Surfactin-Loaded ĸ-Carrageenan Oligosaccharides Entangled Cellulose Nanofibers as a Versatile Vehicle Against Periodontal Pathogens

Dental delivery systems of antimicrobial drugs using chitosan, alginate, dextran, cellulose and other polysaccharides: A review

Dental caries, periodontal disease, and endodontic disease are major public health concerns worldwide due to their impact on individuals' quality of life. The present problem of dental disorders is the removal of the infection caused by numerous microbes, particularly, bacteria (both aerobes and anaerobes). The most effective method for treating and managing dental diseases appears to be the use of antibiotics or other antimicrobials, which are incorporated in some drug delivery systems. However, due to their insufficient bioavailability, poor availability for gastrointestinal absorption, and pharmacokinetics after administration via the oral route, many pharmaceutical medicines or natural bioactive substances have limited efficacy. During past few decades, a range of polysaccharide-based systems have been widely investigated for dental dug delivery. The polysaccharide-based carrier materials made of chitosan, alginate, dextran, cellulose and other polysaccharides have recently been spotlighted on the recent advancements in preventing, treating and managing dental diseases. The objective of the current review article is to present a brief comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in polysaccharide-based dental drug delivery systems for the delivery of different antimicrobial drugs.

Drug delivery systems for oral disease applications

There are many restrictions on topical medications for the oral cavity. Various factors affect the topical application of drugs in the oral cavity, an open and complex environment. The complex physical and chemical environment of the oral cavity, such as saliva and food, will influence the effect of free drugs. Therefore, drug delivery systems have served as supporting structures or as carriers loading active ingredients, such as antimicrobial agents and growth factors (GFs), to promote antibacterial properties, tissue regeneration, and engineering for drug diffusion. These drug delivery systems are considered in the prevention and treatment of dental caries, periodontal disease, periapical disease, the delivery of anesthetic drugs, etc. These carrier materials are designed in different ways for clinical application, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, nanofibers, films, and scaffolds. This review aimed to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of different carrier materials. We discuss synthesis methods and their application scope to provide new perspectives for the development and preparation of more favorable and effective local oral drug delivery systems.

Localized Delivery of Drugs through Medical Textiles for Treatment of Burns: A Perspective Approach

The topical delivery offers numerous benefits, such as the ability to deliver drugs specifically on site selectively, prevents fluctuations in the levels of the drug, improved compliance, and improved self-medication capacity. Skin is the main route of the administration of the drug delivery system (DDS) and burns mainly cause skin damage. A burn is a kind of damage caused to skin and tissues by fire, ice, electrical energy, pollutants, friction, and radiation. There are three different types of burns, including superficial epidermis burns, partial-thickness dermis that stretch to the papillary and reticular dermis, and full-thickness burns that cover the dermis whole. The objective of the present review article is to focus on fabrication techniques of medical textiles, different types of polymers used for designing medicated textiles, skin burn conditions, and application of medicated textiles for treatment of burn along with other applications. Cream, ointment, and gel are the dosage forms used in burns. Intravenous fluids, wound care, assorted antibiotics, surgical and alternative medicines, burned creams and salami, dressings can be used to treat wounds. Nanofibers are nanometer-specific fibers that encapsulate drugs inside them and cure wounds. Nanofibers have all the properties that speed up wound healing. The properties are mechanical integrity, proper timing of wound addiction, temperature homeostasis facilitation and gas exchange, absorption of exudates. The nanofibers have been used in burn care and have been highly efficient and non-toxic.

In-Vitro Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Surfactin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Periodontitis Treatment

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease associated with biofilm formation and gingival recession. The practice of nanotechnology in the clinical field is increased overtime due to its potential advantages in drug delivery applications. Nanoparticles can deliver drugs into the targeted area with high efficiency and cause less damages to the tissues. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of surfactin-loaded κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides linked cellulose nanofibers (CO-CNF) nanoparticles. Three types of surfactin-loaded nanoparticles were prepared based on the increasing concentration of surfactin such as 50SNPs (50 mg surfactin-loaded CO-CNF nanoparticles), 100SNPs (100 mg surfactin-loaded CO-CNF nanoparticles), and 200SNPs (200 mg surfactin-loaded CO-CNF nanoparticles). The results showed that the nanoparticles inhibited the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The reduction in biofilm formation and metabolic activity of the bacteria were confirmed by crystal violet and MTT assay, respectively. Besides, an increase in oxidative stress was also observed in bacteria. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory effects of surfactin-loaded CO-CNF nanoparticles was observed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. A decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), transcription factor, and cytokines were observed in the presence of nanoparticles. Collectively, these observations supported the use of surfactin-loaded CO-CNF as a potential candidate for periodontitis management.

Therapeutic effects of antibiotics loaded cellulose nanofiber and κ-carrageenan oligosaccharide composite hydrogels for periodontitis treatment

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that can lead to the periodontal pocket formation and tooth loss. This study was aimed to develop antimicrobials loaded hydrogels composed of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides (CO) nanoparticles for the treatment of periodontitis. Two antimicrobial agents such as surfactin and Herbmedotcin were selected as the therapeutic agents and the hydrogels were formulated based on the increasing concentration of surfactin. The proposed material has high thermal stability, controlled release, and water absorption capacity. This study was proceeded by investigating the in vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydrogels. This material has strong antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production and a decrease in biofilm formation and metabolic activity of the bacteria was observed in the presence of hydrogel. Besides, it reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, transcription factor, and cytokines production in human gingival fibroblast cells (HGF) under inflammatory conditions. In conclusion, the hydrogels were successfully developed and proven to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties for the treatment of periodontitis. Thus, it can be used as an excellent candidate for periodontitis treatment.