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Huang L, Luo S, Tong S, Lv Z, Wu J. The development of nanocarriers for natural products. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1967. [PMID: 38757428 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Natural bioactive compounds from plants exhibit substantial pharmacological potency and therapeutic value. However, the development of most plant bioactive compounds is hindered by low solubility and instability. Conventional pharmaceutical forms, such as tablets and capsules, only partially overcome these limitations, restricting their efficacy. With the recent development of nanotechnology, nanocarriers can enhance the bioavailability, stability, and precise intracellular transport of plant bioactive compounds. Researchers are increasingly integrating nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems (NDDS) into the development of natural plant compounds with significant success. Moreover, natural products benefit from nanotechnological enhancement and contribute to the innovation and optimization of nanocarriers via self-assembly, grafting modifications, and biomimetic designs. This review aims to elucidate the collaborative and reciprocal advancement achieved by integrating nanocarriers with botanical products, such as bioactive compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular vesicles. This review underscores the salient challenges in nanomedicine, encompassing long-term safety evaluations of nanomedicine formulations, precise targeting mechanisms, biodistribution complexities, and hurdles in clinical translation. Further, this study provides new perspectives to leverage nanotechnology in promoting the development and optimization of natural plant products for nanomedical applications and guiding the progression of NDDS toward enhanced efficiency, precision, and safety. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shicui Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sen Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuo Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junzi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Yunnan First People's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Hassan DM, El-Kamel AH, Allam EA, Bakr BA, Ashour AA. Chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers for effective brain delivery of Tanshinone IIA in Parkinson's disease: interplay between nuclear factor-kappa β and cathepsin B. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:400-417. [PMID: 37598133 PMCID: PMC10761445 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with increased oxidative stress, the underlying vital process contributing to cell death. Tanshinone IIA (TAN) is a phytomedicine with a documented activity in treating many CNS disorders, particularly PD owing to its unique anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. However, its clinical utility is limited by its poor aqueous solubility, short half-life, and hence low concentration reaching targeted cells. This work aimed to develop a biocompatible chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (CS-NLCs) for effective brain delivery of TAN for PD management. The proposed nanosystem was successfully prepared using a simple melt-emulsification ultra-sonication method, optimized and characterized both in vitro and in vivo in a rotenone-induced PD rat model. The developed TAN-loaded CS-NLCs (CS-TAN-NLCs) showed good colloidal properties (size ≤ 200 nm, PDI ≤ 0.2, and ζ-potential + 20 mV) and high drug entrapment efficiency (> 97%) with sustained release profile for 24 h. Following intranasal administration, CS-TAN-NLCs succeeded to achieve a remarkable antiparkinsonian and antidepressant effect in diseased animals compared to both the uncoated TAN-NLCs and free TAN suspension as evidenced by the conducted behavioral tests and improved histopathological findings. Furthermore, biochemical evaluation of oxidative stress along with inflammatory markers, nuclear factor-kabba β (NF-Kβ) and cathepsin B further confirmed the potential of the CS-TAN-NLCs in enhancing brain delivery and hence the therapeutic effect of TAN of treatment of PD. Accordingly, CS-TAN-NLCs could be addressed as a promising nano-platform for the effective management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia M Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal H El-Kamel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Eman A Allam
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Basant A Bakr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt
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Kaps L, Limeres MJ, Schneider P, Svensson M, Zeyn Y, Fraude S, Cacicedo ML, Galle PR, Gehring S, Bros M. Liver Cell Type-Specific Targeting by Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11869. [PMID: 37511628 PMCID: PMC10380755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes exert pivotal roles in metabolism, protein synthesis and detoxification. Non-parenchymal liver cells (NPCs), largely comprising macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatic stellate cells and liver sinusoidal cells (LSECs), serve to induce immunological tolerance. Therefore, the liver is an important target for therapeutic approaches, in case of both (inflammatory) metabolic diseases and immunological disorders. This review aims to summarize current preclinical nanodrug-based approaches for the treatment of liver disorders. So far, nano-vaccines that aim to induce hepatitis virus-specific immune responses and nanoformulated adjuvants to overcome the default tolerogenic state of liver NPCs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis have been tested. Moreover, liver cancer may be treated using nanodrugs which specifically target and kill tumor cells. Alternatively, nanodrugs may target and reprogram or deplete immunosuppressive cells of the tumor microenvironment, such as tumor-associated macrophages. Here, combination therapies have been demonstrated to yield synergistic effects. In the case of autoimmune hepatitis and other inflammatory liver diseases, anti-inflammatory agents can be encapsulated into nanoparticles to dampen inflammatory processes specifically in the liver. Finally, the tolerance-promoting activity especially of LSECs has been exploited to induce antigen-specific tolerance for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kaps
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - María José Limeres
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Schneider
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Malin Svensson
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yanira Zeyn
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Silvia Fraude
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximiliano L Cacicedo
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Zong L, Wang Y, Song S, Zhang H, Mu S, Liu W, Feng Y, Wang S, Tu Z, Yuan Q, Li L, Pu X. Formulation and Evaluation on Synergetic Anti-Hepatoma Effect of a Chemically Stable and Release-Controlled Nanoself-Assembly with Natural Monomers. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3407-3428. [PMID: 37377983 PMCID: PMC10292624 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s408416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatoma is the leading cause of death among liver diseases worldwide. Modern pharmacological studies suggest that some natural monomeric compounds have a significant effect on inhibiting tumor growth. However, poor stability and solubility, and side effects are the main factors limiting the clinical application of natural monomeric compounds. Methods In this paper, drug-co-loaded nanoself-assemblies were selected as a delivery system to improve the chemical stability and solubility of Tanshinone II A and Glycyrrhetinic acid, and to produce a synergetic anti-hepatoma effect. Results The study suggested that the drug co-loaded nanoself-assemblies showed high drug loading capacity, good physical and chemical stability, and controlled release. In vitro cell experiments verified that the drug-co-loaded nanoself-assemblies could increase the cellular uptake and cell inhibitory activity. In vivo studies verified that the drug co-loaded nanoself-assemblies could prolong the MRT0-∞, increase accumulation in tumor and liver tissues, and show strong synergistic anti-tumor effect and good bio-safety in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion This work indicates that natural monomeric compounds co-loaded nanoself-assemblies would be a potential strategy for the treatment of hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zong
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Song
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiqi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengcai Mu
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenshang Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shumin Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Tu
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Yuan
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luhui Li
- Medical school, Henan Technical Institute, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Pu
- School of Pharmacy and Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People’s Republic of China
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Ashour AA, El-Kamel AH, Mehanna RA, Mourad G, Heikal L. Luteolin-loaded exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: a promising therapy for liver fibrosis. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:3270-3280. [PMID: 36330597 PMCID: PMC9639476 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2142700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a global life-threatening disorder with no approved treatment. It leads to serious hepatic complications when progressive, such as cirrhosis and carcinoma. Luteolin (LUT) is a plant flavonoid possessing a promising therapeutic potential in various liver diseases particularly, liver fibrosis. It was reported to have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It also suppresses the proliferation of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and induces their apoptosis. However, its poor aqueous solubility and exposure to metabolism hinder its clinical use. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles, have recently emerged as natural biocompatible drug delivery vehicles permitting efficient drug delivery. Accordingly, the present study aimed for the first time to investigate the potential of bone marrow MSCs-derived exosomes to improve LUTs antifibrotic effectiveness. LUT-loaded exosomes (LUT-Ex) were successfully developed, optimized and subjected to both in vitro and in vivo characterization. The elaborated LUT-Ex presented good colloidal properties (size; 150 nm, PDI; 0.3 and ζ-potential; −28 mV), typical vesicular shape, reasonable drug entrapment efficiency (40%) with sustained drug release over 72 h. Additionally, the cellular uptake study of coumarin-6-loaded exosomes in HEP-G2 revealed a significant enhancement in their uptake by 78.4% versus free coumarin-6 solution (p ≤ 0.001). Following a single intraperitoneal injection, LUT-Ex revealed a superior antifibrotic activity compared with either LUT-suspension or blank exosomes as evidenced by the results of biochemical and histopathological evaluation. In conclusion, the elaborated LUT-Ex could be addressed as a promising nanocarrier for effective treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A. Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal H. El-Kamel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Radwa A. Mehanna
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mourad
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lamia A. Heikal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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El-Moslemany RM, El-Kamel AH, Allam EA, Khalifa HM, Hussein A, Ashour AA. Tanshinone IIA loaded bioactive nanoemulsion for alleviation of lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury via inhibition of endothelial glycocalyx shedding. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113666. [PMID: 36099790 PMCID: PMC9466291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more serious form; acute respiratory distress syndrome are major causes of COVID-19 related mortality. Finding new therapeutic targets for ALI is thus of great interest. This work aimed to prepare a biocompatible nanoformulation for effective pulmonary delivery of the herbal drug; tanshinone-IIA (TSIIA) for ALI management. A nanoemulsion (NE) formulation based on bioactive natural ingredients; rhamnolipid biosurfactant and tea-tree oil, was developed using a simple ultrasonication technique, optimized by varying oil concentration and surfactant:oil ratio. The selected TSIIA-NE formulation showed 105.7 nm diameter and a PDI ∼ 0.3. EE exceeded 98 % with biphasic sustained drug release and good stability over 3-months. In-vivo efficacy was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI model. TSIIA-NE (30 µg/kg) was administered once intratracheally 2 h after LPS instillation. Evaluation was performed 7days post-treatment. Pulmonary function assessment, inflammatory, oxidative stress and glycocalyx shedding markers analysis in addition to histopathological examination of lung tissue were performed. When compared to untreated rats, in-vivo efficacy study demonstrated 1.4 and 1.9-fold increases in tidal volume and minute respiratory volume, respectively, with 32 % drop in wet/dry lung weight ratio and improved levels of arterial blood gases. Lung histopathology and biochemical analysis of different biomarkers in tissue homogenate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid indicated that treatment may ameliorate LPS-induced ALI symptoms thorough anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory effects and inhibition of glycocalyx degradation. TSIIA-NE efficacy was superior to free medication and blank-NE. The enhanced efficacy of TSIIA bioactive nanoemulsion significantly suggests the pharmacotherapeutic potential of bioactive TSIIA-NE as a promising nanoplatform for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham M El-Moslemany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
| | - Amal H El-Kamel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Eman A Allam
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt
| | - Hoda M Khalifa
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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Liu F, Zhou Y, Liu L, Pan H, Liu H. Effect of 2-ethylbutyric acid on thermodynamics stability of various nonionic surfactants tanshione-loaded micelles. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mm Shehata E, A Gowayed M, El-Ganainy SO, Sheta E, Sr Elnaggar Y, Abdallah OY. Pectin coated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Targeted Piperine Delivery to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121712. [PMID: 35367582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Piperine (PIP) is a herbal drug with well-known anticancer activity against different types of cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma. However, low aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism limit its clinical use. In this study, positively charged PIP-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (PIP-NLCs) were prepared via melt-emulsification and ultra-sonication method followed by pectin coating to get novel pectin-coated NLCs (PIP-P-NLCs) targeting hepatocellular carcinoma. Complete in vitro characterization was performed. In addition, cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of nanosystems in HepG2 cells were evaluated. Finally, in vivo anticancer activity was tested in the diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma mice model. Successful pectin coating was confirmed by an increased particle size of PIP-NLCs from 150.28±2.51 nm to 205.24±5.13 nm and revered Zeta potential from 33.34±3.52 mV to -27.63±2.05 mV. Nanosystems had high entrapment efficiency, good stability, spherical shape, and sustained drug release over 24 hours. Targeted P-NLCs enhanced the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake compared to untargeted NLCs. Furthermore, PIP-P-NLCs improved in vivo anticancer effect of PIP as proved by histological examination of liver tissues, suppression of liver enzymes and oxidative stress environment in the liver, and alteration of cell cycle regulators. To conclude, PIP-P-NLCs can act as a promising approach for targeted delivery of PIP to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mm Shehata
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah A Gowayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samar O El-Ganainy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yosra Sr Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Head of International Publication and Nanotechnology Consultation Center INCC, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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