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Morales-Rivera MI, Alemón-Medina R, Martínez-Hernández A, Contreras-Cubas C, Altamirano-Bustamante NF, Gómez-Garduño J, Mendoza-Caamal EC, Nuñez-González JO, García-Álvarez R, Revilla-Monsalve C, Valcarcel-Gamiño JA, Villafan-Bernal JR, Centeno-Cruz F, García-Ortiz H, Barajas-Olmos F, Orozco L. Exome Sequence Data of Eight SLC Transporters Reveal That SLC22A1 and SLC22A3 Variants Alter Metformin Pharmacokinetics and Glycemic Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1385. [PMID: 39459024 PMCID: PMC11510168 DOI: 10.3390/ph17101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of mortality and is a public health challenge worldwide. Metformin is the first-choice treatment for T2D; its pharmacokinetics (PK) is facilitated by members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily of transporters, it is not metabolized, and it is excreted by the kidney. Although interindividual variability in metformin pharmacokinetics is documented in the Mexican population, its pharmacogenomics is still underexplored. We aimed to identify variants in metformin SLC transporter genes associated with metformin PK and response in Mexican patients. Methods: Using exome data from 2217 Mexican adults, we identified 86 biallelic SNVs in the eight known genes encoding SLC transporters, with a minor allele frequency ≥ 1%, which were analyzed in an inadequate glycemic control (IGC) association study in T2D metformin treated patients. Metformin PK was evaluated in a pediatric cohort and the effect of associated SNVs was correlated. Results: Functional annotation classified two SNVs as pathogenic. The association study revealed two blocks associated with IGC. These haplotypes comprise rs622591, rs4646272, rs4646273, and rs4646276 in SLC22A1; and rs1810126 and rs668871 in SLC22A3. PK profiles revealed that homozygotes of the SLC22A1 haplotype reached lower plasma metformin concentrations 2 h post administration than the other groups. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the potential of pharmacogenomics studies to enhance precision medicine, which may involve dosage adjustments or the exploration of alternative therapeutic options. These hold significant implications for public health, particularly in populations with a high susceptibility to develop metabolic diseases, such as Latin Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat I. Morales-Rivera
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
- Postdoctoral Researcher, Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencias y Tecnologías, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Radamés Alemón-Medina
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SSA, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (R.A.-M.); (J.G.-G.); (R.G.-Á.)
| | - Angélica Martínez-Hernández
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
| | - Cecilia Contreras-Cubas
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
| | | | - Josefina Gómez-Garduño
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SSA, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (R.A.-M.); (J.G.-G.); (R.G.-Á.)
| | - Elvia C. Mendoza-Caamal
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
| | - J. Orlando Nuñez-González
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
| | - Raquel García-Álvarez
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SSA, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (R.A.-M.); (J.G.-G.); (R.G.-Á.)
| | - Cristina Revilla-Monsalve
- Medical Research Unit in Metabolic Diseases, UMAE Hospital de Cardiología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - José Antonio Valcarcel-Gamiño
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
| | - José Rafael Villafan-Bernal
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
| | - Federico Centeno-Cruz
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
| | - Humberto García-Ortiz
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
| | - Francisco Barajas-Olmos
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (M.I.M.-R.); (A.M.-H.); (C.C.-C.); (E.C.M.-C.); (J.A.V.-G.); (J.R.V.-B.); (F.C.-C.); (H.G.-O.)
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Liu Z, Jia X, Wu P, Wu B, Pan Y, Zhong S, Xiao L, Song Y, Hu J, Zhou K. PMAT variant rs3889348 is associated with metformin-induced gastrointestinal among Chinese Type 2 diabetes patients. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:551-560. [PMID: 37458617 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study examined intronic gene variants for their association with metformin intolerance in a Chinese population, focusing on the plasma monoamine transporter (PMAT) cis-protein expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) variant rs3889348. Methods: We recruited Type 2 diabetes patients from two hospitals and identified 111 metformin-intolerant patients using a questionnaire, and selected 206 metformin-tolerant patients from 2180 Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Genetic testing revealed an association between adverse gastrointestinal (GI) effects and SLC22A1 and PMAT. Results: The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs3889348 is associated with metformin-induced adverse GI effects. Each additional copy of the G allele increases the score by 5.23 (95% CI: 1.82-8.64; p = 0.003). Patients taking more transporter inhibitors were more likely to respond to metformin-induced GI intolerance (p = 0.042). Conclusion: PMAT cis-eQTL rs3889348 was significantly associated with metformin-induced adverse GI effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10140, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Benrui Wu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10140, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Pan
- The first people's hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shao Zhong
- The first people's hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Luhua Xiao
- Kunshan community health service center in Bailu, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuehong Song
- Kunshan community health service center in Zhenchuan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong Province, China
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Nies AT, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M. Hepatic solute carrier transporters and drug therapy: Regulation of expression and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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