, which can specifically target HER2 in the MDA-MB-453 and SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cell lines. After sequencing, the binding affinities of 10 candidate aptamers to HER2 receptors were evaluated by measuring fluorescence intensities within intact cells using near-infrared optical imaging. The dissociation constant of HMAP7 was determined to be in the nanomolar range in both cell lines. Results The cell-SELEX-derived aptamer sequence, HMAP7 (41-mer), exhibited the highest binding affinity and specificity for HER2. HMAP7 was rapidly internalized into breast cancer cells overexpressing HER2 but showed no uptake in the HER2 receptor-deficient breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Moreover, HMAP7 demonstrated remarkable selectivity for HER2, rendering it suitable for use in complex biological systems. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the novel DNA aptamer HMAP7 holds promise for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications, enabling selective delivery of therapeutic agents or imaging of HER2-positive breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya KÜÇÜKCANKURT
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Altinbas University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Samet UÇAK
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Nedret ALTIOK
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istinye University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
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Farah E, Carbonell C, Boyne DJ, Brenner DR, Henning JW, Moldaver D, Shokar S, Cheung WY. Treatment Patterns and Health Outcomes among Patients with HER2 IHC0/-Low Metastatic or Recurrent Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:518. [PMID: 38339269 PMCID: PMC10854846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the biological heterogeneity of breast cancer (BC) has facilitated the development of more effective and personalized approaches to treatment. This study describes real-world evidence on treatment patterns and outcomes for a population-based cohort of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) IHC0 and -low BC with de novo or recurrent disease from Alberta, Canada. Patients 18+ years old diagnosed with HER2 IHC0/-low, de novo/recurrent BC from 2010 to 2019 were identified using Alberta's cancer registry. Analyses of these patients' existing electronic medical records and administrative claims data were conducted to examine patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and survival outcomes. A total of 3413 patients were included in the study, of which 72.10% initiated first line hormonal and non-hormonal systemic therapy. The 1-year overall survival (OS) was 81.09% [95% CI, 79.52-82.69]. Recurrent patients had a higher OS compared to de novo patients: 54.30 months [95% CI, 47.80-61.90] vs. 31.5 months [95% CI, 28.40-35.90], respectively. Median OS was 43.4 months [95% CI, 40.70-47.10] and 35.80 months [95% CI, 29.00-41.70] among patients with HER2-low and HER2 IHC0 cancer, respectively. The study results provide real-world evidence regarding the clinical outcomes of HER2 IHC0/-low and de novo/recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliya Farah
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chantelle Carbonell
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Devon J. Boyne
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Darren R. Brenner
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jan-Willem Henning
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Simran Shokar
- AstraZeneca Canada Inc., Mississauga, ON L4Y 1M4, Canada
| | - Winson Y. Cheung
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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4
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Ahad A, K. Saeed H, del Solar V, López-Hernández JE, Michel A, Mathew J, Lewis JS, Contel M. Shifting the Antibody-Drug Conjugate Paradigm: A Trastuzumab-Gold-Based Conjugate Demonstrates High Efficacy against Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer Mouse Model. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1972-1986. [PMID: 38093840 PMCID: PMC10714425 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the efficacy of chemotherapeutics to target cancers without toxicity to normal tissue. Clinically, most chemotherapeutic ADCs are based on complex organic molecules, while the conjugation of metallodrugs to mAbs has been overlooked, despite the resurgent interest in metal-based drugs as cancer chemotherapeutics. In 2019, we described the first gold ADCs containing gold-triphenylphosphane fragments as a proof of concept. The ADCs (based on the antibody trastuzumab) were selective and highly active against HER2-positive breast cancer cells. In this study, we developed site-specific ADCs (Thio-1b and Thio-2b) using the cysteine-engineered trastuzumab derivative THIOMAB antibody technology with gold(I)-containing phosphanes and a maleimide-based linker amenable to bioconjugation (1b and 2b). In addition, we developed lysine-directed ADCs with gold payloads based on phosphanes and N-heterocyclic carbenes featuring an activated ester moiety (2c and 5c) with trastuzumab (Tras-2c and Tras-5c) and another anti-HER2 antibody, pertuzumab (Per-2c and Per-5c). Both sets of ADCs demonstrated significant anticancer potency in vitro assays. Based on these results, one ADC (Tras-2c), containing the [Au(PEt3)] fragment present in FDA-approved auranofin, was selected for an in vivo antitumor efficacy study. Immunocompromised mice xenografted with the HER2-positive human cancer cell line SKBR-3 exhibited almost complete tumor reduction and low toxicity with intravenous administration of Tras-2c. With this highly selective targeting system, we demonstrated that a subnanomolar cytotoxicity profile in cells is not required for an impressive antitumor effect in a mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afruja Ahad
- Department
of Chemistry, The City University of New
York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Brooklyn
College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Biology
PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Hiwa K. Saeed
- Department
of Chemistry, The City University of New
York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Brooklyn
College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Virginia del Solar
- Department
of Chemistry, The City University of New
York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Brooklyn
College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Javier E. López-Hernández
- Department
of Chemistry, The City University of New
York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Brooklyn
College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Biochemistry
PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Alexa Michel
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Joshua Mathew
- Department
of Chemistry, The City University of New
York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Molecular
Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Radiochemistry
and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Maria Contel
- Department
of Chemistry, The City University of New
York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Brooklyn
College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Biology
PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Chemistry
PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Biochemistry
PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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Molecular perspective on targeted therapy in breast cancer: a review of current status. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:149. [PMID: 35834030 PMCID: PMC9281252 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is categorized at the molecular level according to the status of certain hormone and growth factor receptors, and this classification forms the basis of current diagnosis and treatment. The development of resistance to treatment and recurrence of the disease have led researchers to develop new therapies. In recent years, most of the research in the field of oncology has focused on the development of targeted therapies, which are treatment methods developed directly against molecular abnormalities. Promising advances have been made in clinical trials investigating the effect of these new treatment modalities and their combinations with existing therapeutic treatments in the treatment of breast cancer. Monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors, anti-angiogenic drugs, PARP inhibitors are among the targeted therapies used in breast cancer treatment. In this review, we aim to present a molecular view of recently approved target agents used in breast cancer.
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Omidi Y, Mobasher M, Castejon A, Mahmoudi M. Recent advances in nanoscale targeted therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer. J Drug Target 2022; 30:687-708. [PMID: 35321601 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2055045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women with high mortality rates worldwide. The exceptionally fast rate of metastasis, the emergence of drug-resistant mechanisms, and the occurrence of inadvertent side effects by cytotoxic chemotherapies often make conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy treatments ineffective. Similar to other solid tumors, breast cancer can develop unique cellular and molecular characteristics forming an atypical permissive tumor microenvironment (TME). Due to the unique features of TME, cancer cells can further proliferate and coadapt with the stromal cells and evade immunosurveillance. aberrantly abundantly express various pieces of molecular machinery (the so-called oncomarkers) in favor of their survival, progression, metastasis, and further invasion. Such overexpressed oncomarkers can be exploited in the targeted therapy of cancer. Among breast cancer oncomarkers, epidermal growth factor receptors, particularly HER2, are considered as clinically valid molecular targets not only for the thorough diagnosis but also for the targeted therapy of the disease using different conventional and advanced nanoscale treatment modalities. This review aims to elaborate on the recent advances in the targeted therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer, and discuss various types of multifunctional nanomedicines/theranostics, and antibody-/aptamer-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Maha Mobasher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Ana Castejon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Lv Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhong G, Zhang X, Yang Q, Li Y. Metastasis patterns and prognosis of octogenarians with metastatic breast cancer: A large-cohort retrospective study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263104. [PMID: 35176034 PMCID: PMC8853583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer may differ biologically in patients aged over 80 years. The objective of the current study was to analyze the metastasis patterns and prognosis of elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and compare it to patients of other ages. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was utilized to select MBC patients from 2010 to 2015. Chi-squared test was used to compare clinicopathological characteristics among different aged groups. The Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox model were utilized for survival analysis. Results A total of 10479 MBC patients were included, among which 1036 (9.9%) patients were aged over 80 years. Compared with other aged group, the elderly patients tended to have a higher proportion of HR+/Her2- subtype, white race, lower tumor differentiation, and receive less treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (P< 0.001). MBC patients with different age presented with distinctive metastatic patterns. The older patients were more likely to have lung metastasis, but less likely to have bone, brain, liver and multiple sites metastasis than the younger group (P <0.001). The proportion of TNBC subtype increased substantially in the older patients with brain metastasis, compared to the younger and middle-aged group. The old age was demonstrated to significantly associate with worse prognosis of MBC patients. Additionally, our findings also showed that older MBC patients could achieve dramatical overall survival benefit from surgery (HR = 0.58; P <0.001) and chemotherapy (HR = 0.59; P <0.001), but not the radiotherapy (HR = 0.96; P = 0.097). Conclusion The elderly MBC patients presented with distinctive metastatic patterns, clinical characteristics, and prognostic outcomes compared with younger patients. Our findings could assist clinicians in making appropriate therapeutic decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenye Lv
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wendan Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The 903 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjiao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 903 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guansheng Zhong
- Department of Breast Surgery, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (QY)
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (QY)
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Hassani D, Amiri MM, Mohammadi M, Yousefi P, Judaki MA, Mobini M, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Shokri F. A novel tumor inhibitory hybridoma monoclonal antibody with dual specificity for HER3 and HER2. Curr Res Transl Med 2021; 69:103277. [PMID: 33639587 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2021.103277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER/ErbB) family-targeted therapies result in a significant improvement in cancer immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against HER2 demonstrated a survival benefit for patients; however, drug resistance unavoidably occurs due to the overexpression of HER3, which leads to treatment failure. Effective inhibition of HER3 besides HER2 is thought to be required to overcome resistance and enhance therapeutic efficacy. OBJECTIVE The present study describes the production and characterization of a novel MAb, designated 1G5D2, which acts as a natural bispecific antibody targeting extracellular domains (ECD) of both HER2 and HER3. METHODS In this study, 1G5D2 was produced by hybridoma technology against HER3-ECD, and its structural and functional characteristics were studied by various methodologies, including enzyme linked-immunosorbent assays, flow cytometry, immunoblotting, cell signaling, and cell proliferation assays. RESULTS 1G5D2 specifically binds to both HER2 (subdomain III + IV) and HER3 (subdomain I + II) expressed on tumor cells, and these receptors compete with each other for binding to this MAb. Competition flow cytometry experiments demonstrated that 1G5D2 does not compete with heregulin and recognizes an epitope out of HER3 ligand-binding site. Evaluation of 1G5D2 inhibitory effects in tumor cell lines co-expressing HER2 and HER3 showed that 1G5D2 synergizes with trastuzumab to inhibit both PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways and potently downregulates the proliferation of these tumor cells more efficiently than each MAb alone. CONCLUSION 1G5D2 is the first reported hybridoma antibody, which acts as a natural HER2/HER3 bispecific antibody. It might potentially be a suitable therapeutic candidate for HER2/HER3 overexpressing cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danesh Hassani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Yousefi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Judaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Mobini
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Orally effective FDA-approved protein kinase targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs). Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105422. [PMID: 33434619 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because dysregulation of protein kinases owing to mutations or overexpression plays causal roles in human diseases, this family of enzymes has become one of the most important drug targets of the 21st century. Of the 62 protein kinases inhibitors that are approved by the FDA, seven of them form irreversible covalent adducts with their target enzymes. The clinical success of ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase, in the treatment of mantle cell lymphomas following its approval in 2013 helped to overcome a general bias against the development of irreversible drug inhibitors. The other approved covalent drugs include acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, which also inhibit Bruton tyrosine kinase. Furthermore afatinib, dacomitinib, and osimertinib, inhibitors of members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (ErbB1/2/3/4), are used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancers. Neratinib is an inhibitor of ErbB2 and is used in the treatment of ErbB2/HER2-positive breast cancer. The seven drugs considered in this review have a common mechanism of action; this process involves the addition of a protein cysteine thiolate anion (protein‒S:-) to an acrylamide derivative (CH2=CHC(=O)N(H)R) where R represents the pharmacophore. Such reactions are commonly referred to as Michael additions and each reaction results in the formation of a covalent bond between carbon and sulfur; the final product is a thioether. This process consists of two discrete steps; the first step involves the reversible association of the drug with its target enzyme so that a weakly electrophilic functionality, a warhead, is bound near an appropriately positioned nucleophilic cysteine. In the second step, a reaction occurs between the warhead and the target enzyme cysteine to form a covalently modified and inactive protein. For this process to work, the warhead must be appropriately juxtaposed in relationship to the cysteinyl thiolate so that the covalent addition can occur. Covalent inhibitors have emerged from the ranks of drugs to be avoided to become an emerging paradigm. Much of this recent success can be attributed to the clinical efficacy of ibrutinib as well as the other antagonists covered in this review. Moreover, the covalent inhibitor methodology is swiftly gaining acceptance as a valuable component of the medicinal chemist's toolbox and is primed to make a significant impact on the development of enzyme antagonists and receptor modulators.
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