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Kakade P, Patravale V, Patil A, Disouza J. Formulation development of nanostructured lipid carrier-based nanogels encapsulating tacrolimus for sustained therapy of psoriasis. Int J Pharm 2024:124172. [PMID: 38679243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to formulate tacrolimus nanogel based on nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) in order to improve the efficacy, aesthetic, and patient compliance for the treatment of psoriasis. The microemulsion method was used to create phase diagrams and NLCs were prepared using points obtained from the microemulsion region and characterized. The gelling agent carbopol was used to develop an NLC-based nanogel. The pH, drug assay, viscosity, spreadability, and in vitro release of the nanogel, were evaluated. Ex vivo cytotoxicity of the formulation was assessed in murine fibroblast cells. Oxazolone and imiquimod models of psoriasis were used to assess the effectiveness of the nanogel. The NLCs exhibited a submicron particle size of 320 ± 10 nm, a low polydispersity index (<0.3), and a zeta potential of -19.4 mV. Morphological analysis revealed spherical nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 60 ± 3 %. The nanogel maintained a pH of 6.0 ± 0.5 and possessed a remarkable drug content of 99.73 ± 1.4 %. It exhibited pseudoplastic flow behaviour, ensuring easy spreadability, and demonstrated sustained drug release exceeding 90 % over a 24-hr period. Ex vivo cytotoxicity assessments revealed that the nanogel was safe because no cell death was induced. Nanogel resolved psoriatic blisters, was non-irritating and improved skin elasticity. The favorable properties, safety profile, and remarkable efficacy show the potential of the nanogel as a patient-friendly and effective therapeutic option for psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kakade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Ajit Patil
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal- Panhala, District-Kolhapur 416113, India.
| | - John Disouza
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal- Panhala, District-Kolhapur 416113, India
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Bodnár K, Fehér P, Ujhelyi Z, Bácskay I, Józsa L. Recent Approaches for the Topical Treatment of Psoriasis Using Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:449. [PMID: 38675110 PMCID: PMC11054466 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis (PSO) is a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by the rapid and excessive growth of skin cells, which leads to the formation of thick, red, and scaly patches on the surface of the skin. These patches can be itchy and painful, and they may cause discomfort for patients affected by this condition. Therapies for psoriasis aim to alleviate symptoms, reduce inflammation, and slow down the excessive skin cell growth. Conventional topical treatment options are non-specific, have low efficacy and are associated with adverse effects, which is why researchers are investigating different delivery mechanisms. A novel approach to drug delivery using nanoparticles (NPs) shows promise in reducing toxicity and improving therapeutic efficacy. The unique properties of NPs, such as their small size and large surface area, make them attractive for targeted drug delivery, enhanced drug stability, and controlled release. In the context of PSO, NPs can be designed to deliver active ingredients with anti-inflammatory effect, immunosuppressants, or other therapeutic compounds directly to affected skin areas. These novel formulations offer improved access to the epidermis and facilitate better absorption, thus enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of conventional anti-psoriatic drugs. NPs increase the surface-to-volume ratio, resulting in enhanced penetration through the skin, including intracellular, intercellular, and trans-appendage routes. The present review aims to discuss the latest approaches for the topical therapy of PSO using NPs. It is intended to summarize the results of the in vitro and in vivo examinations carried out in the last few years regarding the effectiveness and safety of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Bodnár
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.B.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.B.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.B.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.B.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Liza Józsa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.B.); (P.F.); (Z.U.); (I.B.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Biswasroy P, Pradhan D, Pradhan DK, Ghosh G, Rath G. Development of Betulin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Management of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:57. [PMID: 38472545 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex and persistent autoimmune skin disease. The present research focused on the therapeutic evaluation of betulin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (BE-NLCs) towards managing psoriasis. The BE-NLCs were synthesized using the emulsification cum solidification method, exhibiting a spherical shape with a particle size of 183.5±1.82nm and a narrow size distribution window (PDI: 0.142±0.05). A high zeta potential -38.64±0.05mV signifies the relative stability of the nano-dispersion system. BE-NLCs show a drug loading and entrapment efficiency of 47.35±3.25% and 87.8±7.86%, respectively. In vitro release study, BE NLCs show a cumulative percentage release of 90.667±5.507% over BE-sol (57.334±5.03%) and BD-oint (42±4.58%) for 720min. In an ex vivo 24-h permeation study, % cumulative amount permeated per cm2 was found to be 55.667±3.33% from BE-NLCs and 32.012±3.26% from BE-sol, demonstrating a better permeability of 21.66% when compared to the standard formulation BD-oint. The in vivo anti-psoriatic activity in the IMQ-induced model shows topical application of BE-sol, BE-NLCs, and BD-oint resulted in recovery rates of 56%, 82%, and 65%, respectively, based on PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) score. Notably, BE-NLCs demonstrated a more significant reduction in spleen mass, indicating attenuation of the local innate immune system in psoriatic mice. Reductions in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 levels were observed in both BE-sol and BE-NLCs groups compared to the disease control (DC) group, with BE-NLCs exhibiting superior outcomes (74.05%, 44.76%, and 49.26% reduction, respectively). Soy lecithin and squalene-based NLCs could be better carrier system for the improvement of the therapeutic potential of BE towards management of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prativa Biswasroy
- Department of Herbal Nanotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), 751003, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Pradhan
- Department of Herbal Nanotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), 751003, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Medicine, Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College, and Hospital, Baripada, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Herbal Nanotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), 751003, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Herbal Nanotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), 751003, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Al-Nemrawi N, Wahsheh Y, Alzoubi KH. Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate Loaded in Chitosan Nanoparticles to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:451-460. [PMID: 37132147 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230428124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methotrexate shows high efficiency in the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis, but its adverse effects cannot be tolerated by many patients. Additionally, Methotrexate suffers from rapid clearance from blood. Polymeric nanoparticles were used to solve these problems including chitosan. METHODS Herein, a new nanoparticulate system to deliver Methotrexate (MTX) using chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) was developed to be used transdermally. CS NPs were prepared and characterized. The drug release was studied in vitro and ex vivo using rat skin. The drug performance in vivo was investigated on rats. Formulations were applied topically once a day on the paws and knee joints of arthritis rats for 6 weeks. Paw thickness was measured and synovial fluid samples were collected. RESULTS The results showed that CS NPs were monodispersed, and spherical with a size of 279.9 nm and a charge above ± 30mV. Further, 88.02% of MTX was entrapped in the NPs. CS NPs prolonged MTX release and enhanced its permeation (apparent permeability ⁓35.00cm/h) and retention (retention capacity ⁓12.01%) through rats' skin. The transdermal delivery of MTX-CS NPs improves the progress of the disease compared to free MTX, as reflected by the lower arthritic index values, lower proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and higher anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the synovial fluid. Further, the oxidative stress activities were significantly higher in the group treated with the MTX-CS NPs, as indicated by GSH. Finally, MTX-CS NPs were more effective in reducing lipid peroxidation in synovial fluid. CONCLUSION In conclusion, loading Methotrexate in chitosan nanoparticles controlled its release and enhance its effectiveness against rheumatoid when applied dermally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusaiba Al-Nemrawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yazan Wahsheh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Chaurasia M, Singh R, Sur S, Flora SJS. A review of FDA approved drugs and their formulations for the treatment of breast cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1184472. [PMID: 37576816 PMCID: PMC10416257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most diagnosed solid cancers globally. Extensive research has been going on for decades to meet the challenges of treating solid tumors with selective compounds. This article aims to summarize the therapeutic agents which are either being used or are currently under approval for use in the treatment or mitigation of breast cancer by the US FDA, to date. A structured search of bibliographic databases for previously published peer-reviewed research papers on registered molecules was explored and data was sorted in terms of various categories of drugs used in first line/adjuvant therapy for different stages of breast cancer. We included more than 300 peer-reviewed papers, including both research and reviews articles, in order to provide readers an useful comprehensive information. A list of 39 drugs are discussed along with their current status, dose protocols, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, possible side effects, and marketed formulations. Another interesting aspect of the article included focusing on novel formulations of these drugs which are currently in clinical trials or in the process of approval. This exhaustive review thus shall be a one-stop solution for researchers who are working in the areas of formulation development for these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S. J. S. Flora
- Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Khan S, Sharma A, Jain V. An Overview of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers and its Application in Drug Delivery through Different Routes. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:446-460. [PMID: 37646052 PMCID: PMC10460807 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) are nano-sized colloidal drug delivery system that contains a lipid mixture consisting of both solid and liquid lipids in their core. This Lipid-Based Nanosystem is introduced as a biocompatible, non-toxic, and safe nano-drug delivery system as compared to polymeric or metallic nanoparticles. Due to its safety, stability, and high drug loading capacity compared to other lipid-based nanocarriers, NLC gained the attention of researchers to formulate safe and effective drug carriers. The ability to increase drug solubility and permeability while encapsulating the drug in a lipidic shell makes them an ideal carrier for drug delivery through difficult-to-achieve routes. Surface modification of NLC and the use of various additives result in drug targeting and increased residence time. With such qualities, NLCs can be used to treat a variety of diseases such as cancer, infections, neurodegenerative diseases, hypertension, diabetes, and pain management. This review focuses on the recent developments being made to deliver the drugs and genes through different routes via these nanocarriers. Here, we also discuss about historical background, structure, types of NLC and commonly employed techniques for manufacturing lipid-based nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Khan
- Mahakal Institute of Pharmaceutical Studies, Ujjain, India
| | | | - Vikas Jain
- Mahakal Institute of Pharmaceutical Studies, Ujjain, India
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Negi S, Tandel N, Sharma P, Kumar R, Tyagi RK. Aceclofenac and methotrexate combination therapy could influence Th1/Th17 axis to modulate rheumatoid-arthritis-induced inflammation. Drug Discov Today 2023:103671. [PMID: 37330038 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory, autoimmune and connective-tissue arthropathy. The methotrexate (MTX) and aceclofenac (ACL) combination drug regimen is known to regulate the immunological pathways. Also, RA-elicited inflammation is decreased by the combination drug treatment. ACL and MTX combination treatment has been shown to regulate the signaling pathway controlled by NF-κB and FOXO1. The present manuscript reviews the importance of the combination drug regimen to treat and/or manage RA. The combination drug regimen could affect the Th1/Th17 axis to switch the balance toward the immunoregulatory (Th1) phenotype for establishing immune homeostasis. In conclusion, we propose the study of the immunological signaling pathways in experimental humanized RA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Negi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, SG highway, Ahmedabad-382481, India
| | - Prakriti Sharma
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Rajinder Kumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India.
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Maiti D, Naseeruddin Inamdar M, Almuqbil M, Suresh S, Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq S, Alshehri S, Ali Al Arfaj S, Musharraf Alamri A, Meshary Aldohyan M, Theeb Alqahtani M, Mohammed Alosaimi T, Haran Alenazi S, Almadani ME, Ahmed S. Mulla J, Imam Rabbani S. Evaluation of solid-lipid nanoparticles formulation of methotrexate for anti-psoriatic activity. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:834-844. [PMID: 37228325 PMCID: PMC10203772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Objectives Methotrexate (MTX) is commonly used to manage psoriasis. The drug has erratic absorption characteristics and shows several complications. The present study uses different experimental models to evaluate the solid-lipid nanoparticles of MTX (SLN-MTX) for the anti-psoriatic effect. Methods A prepared SLN-MTX formulation was used and its permeability studies were conducted on Wistar rat abdominal skin. The organ-level distribution of the drug in the formulation was tested in mice and the in-vitro anti-psoriatic activity was determined in CL-177; XB-2 keratinocytes cell lines. The efficacy of SLN-MTX formulation was compared with standard MTX and marketed MTX preparations. The results are analyzed statistically using the student's t-test. Results The data suggested that MTX from the formulation was slowly released and completely (80.36%) permeated through the skin. The flux and permeation data were found to be maximum for SLN-MTX compared to marketed and standard preparations. MTX in the formulation was found to be distributed more in the liver (67.5%) and kidney (2.34%). Further, SLN-MTX formulation showed dose-dependent inhibition on the growth of keratinocytes, and the cytotoxic concentration (CTC50) was found to be the least (518 mcg/ml). Interpretation & Conclusion The findings suggested that MTX in solid-lipid nanoparticles could be a promising formulation for the management of psoriasis since the drug was slowly released, progressively inhibited the growth of keratinocytes, and distributed mostly in organs meant for elimination. More studies in this direction might establish the precise safety and efficacy of SLN-MTX formulation in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Maiti
- Department of Pharmacology, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohammed Naseeruddin Inamdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
- Department of Pharmacology, East West College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
| | - Mansour Almuqbil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarasija Suresh
- RGV Research and Innovations Pvt Ltd (RGVRI), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Ali Al Arfaj
- King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Musharraf Alamri
- King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Sami Haran Alenazi
- King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moneer E. Almadani
- Department of clinical medicine, College of medicine, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameel Ahmed S. Mulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree Santkrupa College of Pharmacy, Ghogaon, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Syed Imam Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Alam M, Rizwanullah M, Mir SR, Amin S. Promising prospects of lipid-based topical nanocarriers for the treatment of psoriasis. OpenNano 2023; 10:100123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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10
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Patil TS, Gujarathi NA, Aher AA, Pachpande HE, Sharma C, Ojha S, Goyal SN, Agrawal YO. Recent Advancements in Topical Anti-Psoriatic Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Based Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032978. [PMID: 36769305 PMCID: PMC9917581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is linked with unusual differentiation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes that significantly impair the quality of life (QoL) of patients. The present treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and are surrounded by various adverse effects. Recently, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have emerged as next-generation nanocarriers with better physicochemical characteristics. The current manuscript provides background information on psoriasis, its pathophysiology, existing treatment options, and its limitations. It highlights the advantages, rationale, and mechanism of the permeation of NLCs for the treatment of psoriasis. It further gives a detailed account of various NLC nanoformulations for the treatment of psoriasis. In addition, tabular information is provided on the most relevant patents on NLCs for treating psoriasis. Lastly, light is shed on regulatory considerations related to NLC-like nanoformulations. In the treatment of psoriasis, NLCs display a sustained release drug profile, an ability to incorporate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, an enhancement in skin hydration, penetrability, retention, and bioavailability of the drug, along with reduced staining potential as compared to conventional ointments, and decreased side effects of drug molecules. This affirms the bright future of NLC nanoformulations in the treatment of psoriasis. However, academic industry collaboration and more sound regulatory controls are required to commercialize the NLC nanoformulations for psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulshidas S. Patil
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence: (T.S.P.); (Y.O.A.); Tel.: +91-2562-297802 (T.S.P. & Y.O.A.) or +91-2562-297805 (T.S.P. & Y.O.A.)
| | - Nayan A. Gujarathi
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhijeet A. Aher
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hemal E. Pachpande
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogeeta O. Agrawal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence: (T.S.P.); (Y.O.A.); Tel.: +91-2562-297802 (T.S.P. & Y.O.A.) or +91-2562-297805 (T.S.P. & Y.O.A.)
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Tomar Y, Gorantla S, Singhvi G. Insight into the pivotal role of signaling pathways in psoriasis pathogenesis, potential therapeutic molecules and drug delivery approaches. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103465. [PMID: 36481585 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a multifactorial chronic autoimmune skin disorder, the exact cause of which is still under investigation. It is classified into different types displaying various histopathological features such as hyperproliferation, irregular parakeratosis and vascular infiltration of various immune cells with neutrophils in the epidermis. Over the past few decades, psoriasis pathogenesis has been thoroughly researched, leading to several advances in the treatment using small molecules and biologics. This review focuses on describing the role of various signaling pathways, including PDE-4, JAK-STAT, S1P, A3AR and NF-κB, in psoriasis pathogenesis and associated new molecules that are either recently approved or under clinical trials. This study has also addressed the relevance of employing nanotherapeutics to boost the efficacy of psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Tomar
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) - Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srividya Gorantla
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) - Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) - Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India.
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Gomes GS, Frank LA, Contri RV, Longhi MS, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS. Nanotechnology-based alternatives for the topical delivery of immunosuppressive agents in psoriasis. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122535. [PMID: 36566826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a recurring, immune-mediated dermatological disorder. Many therapeutic agents are available for the treatment of psoriasis, including immunosuppressants and biologic treatments with immunosuppressant action. The employment of nanotechnology allows drug tailoring to achieve dermal targeting, improve efficacy and minimize undesirable effects. Here we discuss the use of the topical route in combination with nano-based drug delivery systems containing immunosuppressants for the management of psoriasis. This review is based on articles selected from 2011 to 2022, using the keywords "Psoriasis" AND "Immunosuppressants" AND "Nano*" in the main databases. Fifty-seven articles were retrieved, although only forty-two matched the inclusion criteria. Nanocarriers such as liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticle, nanostructured lipid carriers and microspheres containing immunosuppressive drugs (methotrexate, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and etanercept) were identified. The main findings of these studies are related to the improved in vitro/ex vivo permeation/penetration and therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo, compared to the drug in solution. Based on the studies discussed in this review, encapsulation in several types of nanocarriers decreases toxicity, dose, and dose frequency. Furthermore, it enables specific targeting of the active drug, pointing to the possibility of improving topical therapy for psoriasis. In conclusion, nanoformulations represent a novel and promising tool for psoriasis treatment.
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Al-Nemrawi NK, Khafajah AS, Alzoubi KH. Novel Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Methotrexate for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis. Pharm Nanotechnol 2023; 11:460-474. [PMID: 37132113 DOI: 10.2174/2211738511666230502154110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In this work, CS NPs were prepared by the ionic gelation method and encapsulated with MTX to treat psoriasis dermally. BACKGROUND A major drawback of using MTX to treat psoriasis is its limited diffusion through the skin, which may cause insufficient penetration of MTX into the basal layer of the epidermis, where psoriatic cells are generated. OBJECTIVE Nanoparticles have been used to enhance MTX diffusion through the skin. The system prepared in this work is expected to direct the drug to psoriasis cells by enhancing the drug diffusion through the skin, which will increase the amount of the drug reaching the epidermis. This is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the drug and to decrease its systemic side effects. METHODS Five formulations of Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared and loaded with Methotrexate using the ionic gelation technique. Particle size, dispersity, charge, loading capacity and encapsulation efficacy were measured. Characterization of prepared nanoparticles was conducted to confirm the formation of CS-NPs, successful encapsulation of MTX and its compatibility with other formulation components. In vitro drug release from CS-NPs, its permeation and accumulation in rats' skin were explored. Finally, the anti-psoriatic activity was assessed using the "mouse tail model." RESULTS The results showed that the sizes ranged from 132.13 ± 0.70 to 300.60 ± 4.81 nm, where SEM demonstrated the spherical and uniform distribution of the NPs. The surface charge of all NPs was highly positive and ranged from 20.22 ± 1.10 to 30.90 ± 0.70 mV. Further, the EE% and LC% of the nanoparticles were in the range of 77.72%-92.70% and 17.90%-21.81%, respectively. in vitro, the release of methotrexate from the nanoparticles was sustained. Additionally, both the permeation and retention of drugs within the skin were enhanced significantly using this system. Eventually, orthokeratosis% and drug activity% showed significant superiority of MTX-CS NPs over the free drug in treating psoriasis in model mice. CONCLUSION In conclusion, MTX-CS NPs can be used to enhance the treatment of psoriasis topically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusaiba K Al-Nemrawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Areej S Khafajah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
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Yoosefi S, Esfandyari-Manesh M, Ghorbani-Bidkorpeh F, Ahmadi M, Moraffah F, Dinarvand R. Novel biodegradable molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles for drug delivery of methotrexate anti-cancer; synthesis, characterization and cellular studies. Daru 2022; 30:289-302. [PMID: 36087235 PMCID: PMC9715907 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-022-00447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently biodegradable nanoparticles are the center of attention for the development of drug delivery systems. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is an interesting candidate for designing drug nano-carriers. MIP-based nanoparticles could be used for cancer treatment and exhibited the potential to fill gaps regarding to ligand-based nanomaterials. Also, the presence of a cross-linker can play an essential role in nanoparticle stability and physicochemical properties of nanoparticles after synthesis. OBJECTIVES In this research, a biodegradable drug delivery system based on MIP nanoparticles was prepared using a biodegradable cross-linker (dimethacryloyl hydroxylamine, DMHA) for methotrexate (MTX). A hydrolysable functional group CO-O-NH-CO was added to the crosslinking agent to increase the final biodegradability of the polymer. METHODS Firstly, a biodegradable cross-linker was synthesized. Then, the non-imprinted polymers were prepared through mini-emulsion polymerization in the absence of a template; and efficient particle size distribution was determined. Finally, methotrexate was placed in imprinted polymers to achieve the desired MIP. Different types of MIPs were synthesized using different molar ratios of template, cross-linker, and functional monomer, and the optimal molar ratio was obtained at 1:4:20, respectively. RESULTS HNMR successfully confirmed the chemical structure of the cross-linker. According to SEM images, nanoparticles had a spherical shape with a smooth surface. The imprinted nanoparticles showed a narrow size distribution with an average of 120 nm at a high ratio of cross-linker. The drug loading and entrapment efficiency were 6.4% and 92%, respectively. The biodegradability studies indicated that the nanoparticles prepared by DMHA had a more degradability rate than ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a conventional cross-linker. Also, the polymer degradation rate was higher in alkaline environments. Release studies in physiological and alkaline buffer showed an initial burst release of a quarter of loaded MTX during the day and a 70% release during a week. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model described the release pattern. The cytotoxicity of MTX loaded in nanoparticles was studied on the MCF-7 cell line, and the IC50 was 3.54 μg/ml. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that nanoparticles prepared by DMHA have the potential to be used as biodegradable drug carriers for anticancer delivery. Synthesis schema of molecular imprinting of methotrexate in biodegradable polymer based on dimethacryloyl hydroxylamine cross-linker, for use as nanocarrier anticancer delivery to breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Yoosefi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Esfandyari-Manesh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ghorbani-Bidkorpeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahnaz Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moraffah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yu B, Wang X, Ding L, Han M, Guo Y. Hydrophilic Natural Polylysine as Drug Nanocarrier for Preparation of Helical Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112512. [PMID: 36432704 PMCID: PMC9696163 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide materials have clear secondary structure and biodegradability, which can be further modified and functionalized, so that they can be employed as therapeutic agents in clinical applications. PEGylation of polylysine (PEG-PLL) is a kind of safe and effective nanocarrier that is utilized for gene and drug delivery. However, PEG-PLL needs to be produced through chemical synthesis, which is expensive and difficult to obtain. We hope to simplify the nanocarrier and use hydrophilic natural polylysine (PLL) to develop a high-efficacy delivery system. To evaluate the possibility of PLL as nanocarriers, methotrexate (MTX) is selected as a model drug and PEG-PLL is utilized as control nanocarriers. The experimental results showed that PLL is an ideal polypeptide to prepare MTX-loaded PLL nanoparticles (PLL/MTX NPs). Compared with PEG-PLL as nanocarriers, PLL/MTX NPs showed higher drug-loading content (58.9%) and smaller particle sizes (113.7 nm). Moreover, the shape of PLL/MTX NPs was a unique helical nanorod. The PLL/MTX NPs had good storage stability, media stability, and sustained release effect. Animal research demonstrated that PLL/MTX NPs could improve the anti-tumor activity of MTX, the antitumor efficacy is enhanced 1.9-fold and 1.2-fold compared with MTX injection and PEG-PLL/MTX NPs, respectively. To sum up, natural polymer PLL is an ideal nano drug delivery carrier which has potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lijuan Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meihua Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yifei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
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Modi C, Bharadia P. Pareto chart‐enabled screening of influential factors in designing transfersomes. Separation Science Plus 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutics Anand Pharmacy College Anand India
| | - Praful Bharadia
- Department of Pharmaceutics L. M. College of Pharmacy Ahmedabad India
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Agrawal YO, Patil KD, More KR, Mohd Siddique MU, Alkahtani S, Aljarba NH, Hasnain MS. Amelioration of bioavailability through formulating and optimizing Azilsartan Entrapped nanostructured lipid carriers and its pharmacokinetic assessment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chaiyabutr C, Punnakitikashem P, Silpa-archa N, Wongpraprarut C, Chularojanamontri L. The Anti-Psoriatic Efficacy and Safety Profile of Topical and Intralesional Methotrexate: A Literature Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:2253-2274. [PMID: 36320927 PMCID: PMC9618255 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s380218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) has long been considered the first-line oral systemic pharmacotherapy for psoriasis. The drug has several well-known systemic side effects, such as bone marrow suppression and hepatotoxicity. To avoid them, the use of topical or intralesional administrations of MTX has become an interesting option. With the advent of novel drug delivery systems, especially nanocarriers, the usage of a high-efficacy and safe topical MTX for psoriasis has nearly been attained. This review examined the development, anti-psoriatic efficacy and adverse effects of topical forms of MTX (plain MTX; MTX with chemical enhancer; MTX using nanotechnology; MTX with protein transduction domains; MTX with liquid crystalline systems; and MTX with physical enhancer/laser) and intralesional MTX in psoriasis patients and psoriasis-induced animals. The efficacy of topical MTX varied with the drug delivery technology employed. Nevertheless, the overall safety profile of the topical forms was favourable. A 25 mg/mL MTX solution injected intralesionally at the nail matrix worked well for nail psoriasis recalcitrant to topical treatment. To improve the standard of care for patients with psoriasis, randomized controlled trials that establish the most effective MTX-delivery system are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayada Chaiyabutr
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Primana Punnakitikashem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Silpa-archa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanisada Wongpraprarut
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leena Chularojanamontri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Correspondence: Leena Chularojanamontri, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand, Tel +66 2 419 4333, Fax +66 2 411 5031, Email
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Agrawal YO, Husain M, Patil KD, Sodgir V, Patil TS, Agnihotri VV, Mahajan HS, Sharma C, Ojha S, Goyal SN. Verapamil hydrochloride loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Preparation, optimization, characterisation, and assessment of cardioprotective effect in experimental model of myocardial infarcted rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113429. [PMID: 36007280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker has poor bioavailability (20-30%) owing to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. Hence, the major objective of this research was to improve the oral bioavailability of Verapamil by Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (V-SLNs) using high shear homogenization and ultrasonication technology. A 32 factorial design was employed to statistically optimize the formulation to get minimum particle size with maximum entrapment efficiency. The average particle size was 218 nm and the entrapment efficiency was 80.32%. The V-SLN formulation exhibited biphasic behavior with a rapid release at first, then a steady release (75-80%) up to 24 h following the Korsmeyer Peppas release model. In the Isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis model, oral administration of V-SLNs positively modulated almost all the studied hemodynamic parameters such as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac injury markers, and tissue architecture. The cardioprotective effect was also confirmed with histopathological studies. When compared with free drugs, in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated a rise in t1/2, AUC0-∞, and Cmax, indicating that bioavailability has improved. These encouraging results demonstrate the promising potential of developed V-SLNs for oral delivery and thereby improve the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeeta O Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Muzammil Husain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishal Sodgir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, N.D.M.V. P's College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tulshidas S Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinit V Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hitendra S Mahajan
- R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, District-Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India, 424001
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Kadukkattil Ramanunny A, Wadhwa S, Kumar Singh S, Kumar B, Gulati M, Kumar A, Almawash S, Al Saqr A, Gowthamrajan K, Dua K, Singh H, Vishwas S, Khursheed R, Rahana Parveen S, Venkatesan A, Paudel KR, Hansbro PM, Kumar Chellappan D. Topical non-aqueous nanoemulsion of Alpinia galanga extract for effective treatment in psoriasis: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121882. [PMID: 35671853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-aqueous nanoemulsion (NANE) of Alpinia galanga extract (AGE) was prepared using Palmester 3595 (MCT oil) as oil phase, Cremophor RH 40-Transcutol P® as surfactant-co-surfactant (Smix), and glycerin as non-aqueous polar continuous phase. The composition was optimized by applying three-level, four factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). The mean droplet size and zeta potential of the optimized AGE NANE was found to be 60.81 ± 18.88 nm and -7.99 ± 4.14 mV, respectively. The ex vivo permeation studies of AGE NANE and AGE per se on porcine skin reported flux of 125.58 ± 8.36 µg/cm2 h-1 and 12.02 ± 1.64 µg/cm2h-1, respectively. Therefore, the enhancement ratio has shown 10-folds increase in the flux for AGE NANE when compared to extract per se. Later, confocal laser scanning microcopy confirmed that AGE NANE were able to penetrate into skin's stratum by trans-follicular transport mechanism. The stability studies of AGE NANE confirmed its stability at 30 ± 2℃ /75 ± 5 % RH and 5 ± 3℃. The efficacy of AGE NANE was evaluated in vivo on imiquimod (IMQ) induced mouse model. The mice treated with low and high doses of AGE NANE (groups VI and VII) showed significant (p<0.05) amelioration of psoriasis. Results of histopathology indicated reduction in psoriasis area severity index in AGE NANE treated mice (group VI and group VII).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bimlesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ankit Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Saud Almawash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al Saqr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuppusamy Gowthamrajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Lovely Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Shaik Rahana Parveen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | | | - Keshav R Paudel
- Centre of Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre of Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
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Saini K, Verma S, Kakkar V. Anti-psoriatic effects of tetrahydrocurcumin lipidic nanoparticles in IMQ induced psoriatic plaque: A research report. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Shalaby RA, El-Gazayerly O, Abdallah M. Cubosomal Betamethasone-Salicylic Acid Nano Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Management of Scalp Psoriasis. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:1659-1677. [PMID: 35444415 PMCID: PMC9013920 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s345430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Betamethasone dipropionate (BD), a potent corticosteroid, and salicylic acid (SA), a keratolytic agent, have been used in combination to treat scalp psoriasis; however, undesirable side effects associated with their prolonged topical use are inevitable. In this study, BD and SA were loaded into cubosomes, a nanoparticulate system with outstanding biocompatibility, bio-adhesivity and penetration power. Methods Design of experiments (DOE) was utilized to prepare thirteen different cubosomal dispersions by emulsification technique using glycerol monoolein (GMO) as a lipid phase and Poloxamer 407 (P407) as a surfactant, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) was added to enhance the dispersions’ rheological properties. The thirteen dispersions were in-vitro characterized for their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, BD and SA content and rheological behaviour. The desirability of an optimized formula (OF) was set to the smallest particle size, lowest zeta-potential and highest viscosity. The OF was in-vitro characterized for the same parameters in addition to transmission electron microscope imaging and in-vitro drug release. The OF’s anti-psoriatic activity was evaluated in-vivo using an imiquimod-induced psoriasis model. Results The OF achieved a particle size of 197.4 ± 9.47 nm, a PDI of 0.443 ± 0.025, a zeta potential of −44.4 ± 0.141mv, BD content of 105.85 ± 2.290%, SA content of 88.855 ± 2.920% with shear-thinning rheological behaviour and completed in-vitro drug release within 2–3 hours. The in-vivo studies confirmed the cubosomes’ higher anti-psoriatic efficacy over the commercial product with lower changes in ear thickness, spleen to body weight ratio, psoriasis area severity index score and improved histopathological findings. Conclusion The developed BD SA-loaded cubosomes exhibit promising anti-psoriatic activity attributed to its nano-size and unique lipid content, with enhanced skin penetration and modified rheological properties; increasing the formulation’s in-contact duration with the scalp resulting in lower application frequency and thus reduced BD and SA associated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodayna Atef Shalaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omaima El-Gazayerly
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Correspondence: Omaima El-Gazayerly, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, Tel +2-01005840254, Email
| | - Mohammed Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Parveen S, Ahmed M, Baboota S, Ali J. An Innovative Approach In Nanotechnology-Based Delivery System For The Effective Management Of Psoriasis. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1082-1102. [PMID: 35105284 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220201141915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is an ineradicable, non-contagious inflammatory autoimmune skin disorder exhibiting abnormal redness of the skin and flaky patches which affect the exposed body surface. It is caused by negative signals produced by the immune system, leading to excessive growth and differentiation of keratinocytes and other inflammatory reactions on the skin. The topical route is primarily preferred in treating skin disorders due to the smaller size of the drug molecule, which allows them to cross the outer layer of the skin, i.e., stratum corneum, and permeate into the deep layer, unlike transdermal and other routes. The conventional topical treatments used in the past, such as coal tar, and dithranol leads to meager patient compliance due to decreased potency, and imperfect aesthetic. In contrast, systemic therapy such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, and acitretin produce related side effects. At present, various novel carriers like liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, etc., have shown promising results to treat psoriasis. Therefore, this review primarily concentrates on the current advancements in novel carriers for various drugs to treat psoriasis topically. Area covered: The objective of this review describes the detailed study such as pathophysiology, epidemiology, types, causes, diagnosis, and topical treatment options for psoriasis, as well as the role of the nanotechnology-based delivery system to manage psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Musheer Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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Li N, Qin Y, Dai D, Wang P, Shi M, Gao J, Yang J, Xiao W, Song P, Xu R. Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutic Compounds With Nanotechnological Approaches in Psoriasis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:804415. [PMID: 35141215 PMCID: PMC8819148 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.804415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disorder involving hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis. As complex as its pathophysiology, the optimal treatment for psoriasis remains unsatisfactorily addressed. Though systemic administration of biological agents has made an impressive stride in moderate-to-severe psoriasis, a considerable portion of psoriatic conditions were left unresolved, mainly due to adverse effects from systemic drug administration or insufficient drug delivery across a highly packed stratum corneum via topical therapies. Along with the advances in nanotechnologies, the incorporation of nanomaterials as topical drug carriers opens an obvious prospect for the development of antipsoriatic topicals. Hence, this review aims to distinguish the benefits and weaknesses of individual nanostructures when applied as topical antipsoriatics in preclinical psoriatic models. In view of specific features of each nanostructure, we propose that a proper combination of distinctive nanomaterials according to the physicochemical properties of loaded drugs and clinical features of psoriatic patients is becoming a promising option that potentially drives the translation of nanomaterials from bench to bedside with improved transdermal drug delivery and consequently therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yeping Qin
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Dai
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyu Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfei Shi
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Gao
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsheng Yang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Xiao, ; Ping Song, ; Ruodan Xu,
| | - Ping Song
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Xiao, ; Ping Song, ; Ruodan Xu,
| | - Ruodan Xu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Interdisciplinary of Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Wei Xiao, ; Ping Song, ; Ruodan Xu,
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Katari O, Jain S. Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carrier-based nanotherapeutics for the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1857-1872. [PMID: 34823429 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.2011857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is an auto-immune inflammatory skin disease affecting people worldwide. Its topical therapy via different nanoformulations prevents the long-term side-effects of conventional formulations. Nanocarriers, especially solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), pose extra benefits in topical drug delivery due to their lipid constituents. Although both natural and synthetic anti-psoriatic drugs have been successfully incorporated in these nanoformulations, yet further studies including dual drug-loadings are being carried out for assessing their efficacy. AREAS COVERED This review aims at describing the different aspects of SLNs and NLCs in psoriasis, including their skin permeation behavior and the various drug molecules incorporated. The recent studies with single- and dual drug-loaded SLNs and NLCs have also been discussed in the review. EXPERT OPINION SLNs and NLCs have been very effective in mitigating psoriasis when compared to commercial formulations. They have also shown promising results when loaded with two drugs, thus overcoming drawbacks of traditional combination therapy. Therefore, various drug/antibody/siRNA combinations can be selected in the upcoming research works to evaluate their synergistic performance against psoriasis. However, the conclusions drawn so far are only based on the pre-clinical studies and hence further investigations are required to obtain their clinical trial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oly Katari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, India
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Mohd Nordin UU, Ahmad N, Salim N, Mohd Yusof NS. Lipid-based nanoparticles for psoriasis treatment: a review on conventional treatments, recent works, and future prospects. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29080-29101. [PMID: 35478537 PMCID: PMC9038133 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06087b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a lingering inflammatory skin disease that attacks the immune system. The abnormal interactions between T cells, immune cells, and inflammatory cytokines causing the epidermal thickening. International guidelines have recommended topical treatments for mild to moderate psoriasis whilst systemic and phototherapy treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis. However, current therapeutic approaches have a wider extent to treat moderate to severe type of psoriasis especially since the emergence of diverse biologic agents. In the meantime, topical delivery of conventional treatments has prompted many unsatisfactory effects to penetrate through the skin (stratum corneum). By understanding the physiology of stratum corneum barrier functions, scientists have developed different types of lipid-based nanoparticles like solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanovesicles, and nanoemulsions. These novel drug delivery systems help the poorly solubilised active pharmaceutical ingredient reaches the targeted site seamlessly because of the bioavailability feature of the nanosized molecules. Lipid-based nanoparticles for psoriasis treatments create a paradigm for topical drug delivery due to their lipids' amphiphilic feature to efficiently encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. This review highlights different types of lipid-based nanoparticles and their recent works of nano formulated psoriasis treatments. The encapsulation of psoriasis drugs through lipid nanocarriers unfold numerous research opportunities in pharmaceutical applications but also draw challenges for the future development of nano drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu Umaimah Mohd Nordin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia +603-79674193 +603-79674008
| | - Noraini Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia +603-79674193 +603-79674008
| | - Norazlinaliza Salim
- Integrated Chemical Biophysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nor Saadah Mohd Yusof
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia +603-79674193 +603-79674008
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Biswasroy P, Pradhan D, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Recent Advancement in Topical Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Psoriasis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:164. [PMID: 34041632 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a life-threatening autoimmune inflammatory skin disease, triggered by T lymphocyte. Recently, the drugs most commonly used for the treatment of psoriasis include methotrexate (MTX), cyclosporine (CsA), acitretin, dexamethasone, and salicylic acid. However, conventional formulations due to poor absorptive capacity, inconsistent drug release characteristics, poor capability of selective targeting, poor retention of drug molecules in target tissue, and unintended skin reactions restrict the clinical efficacy of drugs. Advances in topical nanocarriers allow the development of prominent drug delivery platforms can be employed to address the critical issues associated with conventional formulations. Advances in nanocarriers design, nano-dimensional configuration, and surface functionalization allow formulation scientists to develop formulations for a more effective treatment of psoriasis. Moreover, interventions in the size distribution, shape, agglomeration/aggregation potential, and surface chemistry are the significant aspects need to be critically evaluated for better therapeutic results. This review attempted to explore the opportunities and challenges of current revelations in the nano carrier-based topical drug delivery approach used for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Agrawal YO, Mahajan UB, Agnihotri VV, Nilange MS, Mahajan HS, Sharma C, Ojha S, Patil CR, Goyal SN. Ezetimibe-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Based Formulation Ameliorates Hyperlipidaemia in an Experimental Model of High Fat Diet. Molecules 2021; 26:1485. [PMID: 33803259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezetimibe (EZE) possesses low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability and in addition, its extensive hepatic metabolism supports the notion of developing a novel carrier system for EZE. Ezetimibe was encapsulated into nanostructured lipid carriers (EZE-NLCs) via a high pressure homogenization technique (HPH). A three factor, two level (23) full factorial design was employed to study the effect of amount of poloxamer 188 (X1), pressure of HPH (X2) and number of HPH cycle (X3) on dependent variables. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), % entrapment efficiency (%EE), zeta potential, drug content and in-vitro drug release were evaluated. The optimized formulation displays pragmatic inferences associated with particle size of 134.5 nm; polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.244 ± 0.03; zeta potential of −28.1 ± 0.3 mV; % EE of 91.32 ± 1.8% and % CDR at 24-h of 97.11%. No interaction was observed after X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. EZE-NLCs (6 mg/kg/day p.o.) were evaluated in the high fat diet fed rats induced hyperlipidemia in comparison with EZE (10 mg/kg/day p.o.). Triglyceride, HDL-c, LDL-c and cholesterol were significantly normalized and histopathological evaluation showed normal structure and architecture of the hepatocytes. The results demonstrated the superiority of EZE-NLCs in regard to bioavailability enhancement, dose reduction and dose-dependent side effects.
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