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Wnętrzak A, Szymczuk D, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Dynarowicz-Latka P, Lupa D, Lipiec EW, Laszuk P, Petelska AD, Markiewicz KH, Wilczewska AZ. Lithocholic acid-based oligomers as drug delivery candidates targeting model of lipid raft. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184294. [PMID: 38316379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a new approach to designing a lithocholic acid functionalized oligomer (OLithocholicAA-X) that can be used as a drug carrier with additional, beneficial activity. Namely, this novel oligomer can incorporate an anti-cancer drug due to the application of an effective backbone as its component (lithocholic acid) alone is known to have anticancer activity. The oligomer was synthesized and characterized in detail by nuclear magnetic resonance, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and mass spectrometry analysis. We selected lipid rafts as potential drug carrier-membrane binding sites. In this respect, we investigated the effects of OLithocholicAA-X on model lipid raft of normal and altered composition, containing an increased amount of cholesterol (Chol) or sphingomyelin (SM), using Langmuir monolayers and liposomes. The surface topography of the studied monolayers was additionally investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained results showed that the investigated oligomer has affinity for a system that mimics a normal lipid raft (SM:Chol 2:1). On the other hand, for systems with an excess of SM or Chol, thermodynamically unfavorable fluidization of the films occurs. Moreover, AFM topographies showed that the amount of SM determines the bioavailability of the oligomer, causing fragmentation of its lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wnętrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dawid Szymczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Chachaj-Brekiesz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Dawid Lupa
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina W Lipiec
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Laszuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aneta D Petelska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina H Markiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Z Wilczewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
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Misiak P, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Markiewicz KH, Wielgat P, Kurowska I, Czarnomysy R, Misztalewska-Turkowicz I, Car H, Bielawski K, Wilczewska AZ. Doxorubicin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles containing ketoester-based block and cholesterol moiety as specific vehicles to fight estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Cancer Nanotechnol 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-023-00176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe presented research concerns the preparation of polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) for the delivery of doxorubicin. Several block and statistical copolymers, composed of ketoester derivative, N-isopropylacrylamide, and cholesterol, were synthesized. In the nanoprecipitation process, doxorubicin (DOX) molecules were kept in spatial polymeric systems. DOX-loaded PNPs show high efficacy against estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines despite low doses of DOX applied and good compatibility with normal cells. Research confirms the effect of PNPs on the degradation of the biological membrane, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the ability to cell cycle arrest are strictly linked to cell death.
Graphical Abstract
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3
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Kurowska I, Markiewicz KH, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Destarac M, Wielgat P, Misztalewska-Turkowicz I, Misiak P, Car H, Wilczewska AZ. Membrane-Active Thermoresponsive Block Copolymers Containing a Diacylglycerol-Based Segment: RAFT Synthesis, Doxorubicin Encapsulation, and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4854-4868. [PMID: 37842917 PMCID: PMC10646981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the formation of drug delivery systems from original thermoresponsive block copolymers containing lipid-based segments. Two acrylate monomers derived from palmitic- or oleic-acid-based diacylglycerols (DAGs) were synthesized and polymerized by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) method. Well-defined DAG-based polymers with targeted molar masses and narrow molar mass distributions were next used as macro-chain transfer agents (macro-CTAs) for the polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) or N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL). The obtained amphiphilic block copolymers were formed into polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) with and without encapsulated doxorubicin and characterized. Their biological assessment indicated appropriate cytocompatibility with the representatives of normal cells. Furthermore, compared to the free drug, increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis or necrosis induction in breast cancer cells was documented, including a highly aggressive and invasive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kurowska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, Bialystok 15-245, Poland
- Doctoral
School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University
of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-245, Poland
| | - Karolina H. Markiewicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, Bialystok 15-245, Poland
| | | | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire
IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse Cedex 09 31062, France
| | - Przemysław Wielgat
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, Bialystok 15-274, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Misiak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, Bialystok 15-245, Poland
| | - Halina Car
- Department
of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University
of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, Bialystok 15-295, Poland
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, Bialystok 15-274, Poland
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Barraza-Vergara LF, Carmona-Sarabia L, Torres-García W, Domenech-García M, Mendez-Vega J, Torres-Lugo M. In vitro assessment of inflammatory skin potential of poly(methyl methacrylate) at non-cytotoxic concentrations. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1822-1832. [PMID: 37589190 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is considered an attractive substrate material for fabricating wearable skin sensors such as fitness bands and microfluidic devices. Despite its widespread use, inflammatory and allergic responses have been attributed to the use of this material. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to obtain a comprehensive understanding of potential biological effects triggered by PMMA at non-cytotoxic concentrations using in vitro models of NIH3T3 fibroblasts and reconstructed human epidermis (RhE). It was hypothesized that concentrations that do not reduce cell viability are sufficient to activate pathways of inflammatory processes in the skin. The study included cytotoxicity, cell metabolism, cytokine quantification, histopathological, and gene expression analyses. The NIH3T3 cell line was used as a testbed for screening cell toxicity levels associated with the concentration of PMMA with different molecular weights (MWs) (i.e., MW ~5,000 and ~15,000 g/mol). The lower MW of PMMA had a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value of 5.7 mg/cm2 , indicating greater detrimental effects than the higher MW (IC50 = 14.0 mg/cm2 ). Non-cytotoxic concentrations of 3.0 mg/cm2 for MW ~15,000 g/mol and 0.9 mg/cm2 for MW ~5,000 g/mol) induced negative metabolic changes in NIH3T3 cells. Cell viability was severely reduced to 7% after the exposure to degradation by-products generated after thermal and photodegradation degradation of PMMA. PMMA at non-cytotoxic concentrations still induced overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors (IL1B, CXCL10, CCL5, IL1R1, IL7, IL17A, VEGFA, FGF2, IFNG, IL15) on the RhE model. The inflammatory response was also supported by histopathological and gene expression analyses of PMMA-treated RhE, indicating tissue damage and gene overexpression. Results suggested that non-cytotoxic concentrations of PMMA (3.0 to 5.6 mg/cm2 for MW ~15,000 g/mol and 0.9 to 2.1 mg/cm2 for MW ~5,000 g/mol) were sufficient to negatively alter NIH3T3 cells metabolism and activate inflammatory events in the RhE skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Barraza-Vergara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Lesly Carmona-Sarabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Wandaliz Torres-García
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Maribella Domenech-García
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Janet Mendez-Vega
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Madeline Torres-Lugo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA
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Romero JF, Herziger S, Cherri M, Dimde M, Achazi K, Mohammadifar E, Haag R. Dendritic Glycerol-Cholesterol Amphiphiles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Comparison between Monomeric and Polymeric Structures. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2452. [PMID: 37896212 PMCID: PMC10610414 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of micelles as drug delivery systems has gained a great deal of attention as a means to overcome the current several drawbacks present in conventional cancer treatments. In this work, we highlight the comparison of polymeric and monomeric amphiphilic systems with a similar hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) in terms of their biocompatibility, aggregation behavior in aqueous solution, and potential in solubilizing hydrophobic compounds. The polymeric system consists of non-ionic polymeric amphiphiles synthesized via sequential RAFT polymerization of polyglycerol first-generation [G1] dendron methacrylate and cholesterol methacrylate to obtain poly(G1-polyglycerol dendron methacrylate)-block-poly(cholesterol methacrylate) (pG1MA-b-pCMA). The monomeric system is a polyglycerol second-generation [G2] dendron end-capped to a cholesterol unit. Both amphiphiles form spherical micellar aggregations in aqueous solution, with differences in size and the morphology in which hydrophobic molecules can be encapsulated. The polymeric and monomeric micelles showed a low critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.2 and 17 μg/mL, respectively. The results of our cytotoxicity assays showed that the polymeric system has significantly higher cell viability compared to that of the monomeric amphiphiles. The polymeric micelles were implemented as drug delivery systems by encapsulation of the hydrophobic small molecule doxorubicin, achieving a loading capacity of 4%. In summary, the results of this study reveal that using cholesterol as a building block for polymer synthesis is a promising method of preparation for efficient drug delivery systems while improving the cell viability of monomeric cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ehsan Mohammadifar
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.R.); (S.H.); (M.C.); (M.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.R.); (S.H.); (M.C.); (M.D.); (K.A.)
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Zhang L, Pan K, Huang S, Zhang X, Zhu X, He Y, Chen X, Tang Y, Yuan L, Yu D. Graphdiyne Oxide-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Boosts Enhancive T-Cell Immune Responses by Increasing Cellular Stiffness. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:797-812. [PMID: 36814858 PMCID: PMC9939947 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s392998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nanomaterial-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been commonly used for the treatment of cancerous tumors. Despite significant achievements made in this field, the intrinsic impact of nanomaterials-based PDT on the mechanical properties of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells is not entirely understood. Here, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the stiffness of OSCC cells subjected to PDT in co-culture systems to evaluate the T cell-mediated cancer cell-killing effects. Methods In this study, AFM was used to assess the stiffness of PDT-subjected cells. The phototoxicity of graphdiyne oxide (GDYO) was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), measurements of membrane cholesterol levels, and assessments of the F-actin cytoskeleton. A co-culture system was used to evaluate the effects of CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), demonstrating how PDT modulates the mechanical properties of cancer cells and activates T cell responses. The antitumor immunotherapeutic effect of GDYO was further evaluated in a murine xenograft model. Results GDYO increased the mechanical stiffness of tumor cells and augmented T-cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine secretion (IFN-γ and TNF-α) under laser in vitro. Furthermore, GDYO-based PDT exerted inhibitory effects on OSCC models and elicited antitumor immune responses via specific cytotoxic T cells. Conclusion These results highlight that GDYO is a promising candidate for OSCC therapy, shifting the mechanical forces of OSCC cells and breaking through the barriers of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Our study provides a novel perspective on nanomaterial-based antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejia Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuangwu Pan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiliu Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Tang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Yuan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Dongsheng Yu, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Folic-Acid-Conjugated Thermoresponsive Polymeric Particles for Targeted Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil to CRC Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021364. [PMID: 36674883 PMCID: PMC9861804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide and the third most frequently diagnosed form of cancer associated with high mortality rates. Recently, targeted drug delivery systems have been under increasing attention owing to advantages such as high therapeutic effectiveness with a significant depletion in adverse events. In this report, we describe the biocompatible and thermoresponsive FA-conjugated PHEA-b-PNIPAAm copolymers as nanocarriers for the delivery of 5-FU. The block copolymers were obtained using RAFT (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer) polymerization and were characterized by methods such as SEC (Size Exclusion Chromatography), NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-Visible), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, and TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis). Nanoparticles were formed from polymers with and without the drug-5-fluorouracil, which was confirmed using DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering), zeta potential measurements, and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) imaging. The cloud points of the polymers were found to be close to the temperature of the human body. Eventually, polymeric carriers were tested as drug delivery systems for the safety, compatibility, and targeting of colorectal cancer cells (CRC). The biological evaluation indicated high compatibility with the representative host cells. Furthermore, it showed that proposed nanosystems might have therapeutic potential as mitigators for 5-FU-induced monocytopenia, cardiotoxicity, and other chemotherapy-associated disorders. Moreover, results show increased cytotoxicity against cancer cells compared to the drug, including a line with a drug resistance phenotype. Additionally, the ability of synthesized carriers to induce apoptosis and necrosis in treated CRC cells has been confirmed. Undoubtedly, the presented aspects of colorectal cancer therapy promise future solutions to overcome the conventional limitations of current treatment regimens for this type of cancer and to improve the quality of life of the patients.
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Wardzala CL, Clauss ZS, Kramer JR. Principles of glycocalyx engineering with hydrophobic-anchored synthetic mucins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:952931. [PMID: 36325363 PMCID: PMC9621330 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.952931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular glycocalyx is involved in diverse biological phenomena in health and disease. Yet, molecular level studies have been challenged by a lack of tools to precisely manipulate this heterogeneous structure. Engineering of the cell surface using insertion of hydrophobic-terminal materials has emerged as a simple and efficient method with great promise for glycocalyx studies. However, there is a dearth of information about how the structure of the material affects membrane insertion efficiency and resulting density, the residence time of the material, or what types of cells can be utilized. Here, we examine a panel of synthetic mucin structures terminated in highly efficient cholesterylamide membrane anchors for their ability to engineer the glycocalyx of five different cell lines. We examined surface density, residence time and half-life, cytotoxicity, and the ability be passed to daughter cells. We report that this method is robust for a variety of polymeric structures, long-lasting, and well-tolerated by a variety of cell lines.
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Membrane-active diacylglycerol-terminated thermoresponsive polymers: RAFT synthesis and biocompatibility evaluation. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Doxorubicin delivery systems with an acetylacetone-based block in cholesterol-terminated copolymers: diverse activity against estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent breast cancer cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2022; 245:105194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Siemiaszko G, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Markiewicz KH, Misztalewska-Turkowicz I, Dudź E, Milewska S, Misiak P, Kurowska I, Sadowska A, Car H, Wilczewska AZ. Synergistic effect of folate-conjugated polymers and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of colon cancer. Cancer Nanotechnol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-021-00104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In recent years, targeted drug delivery strategies have received special attention from the scientific world due to advantages such as more effective therapy and reduction of side effects. The principle of operation is delayed excretion from the bloodstream of the drug delivery system compared to the drug itself, as well as facilitated penetration into diseased cells thanks to the use of ligands recognized by appropriate receptors. Particularly interesting drug carriers are amphiphilic copolymers that form nano-sized micelles with a drug, which can release the drug at a specific place in the body under the influence of appropriate stimuli.
Results
We describe the synthesis of the diblock polymer, poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)-b-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) using RAFT/MADIX (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer/MAcromolecular Design by Interchange of Xanthate) controlled polymerization affording polymers with good dispersity according to SEC (Size-Exclusion Chromatography). Some post-modifications of the polymer with folic acid were then performed as evidenced by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), UV–Vis (UltraViolet–Visible) and FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, and TGA (ThermoGravimetric Analysis). The formation of stable micellar systems from polymers with and without the drug, 5-fluorouracil, was confirmed by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and zeta potential measurements, and TEM (Transmission Eelectron Microscopy) imaging. Finally, the cloud point of the polymers was investigated, which turned out to be close to the temperature of the human body. Most importantly, these micellar systems have been explored as a drug delivery system against colon cancer, showing increased cytotoxicity compared to the drug alone. This effect was achieved due to the easier cellular uptake by the interaction of folic acid and its receptors on the surface of cancer cells.
Conclusions
The presented results constitute a solid foundation for the implementation of a nano-sized drug delivery system containing folic acid for practical use in the treatment of drug-resistant cancer, as well as more effective therapy with fewer side effects.
Graphical Abstract
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Markiewicz KH, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Szymczuk D, Makarewicz K, Misztalewska-Turkowicz I, Wielgat P, Majcher-Fitas AM, Milewska S, Car H, Wilczewska AZ. Magnetic Particles with Polymeric Shells Bearing Cholesterol Moieties Sensitize Breast Cancer Cells to Low Doses of Doxorubicin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094898. [PMID: 34063119 PMCID: PMC8125246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the promising strategies for improvement of cancer treatment is application of a combination therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer activity of nanoformulations containing doxorubicin and iron oxide particles covered with polymeric shells bearing cholesterol moieties. It was postulated that due to high affinity to cell membranes, particles comprising poly(cholesteryl acrylate) can sensitize cancer cells to doxorubicin chemotherapy. The performed analyses revealed that the developed systems are effective against the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 even at low doses of the active compound applied (0.5 µM). Additionally, high compatibility and lack of toxicity of the tested materials against human red blood cells, immune (monocytic THP-1) cells, and cardiomyocyte H9C2(2-1) cells was demonstrated. Synergistic effects observed upon administration of doxorubicin with polymer–iron oxide hybrids comprising poly(cholesteryl acrylate) may provide an opportunity to limit toxicity of the drug and to improve its therapeutic efficiency at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina H. Markiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (K.M.); (I.M.-T.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.M.); (K.N.-L.); (A.Z.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-361 Bialystok, Poland; (S.M.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.M.); (K.N.-L.); (A.Z.W.)
| | - Dawid Szymczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (K.M.); (I.M.-T.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Kacper Makarewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (K.M.); (I.M.-T.)
| | - Iwona Misztalewska-Turkowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (K.M.); (I.M.-T.)
| | - Przemysław Wielgat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Anna M. Majcher-Fitas
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Milewska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-361 Bialystok, Poland; (S.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-361 Bialystok, Poland; (S.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Agnieszka Z. Wilczewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (K.M.); (I.M.-T.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.M.); (K.N.-L.); (A.Z.W.)
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Misiak P, Markiewicz KH, Szymczuk D, Wilczewska AZ. Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems Bearing Cholesterol Moieties: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2620. [PMID: 33172152 PMCID: PMC7694753 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide an overview of polymers comprising cholesterol moiety/ies designed to be used in drug delivery. Over the last two decades, there have been many papers published in this field, which are summarized in this review. The primary focus of this article is on the methods of synthesis of polymers bearing cholesterol in the main chain or as side chains. The data related to the composition, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of polymers are presented. Moreover, other aspects, such as forms of carriers, types of encapsulated drugs, encapsulation efficiency and capacity, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Misiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (K.H.M.); (D.S.)
| | | | | | - Agnieszka Z. Wilczewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1k, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (K.H.M.); (D.S.)
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